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Benchmarking the Emissions from Queensland Alumina Limited and Rio Tinto Yarwun Alumina Refineries to Australian, Canadian, Irish and USA Alumina Refineries
Dave Campin Department of Environment and Resource Management March 2010
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Contents Abbreviations Glossary of terms Executive summary
1 Introduction 2 Information management 2.1 Hazardous air pollutants 2.2 Odour emissions 2.3 Data management 3 Comparative alumina refining emission estimates, based on Queensland
Alumina Limited’s plant (QAL) operating at 3,950,000 tonnes per annum and Rio Tinto Yarwun’s plant (RTAY) operating at 1,400,000 tonnes per annum.
3.1 Data presentation Figures 1 to 37 4 NPI emission estimation method Table 1 World summary of alumina refining and emission recording Table 2 Pollutant release and transfer register and reporting information for alumina refining Table 3 Industry classification schemes and alumina refining identification Table 4 Comprehensive atmospheric contaminant list for the Gladstone/Calliope Air-shed Table 5 Full list of contaminants reported to pollutant release and transfer
registers for alumina refining and reported facility average emission rates
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Abbreviations
AAEET Approved alternate emission estimation techniqueANZSIC Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial
Classification DM Direct measurement EC European Union ECAL Engineering calculation EF Emission factor EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPER European Pollutant Emission Register ERA Environmentally relevant activity g/yr Grams per year kg/yr Kilograms per year MB Mass balance M.tonnes Millions of tonnes NACE Nomenclature statistique des Activites
economiques dans la Communaute Europienne NPI National Pollutant Inventory NPRI National Pollutant Release Inventory PRTR Pollutant Release and Transfer Register SI Système International: international system of
units of measurement SIC Standard Industry Classification TRI Toxics Release Inventory USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
Glossary of terms
1st quartile The value in a set of numbers below which occurs a quarter (25%) of those numbers
3rd quartile The value in a set of numbers below which occurs three quarters (75%) of those numbers
Addinsoft XlStat A proprietary statistical computer program that runs as an adjunct to Microsoft Excel
Air quality modelling Mathematical modelling of air quality (for this study, identifying ground level concentrations) using a digital elevation model of the terrain, actual weather data and values for air-borne contaminants, derived from emission estimates or real-time values from monitoring equipment
Airshed A defined space of the atmosphere with factors of common interest such as topographical constraints or emission sources
Alumina The form of aluminium oxide used to produce aluminium metal in an electrometallurgical smelter
Analyte suite A suite of elementally related compounds (eg. cadmium and compounds) or a suite of compounds that have common characteristics (eg. volatile organic compounds)
Approved alternate emission estimation technique
A method approved by the Environmental Protection Agency to estimate the emission of a certain contaminant based on specific testing undertaken at the site in question
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Arithmetic mean The sum of all the numbers in a population divided by the total number of the population
Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification
The industry classification system operated by the Commonwealth of Australia to describe economic activity and used to characterise activities under the NPI
Black coal High thermal value, low moisture coal, ideally suited for power generation, common in northern Australia, USA and some parts of Europe. It is distinct from brown coal (or lignite) which has much lower thermal value and commonly has a very high moisture content requiring significant pre-drying before use as fuel. This is more prevalent in Victorian coal fields and in Europe.
Box plot A statistical and graphical representation of a population
Bunkering The supply of bulk oil as fuel for shipping Burden The load of contaminants emitted to a sector of
the environment: air, land or water Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone A joint Environmental Protection Agency &
Queensland Health Program established by the Premier of Queensland in 2007 to investigate links between atmospheric emissions and health outcomes in the Gladstone/Calliope region
Compound A chemical comprising various elements Contaminant Contaminant is defined in the Environmental
Protection Act 1994 as (a) a gas, liquid or solid; or (b) an odour; or (c) an organism (whether alive or dead),
including a virus; or (d) energy, including noise, heat,
radioactivity and electromagnetic radiation; or
(e) a combination of contaminants. Contaminant suite Some contaminants are defined by their common
characteristics such as volatile organic compounds (organic chemicals that readily enter the atmosphere at 25oC)
Diffuse In respect to air contaminants, sources such as motor vehicles are described as diffuse. They tend to be area based sources rather than point sources
Direct measurement Direct measurement is a method of estimating emissions based on the actual measurement of gas flows and the analysis of contaminant concentration levels in that gas stream such that the emission rate can be calculated.
