1-From the viewpoint of carbon nanotubes for a low-carbon society-
M. Endo
Shinshu University
Conventional technology has contributed to building our fertile but environmentally unfriendly civilization.
From now on, high-tech such as emerging nanotechnology will contribute to realize the sustainable world.
… And we have to start RIGHT NOW
Contents 1. Nanotechnology and Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 2. Manufacturing and green fuel production by CNT Process 3. CNT applications to lithium-ion battery (LIB) and LIB-based
electric vehicle for ultra low emission 4. Lead-acid battery using CNT and its contribution to the
Environment 5. CNT composite materials and its environmental effect 6. CNT composite rubber and oil development and water saving 7. The role of impurities to the safety issue of CNT 8.Conclusions; Green and safe innovation led by CNT for the
future of our planet
Layered Materials (1959)
• What could we do with layered structures with just the right layers? What would the properties of materials be if we could really arrange the atoms the way we want them. They would be interesting to investigate theoretically. I can’t see exactly what would happen, but I can hardly doubt that when we have some control of the arrangement of things on a small scale, we will get an enormously greater range of possible properties that substances can have, and of different things that we can do.
R. P. Feynman
Bottom
Diamond
Graphite
CNT
5nm

DWCNT
The goals of the NNI are to:
• Maintain a world-class research and development program aimed at realizing the full potential of nanotechnology;
• Facilitate transfer of new technologies into products for economic growth, jobs, and other public benefit;
• Develop educational resources, a skilled workforce, and the supporting infrastructure and tools to advance nanotechnology; and,
• Support responsible development of nanotechnology
Now, CNT research is shifting from well-established basic science to also application technology !
Source: http://www.nano.gov/html/about/home_about.html
Catalytic CVD Method Industrially applied for mass-production
Possibility and potentiality for controllability of MW- ,DW- and SW-NT structure
2, Manufacturing and Green Fuel by CNT process
5nm
4.039nm0.377nm
3.208nm
iron particle as catalyst
32, 335-349 (1976)
The first one is responsible for the formation of the inner core containing long, straight and parallel carbon lavers cylindrically rolled around a hollow tube.
A. Oberlin, M. Endo, and T. Koyama, Journal of Crystal Growth 32, 335-349 (1976)
Exposed SWNT during
tubes
Double layered carbon nanotube in the core of the VGCF
A. Oberlin, M. Endo, and T. Koyama, Journal of Crystal Growth 32, 335-349 (1976)
A. Oberlin, M. Endo,
CNT grown from an Iron catalyst particle
M. Endo
100 300 5000
R el
at iv
e yi
el d
M. Endo American Chemical Society, CHEMTECH, September, pp.568-576, (1988).
Fluidization seeding permits better control of the catalyst-feed ratio and the product aspect ratio. Fluidization- produced VGCF has a crystallographic structure similar to that of substrate-produced VGCF, but with much smaller hollow tubes of 2-3 nm (Figure 9).
The TEM image shows the catalyst particle at the end of the growing precursor fiber; it is not yet covered with hard, graphite-like carbon layers and can still actively assist fiber growth in the longitudinal direction. The resultant thin fibers have a continuous, thin, hollow tube as shown in Figure 11b.
VGCF, but with much smaller
M. Endo
Growth model of CNT by floating catalyst
MWCNT(VGCF) mass production system and commercialization started since 1988
hydrocarbon (benzene) + catalytic particles

, , Vol.24, No.5, pp.227-237, (1986). M. Endo, American Chemical Society, CHEMTEC, 568-576, (1988).
First stage of early 15 years, the productivity had increased by 1015 times
Mass produced CCVD multi -walled CNT (Dia. 40nm)
1μ1μ
CNT manufacturing process itself is toward the hydrogen economy as a carbon fixation and hydrogen production system, when it becomes enough largefixation and hydrogen production system, when it becomes enough largefixation and hydrogen production system, when it becomes enough large
Top cover Safety vent
Cathode lead (Al)
Structure of LIB practical cell Commercialization started since 1991 by SONY
Ref :
Sony’s catalog, Lithium ion rechargeable battery, ACG-4012-N-9707-P3-002, 1977.
M. Endo, T. Karaki, T. Fujino New ceramics 1988; 4: 46-52, (In Japanese)
M. Endo, T. Hayashi, Y. A. Kim, H. Muramatsu, Development and application of carbon nanotubes, Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 45, 4883-4892 (2006).
3. CNT applications to lithium-ion battery (LIB) and LIB-based Electric Vehicle for ultra low emission
Toyota’s plug-in car model
Principle of operation of Li-ion-Battery
LiCoO2 Graphite
MWCNT
M. Endo, Y. A. Kim, T. Hayashi, K. Nishimura, T. Matsushita, K. Miyashita and M. S. Dresselhaus, Carbon, Vol.39, pp1287-1297, (2001).
70
100
95
85
90
Cyclic umber
R el
at iv
e ch
ar ge
in d
is ch
ar ge
c ap
ac ity
0% 1% 10%5%VGCF
Artificial graphite (HTT2500)with VGCF
Cyclic characteristics of synthetic graphite anode as a function of weight percent of CNF(MWCT)
M. Endo et al., Carbon, 39, 1287-1297 (2001).
Schematic model to absorb
intercalation to graphite