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Chapter 2 – CHEMISTRY Chapter 3, Sect. 3-1 WATER “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

“…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

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What do living and non-living have in common? All things are made up of matter.  Matter-anything that takes up space and has mass (solids, liquids, gas, plasma). ◦ Mass – the amount matter an object has. Chemical Changes in matter are essential to ALL life processes.

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Page 1: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Chapter 2 – CHEMISTRYChapter 3, Sect. 3-1

WATER

“…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-

Nacho LibreReference Text - Modern BiologyChapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Page 2: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

All organisms are made of matter. The structure and function of all living things are governed by the laws of chemistry.

Matter is constantly being rearranged through chemical reactions.

Chemical structures and reactions are central to all biological processes.

BIG IDEAS

Page 3: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

What do living and non-living have in common?

All things are made up of matter.

Matter-anything that takes up space and has mass (solids, liquids, gas, plasma).◦ Mass – the amount matter an object has.

Sect 2-1 Composition of Matter

Chemical Changes in matter are essential to ALL life processes.

Page 4: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Matter is made of tiny little particles called ATOMS !

You cannot see atoms because they are so small. Lots of atoms join together to make

up matter that you can see.

Sect 2-1 Composition of Matter

Page 5: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Nucleus - central core of the atom, consisting of:◦Protons (+ charge)◦ Neutrons (neutral or no charge).

Electrons (- charge) are found moving very fast around the nucleus in orbitals (electron cloud/energy levels).

Atoms with no charge (neutral) have equal protons and electrons.

Protons

NeutronsElectrons

ATOM – A Closer Look

Page 6: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Properties of atoms determine the structure and properties of the matter they

compose.

ATOM – A Closer Look

Page 7: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Atoms are made of:Protons (in nucleus)

Neutrons (in nucleus)

Electrons

Charge Positive (+)

Neutral (no charge)

NEGATIVE (-)

Mass Big Big VERY small

Page 8: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

DRAW A PICTURE OF AN ATOM (LABEL ALL THE PARTS)

Page 9: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Atoms can join together in different ways to make different kinds of matter.

Some matter has only one kind of atom.

This is called an ELEMENT.

ELEMENTS

Page 10: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

An element is: A pure substance that cannot be broken

down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.

ELEMENTS

Page 11: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Elements are arranged on THE PERIODIC TABLE.The table provides information such as chemical symbol, atomic number and atomic mass for each element.

Page 12: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Atomic Number - # of protons in an atom (also tells the # of electrons).

Atomic Mass # - number of protons + number of NEUTRONS

FYI - if you are talking about average atomic mass, which is shown on the periodic table, it is the sum of the masses of the common isotopes of an element.

How to Read the “Periodic Table”

Each element has unique chemical symbol

Page 13: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

There are more than 100 elements, but only about 30 are important to living things:

6 Major elements: Carbon – 18.5% Hydrogen – 9.5% Oxygen – 65% Nitrogen – 3.3%

◦ Phosphorus – 1.0%◦ Sulfur – 0.3%

Others - K, Ca, Na, Fe(trace elements)

Elements Found in Living Things

Approximately 95% of the mass of living things is made up of these four elements

Page 14: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42
Page 15: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Under normal conditions, most elements do not exist by themselves…

A compound is a pure substance made up of atoms of 2 or more elements chemically joined, making them more stable

Examples: CO2,H2O2, H2O A molecule is the simplest part of a

substance - 2 or more atoms chemically joined together.

Examples: H2O, O2, CO2,

H2O2, H2

Compounds & Bonding

Page 16: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

1. Share electrons 2. Steal electrons

Covalent Bond Ionic Bond

BONDS form when atoms combine

Salt- the outer electron of Na atom is transferred to the Cl atom ~this results in ions - an atom with a + or – charge.Because + and – attract, this attraction is called an ionic bond.

Page 17: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42

Atoms, Molecules, Compounds

Atom of Oxygen Molecules of Oxygen Compound containing Oxygen

Page 18: “…beneath the clothes, we find a man... and beneath the man we find... his... nucleus.”-Nacho Libre Reference Text - Modern Biology Chapter 2 / pgs. 30-42