Emission The release of contaminants Emission estimate A method of estimating the rate of release of
contaminants Emission factor Emission factors are sector based method used
to estimate emissions based on a factor (derived from testing undertaken elsewhere) relative to units of production (eg. grams per giga-watt.hour or grams per tonne).
Emission rate The annual emission rate given in kilogram per year
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Engineering calculation Engineering calculations are a method of estimating emissions based on standard conditions related to the process for example the generation of nitrous oxides relative to the fuel load and process conditions of a furnace
European Pollutant Emission Register The pollutant release and transfer register administered by the European Environment Agency for the European Union
Facility A description covering the entire site and all the activities of an operation such as a power station or smelter
Fugitive In respect to air contaminants, these are emissions from a facility that may enter the atmosphere from uncontrolled sources such as roof vents, tank vents, drains, vehicle, stockpiles, doors etc
Health outcome An adverse response requiring clinical attention Inorganics Chemicals other than organic chemicals Mass balance A mass balance is a method of estimating
emissions based on known behaviour of chemicals as they move through a process. The application may be useful where the contaminant of interest may be present at low concentrations but where the mass throughput is high. For example some metals present at trace levels in coal are entirely vaporised in combustion, hence if the input (grams per tonne and millions of tonnes of coal per year) can be measured, the emission rate can be calculated (grams per year).
Mean The arithmetic mean of the population Median The mid point of a population when ranked from
low to high Metalloid An element that demonstrates some properties
similar to metals such as arsenic or cobalt Microsoft Excel A proprietary computer program used to sort and
calculate data Nameplate capacity Nameplate capacity is the maximum continuous
rated grid-supply capacity of a electrical generating system and usually given as megawatts
National Pollutant Inventory The pollutant release and transfer register operated by the Commonwealth of Australia
National Pollutant Release Inventory The pollutant release and transfer register operated by the Government of Canada
Nomenclature statistique des Activites economiques dans la Communaute Europienne
The industry classification system operated by the European Union to describe economic activity and used to characterise activities under the EPER
Number of observations Refers to the total number of records for that contaminant
Other estimation method An emission estimation method other than direct measurement
Organics Chemicals with the common characteristic of containing carbon (eg. sugar, petrol, timber, LPG)
Organohalogen Chemicals with the common characteristic of containing carbon and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine etc)
Point source A fixed point at a facility from where contaminants are released
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Pollutant A contaminant Pollutant release and transfer register A pollutant release and transfer register is a
publicly available register maintained by a government to record hazardous pollutant releases to the environment and other movements of contaminants. Data is usually recorded on an annual basis. The emission sources may be specifically identified activities (eg power station) or area based emissions such as road transport
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds (carbon based) which include only carbon and hydrogen with a structure of fused rings. They contain at least two fused benzene (six sided) rings. They may contain other rings of carbon that are not six sided. Most do not dissolve easily into water, but some readily evaporate into the air. Most do not burn easily [Source NPI]. Common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are materials such as bitumen tars and mothballs
Population A related collection of values Primary aluminium smelting The manufacture of aluminium from alumina as
distinct from the secondary manufacture of aluminium from scrap
Primary fuel The principal fuel used in the process Specific emission An emission value related to a unit of production
such as grams per tonne or grams per gigawatt.hour
Stack A vent which is a point source. Collectively, for a PRTR, “Stack” encompasses all such point sources for a given facility
Standard Industrial Classification Scheme The industry classification system operated by the United States of America and Canada, used to describe economic activity and used to characterise activities under the TRI and NPRI
Toxics Release Inventory The pollutant release and transfer register operated by the United States of America by the USEPA
Transfer In respect to PRTRs, a transfer occurs when the contaminant changes ownership
Unit operation A unit operation is a chemical engineering term referring to a basic step in a process. It could refer to steps such as combustion, distillation, casting, cooling etc. The combination of each step makes up a process but each step has a different emission profile.
