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What do living and non-living have in common? All things are made up of matter. Matter-anything that takes up space and has mass (solids, liquids, gas, plasma). ◦ Mass – the amount matter an object has. Chemical Changes in matter are essential to ALL life processes.
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Chapter 2 – CHEMISTRYChapter 3, Sect. 3-1
WATER
“…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-
Nacho LibreReference Text - Modern BiologyChapter 2 / pgs. 30-42
All organisms are made of matter. The structure and function of all living things are governed by the laws of chemistry.
Matter is constantly being rearranged through chemical reactions.
Chemical structures and reactions are central to all biological processes.
BIG IDEAS
What do living and non-living have in common?
All things are made up of matter.
Matter-anything that takes up space and has mass (solids, liquids, gas, plasma).◦ Mass – the amount matter an object has.
Sect 2-1 Composition of Matter
Chemical Changes in matter are essential to ALL life processes.
Matter is made of tiny little particles called ATOMS !
You cannot see atoms because they are so small. Lots of atoms join together to make
up matter that you can see.
Sect 2-1 Composition of Matter
Nucleus - central core of the atom, consisting of:◦Protons (+ charge)◦ Neutrons (neutral or no charge).
Electrons (- charge) are found moving very fast around the nucleus in orbitals (electron cloud/energy levels).
Atoms with no charge (neutral) have equal protons and electrons.
Protons
NeutronsElectrons
ATOM – A Closer Look
Properties of atoms determine the structure and properties of the matter they
compose.
ATOM – A Closer Look
Atoms are made of:Protons (in nucleus)
Neutrons (in nucleus)
Electrons
Charge Positive (+)
Neutral (no charge)
NEGATIVE (-)
Mass Big Big VERY small
DRAW A PICTURE OF AN ATOM (LABEL ALL THE PARTS)
Atoms can join together in different ways to make different kinds of matter.
Some matter has only one kind of atom.
This is called an ELEMENT.
ELEMENTS
An element is: A pure substance that cannot be broken
down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.
ELEMENTS
Elements are arranged on THE PERIODIC TABLE.The table provides information such as chemical symbol, atomic number and atomic mass for each element.
Atomic Number - # of protons in an atom (also tells the # of electrons).
Atomic Mass # - number of protons + number of NEUTRONS
FYI - if you are talking about average atomic mass, which is shown on the periodic table, it is the sum of the masses of the common isotopes of an element.
How to Read the “Periodic Table”
Each element has unique chemical symbol
There are more than 100 elements, but only about 30 are important to living things:
6 Major elements: Carbon – 18.5% Hydrogen – 9.5% Oxygen – 65% Nitrogen – 3.3%
◦ Phosphorus – 1.0%◦ Sulfur – 0.3%
Others - K, Ca, Na, Fe(trace elements)
Elements Found in Living Things
Approximately 95% of the mass of living things is made up of these four elements
Under normal conditions, most elements do not exist by themselves…
A compound is a pure substance made up of atoms of 2 or more elements chemically joined, making them more stable
Examples: CO2,H2O2, H2O A molecule is the simplest part of a
substance - 2 or more atoms chemically joined together.
Examples: H2O, O2, CO2,
H2O2, H2
Compounds & Bonding
1. Share electrons 2. Steal electrons
Covalent Bond Ionic Bond
BONDS form when atoms combine
Salt- the outer electron of Na atom is transferred to the Cl atom ~this results in ions - an atom with a + or – charge.Because + and – attract, this attraction is called an ionic bond.
Atoms, Molecules, Compounds
Atom of Oxygen Molecules of Oxygen Compound containing Oxygen