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Benchmarking Queensland Alumina Limited (QAL) and Rio Tinto
Yarwun (RTAY) Alumina Refineries’ Emissions to Australian, Canadian, Irish and USA Alumina Refineries
Executive Summary
• In 2007, the Queensland Premier initiated a major study titled Clean and Healthy Air for
Gladstone examining possible health impacts related to atmospheric emissions of contaminants from activities in the Gladstone/Calliope Shires. This report contributes to that study.
• This report provides atmospheric contaminant emission estimates (as both kilograms per year
and grams per tonne of product) for alumina refineries, drawing on publicly accessible data from Australia, Canada, Ireland and USA.
• Both QAL and RTAY at Gladstone rely substantially on direct measurement as the basis for
their reporting of emissions to the National Pollutant Inventory. Such estimates have the highest level of confidence when compared to other methods such as the use of emission factors.
• This benchmarking document groups pollutants into four broad types: metals and metalloids;
organics; organohalogens; and inorganics.
• For metals and metalloids, emissions reporting appear to be consistent with reports from comparable facilities. However, further assessment of mercury emissions, is warranted.
• In respect to organics, a number of contaminants are identified in reports by QAL and RTAY.
Acetaldehyde is a contaminant particularly associated with odorous emissions from alumina refining activities. No data is reported for RTAY for acetaldehyde.
• In respect to organohalogens, only one contaminant suite (polychlorinated dioxins and furans)
is identified in reports by QAL and RTAY.
• In respect to inorganics, the reported values are generally within expected bounds. The values reported by RTAY for oxides of nitrogen are low due to the use of low-NOx technology.
• Information from this report has been used by Queensland Health to inform the selection of a
list of hazardous air pollutants that are more likely to give rise to adverse health outcomes in the general population.
Dave Campin Department of Environment and Resource Management
March 2010
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
1 Introduction This analysis compares publicly available data from the QAL and RTAY refineries (the refineries) to similar emission data reported to Australian and other national pollutant release and transfer registers. It presents detailed comparative information across a wide range of contaminants1, not all of these are reported nor are they currently required to be reported, by the refineries to the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI). The analysis provides information for the development of a priority list of hazardous air pollutants and an input to air quality models, as a precursor to a formal health impact risk assessment of industrial emissions to the Gladstone air-shed. National pollutant release and transfer registers2 provide the only readily available source of information upon which international benchmarking of a range of industry types can be based. Each system is not without its individual problems but we live in an age of uncertainty and we have to exploit the information mindful of this fact, and step forward clearly identifying the constraints. Alumina is the precursor material used for the manufacture of aluminium and as a high temperature, relatively inert refractory material. Alumina is also used as a specialist material for other industrial operations. The manufacture of alumina in Australia is based on the “Bayer Process” where in simple terms, raw bauxite is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) under elevated temperature and pressure. The alumina solution is clarified and precipitated. The precipitate is then roasted at high temperature in a calciner to produce the pure, fine white powder known as alumina. Emissions may arise from the storage and burning of fuels to provide energy to the process operations, from the digestion operations involving sodium hydroxide solution, the clarification and precipitation processes and emissions from the final calcining process. Due to the very large quantities of bauxite that is processed in these two world-scale operations, low concentrations of contaminants in the bauxite (for example soil) may be released at levels that can become of concern, particularly where the contaminants may be concentrated as a result of recirculation in the process and due to their chemical transformation into highly odorous compounds. Precipitated contaminants, that are predominantly iron compounds, are pumped to major waste dam facilities and are known as “red mud”. It is noted that RTAY utilise a different digestion process whereby organic non-condensible gases are delivered to the boilers for destruction, thus lowering the specific emissions of odorous volatile organics in particular. Refining of alumina is largely restricted to those countries that hold resources of bauxite given that the market value of alumina is relatively low (~US$320 tonne-Chalco. Jakarta Times, 20/1/09,). The following table provides a summary of world alumina production3. Values for outputs are from the open information source Wikipedia and also the International Aluminium Institute, however, neither sets of data provide a complete picture of output. Table 1 World summary of alumina refining and emission recording
Country Number of refineries
National output
tonnes per annum
Aggregated reported
production for 20084
Pollutant release and transfer register?
Australia 7 21,232,000 19,728,000 Yes, NPI Guinea 1 755,000 595,000 No
USA 4 5,455,000 6,160,000 Yes, TRI
1 Contaminant is defined in the Environmental Protection Act 1994 as
(a) a gas, liquid or solid; or (b) an odour; or (c) an organism (whether alive or dead), including a virus; or (d) energy, including noise, heat, radioactivity and electromagnetic radiation; or (e) a combination of contaminants.
2 A pollutant release and transfer register is a publicly available register maintained by a government to record hazardous pollutant releases to the environment and other movements of pollutants. Data is usually recorded on an annual basis. The emission sources may be specifically identified activities (eg power station) or area based emissions such as road transport. 3 Wikipedia, sighted 15th January 2009, calling on a variety of corporate and UN data sources 4 International Aluminium Institute statistics,
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Canada 3 1,600,000 Yes, NPRI Brazil 4 2,970,000 No
Jamaica 4 4,400,000 No Suriname 1 2,200,000 No Venezuela 1 2,000,000
15,768,000
No China 23 21,673,000 No Japan No data No data Yes
South Korea No data No data No data Azerbaijan No data No data No data
India 6 3,317,000 No Iran 1 280,000 No
Kazakhstan 1 1,540,000 No Turkey 1 200,000
5,993,000
Yes, EPER France 4 1,144,000 Yes, EPER
Germany 2 678,000 Yes, EPER Greece 1 830,000 Yes, EPER Ireland 1 1,900,000 Yes, EPER
Italy 1 1,100,000 Yes, EPER Spain 1 1,530,000
6,951,000
Yes, EPER Bosnia Herzegovina 1 600,000 No
Hungary 2 375,000 Yes, EPER Montenegro No data No data No data
Romania 1 400,000 No Russia 7 5,104,000 No Ukraine 2 1,691,000
5,301,000
No Bahrain 1 850,000 No data No Slovakia 1 180,000 No data Yes, EPER
The two major producers of Australia and China dwarf other producing countries. Aside from Australia, there is modest production in countries where there is strong support of a pollutant release and transfer register. Despite the indication that many of the countries are in the European Union and are subject to reporting to the European Pollutant Emission Register, limited or no evidence within the 2001 or 2004 EPER datasets indicates that this requirement has been met by the refineries. Information was sought from the major Russian manufacturing company Rusal (who hold significant interests in refineries across the world including Australia) but no response was received5. Emission data from Australia, Canada, Ireland and United States were compared. The pollutant release and transfer registers, numbers of alumina refineries and years of data shown in Table 2, were included: Table 2 Pollutant release and transfer register and reporting information for alumina
refining
Jurisdiction Pollutant release and transfer register Alumina refineries
Reporting years
Australia National Pollutant Inventory6 7 2001-2007 (7) Canada National Pollutant Release Inventory7 1 1994-2006 (13) Ireland European Pollutant Emissions Register8 1 2004 (1) USA Toxics Release Inventory9 4 1988-2005 (18)
Under each register, the reporting facility has a degree of flexibility in its derivation of emissions estimates. Usually, when an industry sector is included under a register, the coordinating organisation
5 Email to Rusal from EPA, 9/9/2008 6 http://npi.gov.au 7 http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_home_e.cfm 8 http://eper.eea.europa.eu/eper/ 9 http://www.epa.gov/tri/
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining develops reporting manuals that provide emission estimation methodology, including emission factors10 for each of the unit operations11 employed by the industry. Alternatively the administering authority may develop manuals for particular compounds or groups of compounds. These emission factors have been derived from original research, usually undertaken by a government entity12 or industry research group13. Emission estimation factors tend to be transferred from one organisation to another, across international borders, and may prevail, somewhat independent of technology advances. The factors may also contain errors (measurements are expensive) not readily identified when only comparing data within the same national jurisdiction. International benchmarking, however, provides an opportunity to expose such anomalies. Reporting thresholds under the NPI are based on the usage of the pollutant by the facility. Usage is defined as meaning “the handling, manufacture, import, processing, coincidental production or other uses of the substances”. Substances have been allocated to different categories depending on their risk to health or environment with “use” levels varying through 10 tonnes (Category 1) and 25 tonnes (Category 1a) down to 5 kilograms (Category 1b). Under this broad meaning, if a pollutant is inadvertently produced in one part of the process and subsequently removed by another process (for example by incinerating) the activity must report that substance, even though the actual loss to the environment may be very low. The reason for this reporting is to cover the potential situation that could arise if that secondary (mitigating) process were not available (for example if a primary air pollution control device is disabled and there is no process redundancy14). Each jurisdiction has an industry classification scheme used to uniquely identify industry sectors. The classes shown in Table 3 were used to identify alumina refineries reporting to the related database. Table 3 Industry classification schemes and alumina refining identification
Jurisdiction System Activity Number
Australia Australia and New Zealand Standard Industry Classification (ANZSIC)15
213116
Alumina production
European Union (EC) Nomenclature statistique des Activities economiques dans la Communaute Europienne (NACE)17
24.42 Production of aluminium oxide
(alumina)
Canada and USA Standard Industrial Classification scheme (SIC)18
2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals
nec. The presentation of information in these registers for alumina refining is somewhat problematic. The data returns for alumina refineries lodged in the EPER, the NPRI and TRI are limited and provide poor coverage of the range of pollutants that are emitted and this has severely limited the analysis for this report. Another issue is the scale of the refineries found in different countries. Australia has by far the largest operations in the world with an average annual plant capacity greater than 3 M.tonnes whereas the majority of refineries elsewhere in the world have annual capacities of less than 1 M.tonnes. As a result, comparison with the non-Australian operations is quite restricted in this analysis. 10 Emission factors can be defined as the average emission rate of a given contaminant for a given source, relative to units of activity (eg. grams per giga-watt.hour) 11 Unit operation is a chemical engineering term referring to a basic step in a process. It could refer to steps such as combustion, distillation, casting, cooling etc. The combination of each step makes up a process but each step may have a different emission profile. 12 For example: Miller SJ et al, 1996, A comprehensive assessment of toxic emissions from coal-fired power plants: Phase 1 results from the US Department of Energy Study, US Department of Energy (Contract DE-FC21-93MC30097 (Subtask 2.3.3)) 13 For example: Ito S, Yokoyama T & Asakura K, 2006, Emissions of Mercury and other trace elements from coal-fired power plants in Japan, Science of the Total Environment, 368, 397-402 14 Redundancy in terms of process operations means to provide a backup facility that will be brought into operation when the primary device fails or is taken off line 15 http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/1292.0Contents11993?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1292.0&issue=1993&num=&view 16 Note that the ANZSIC numbering changed in 2006 from the previous 1999 version. 17 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_NOM_DTL&StrNom=NACE_REV2&StrLanguageCode=EN&IntPcKey=&StrLayoutCode=HIERARCHIC&CFID=964635&CFTOKEN=9c071271613f4e2b-684D7DB3-9708-1F43-06667404A484EF41&jsessionid=ee307a6c9b026324e44118 http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/sic.html
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
2 Information Management
2.1 Hazardous air pollutants Currently the list of substances included under the NPI is limited to 93 contaminants and thresholds are based on use or storage. Each of the pollutant release and transfer registers includes different contaminant lists due to their individual history of development. This lack of direct correspondence provides some benefit in that a wider range of contaminants can be assessed and compared. Hence, a very wide contaminant list has been collated showing reported chemicals or chemical suites for the aluminium manufacturing sector, black-coal fired power stations, alumina refineries, cement clinker manufacture, chemical manufacturing, ship bunkering and other NPI reporting activities in the Gladstone/Calliope region. Over 230 contaminants have been identified that are released into this airshed. A joint Queensland Health/Environmental Protection Agency workshop was held in November 2007 to identify those contaminants within that list that may result in a higher likelihood of adverse health outcomes in the general public in the Gladstone/Calliope area. This was to ensure resources were applied to issues of substance and inform the ambient air quality monitoring program. This report, however, is not limited and examines all contaminants identified for alumina refining facilities. The comprehensive list of contaminants from all sources is shown in Table 4. The contaminants of concern due to potential public health outcomes are highlighted pink. For each contaminant, an X indicates that a report has been submitted in one of the pollutant release and transfer registers. It does not indicate quantity or any other attribute other than a report. Much more extensive detail is found in the individual contaminant pages in Section 3 including frequency of occurrence and quantified, comparative emission rates. Table 4 Comprehensive atmospheric contaminant list for the Gladstone/Calliope Air-shed Queensland Health contaminants of concern are highlighted with pink background
SUBSTANCE Alumina Aluminium Bunkering Cement Black-coal
power station
Cyanide & Ammonium
nitrate
Gladstone Calliope Airshed
Metals and metalloids
Aluminium fume or dust X X X Antimony and compounds X X X X X Arsenic and compounds X X X X X X X Barium and compounds X X X X Beryllium and compounds X X X X X X X Boron and compounds X X X X Cadmium and compounds X X X X X X X Chromium and compounds19 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 Cobalt and compounds X X X X X X Copper and compounds X X X X X X X Lead and compounds X X X X X X X Lithium carbonate X X Magnesium oxide fume X X X X Manganese and compounds X X X X X X X Mercury and compounds X X X X X X X Molybdenum trioxide X X X Nickel and compounds X X X X X X X Selenium and compounds X X X X X X Silver and compounds X X Thallium and compounds X X X X Vanadium and compounds X X X X Zinc and compounds X X X X X X X
Organics
19 Chromium may be present as either trivalent Chromium (Cr3+) or hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+). Hexavalent Chromium compounds have much more serious health outcomes.
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
SUBSTANCE Alumina Aluminium Bunkering Cement Black-coal
power station
Cyanide & Ammonium
nitrate
Gladstone Calliope Airshed
Acetaldehyde X X X X Acetone X X X Acetonitrile X X Acetophenone X X Acrolein X Acrylamide X X Acrylic acid X X Acrylonitrile X 4-Aminobiphenyl X X Aniline X X Benzene X X X X X X X Biphenyl X X Bis(chloromethyl) ether X X 1,3-Butadiene X X Butyl acrylate X X n-Butyl alcohol X X X Sec-Butyl alcohol X X Tert-Butyl alcohol X X 1,2-Butylene oxide X X Carbon tetrachloride X X Chlordane X X Chloroacetic acid X X p-Chloroaniline X X Chlorobenzene X X Chlorobenzilate X Chlorodifluoromethane X X Chloroethane X Chloroform X X X Chlormethane X X Chlorophenols X X Chloroprene X X Cresols X X Creosote X X Cumene X X X X X X Cyclohexane X X X X X Cyclohexanol X X Dibutyl phthalate X X 1,2-Dichlorobenzene X X 1,3-Dichlorobenzene X X 1,4-Dichlorobenzene X X Dichlorodifluoromethane X X 1,2-Dichlorethane X X Dichloromethane X X 1,2-Dichloropropane X X Trans-1,3-Dichloropropene X X Dicyclopentadiene X X Diethanolamine X X Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate X X Diethyl phthalate X X N,N-Dimethylaniline X X 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidene X X N,N-Dimethyl formamide X X 2,4-Dimethylphenol X X Dimethyl phthalate X X Dimethyl sulfate X X m-Dinitrobenzene X X 4,6-Dintro-o-cresol X X 2,4-Dinitrophenol X X 2,4-Dinitrotoluene X X 2,6-Dinitrotoluene X X N-Dioctyl phthalate X X 1,4-Dioxane X X Ethanol X X X 2-Ethoxyethanol X X Ethyl acrylate X X Ethylbenzene X X X X X X X Ethylene glycol X X X X Ethyleneimine X X
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
SUBSTANCE Alumina Aluminium Bunkering Cement Black-coal
power station
Cyanide & Ammonium
nitrate
Gladstone Calliope Airshed
Ethylidene dichloride X X Formaldehyde X X X X X X X Formic acid X Freon 113 X X Certain glycol ethers X X X Heptachlor X Hexachlorobenzene X X Hexachlorocyclopentadiene X X Hexachloroethane X X n-Hexane X X X X X X X Isopropyl alcohol X X Isosafrole X X Methanol X X X Methoxychlor X X 2-Methoxyethanol X X Methyl acrylate X X Methylene chloride X Methyl ethyl ketone X X X X X Methyl isobutyl ketone X X X X Methyl methacrylate X X N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone X X Methyl tert-butyl ether X X N-Nitroaniline X X Nitrobenzene X X 2-Nitropropane X X N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine X X N-Nitrosodiphenylamine X X N-Nitrosomorpholine X Pentachlorobenzene X X Pentachlorophenol X X Perfluorocarbons X X Phenol X X X X Phthalic anhydride X X Polychlorinated alkanes X X Polychlorinated biphenyls X X X Polychlorinated dioxin and dioxin-like compounds
X X X X X
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons X X X X X X X Acenaphthylene X X Anthracene X X X Benzo(a)anthracene X X Benzo(b)fluoranthene X X Benzo(k)fluoranthene X X Benzo(g,h,i)perylene X X X X Benzo(a)pyrene X X Benzo(e)pyrene X X Dibenz(a,i,j)acridine X X Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene X X 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole X X Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene X X Fluoranthene X X Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene X X 2-Methyl naphthalene X Naphthalene X X X X Phenanthrene X X X Pyrene X X Propylene oxide X X Pyridine X X Quintozene X X Styrene X X X Styrene oxide X X 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane X X Tetrachloroethylene X X Tetrachlorvinphos X X Toluene X X X X X X X Toluene diisocyanate X X Toxaphene X X 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene X X
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
SUBSTANCE Alumina Aluminium Bunkering Cement Black-coal
power station
Cyanide & Ammonium
nitrate
Gladstone Calliope Airshed
1,1,1-Trichloroethane X X X 1,1,2-Trichloroethane X X Trichloroethylene X X X X Trichlorofluromethane X X Triethylamine X X X 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene X X X X 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene X Vinyl acetate X X X Vinyl chloride X Volatile Organic Compounds X X X X X X X Xylenes X X X X X X X
Inorganics Ammonia X X X X X X Carbon dioxide X X X X Carbon disulfide X X X Carbon monoxide X X X X X X Carbonyl sulphide X X Chlorine X X X X X Chlorine dioxide X X Cyanides X X X X Fluoride compounds X X X X X X Hydrochloric acid X X X X X X X Hydrogen sulfide X Nitric acid X X Oxides of nitrogen X X X X X X X PM - Total Particulate Matter X X PM10 - Particulate Matter X X X X X X X PM2.5 - Particulate Matter X X X Potassium bromate X X Phosphoric acid X X Sulfuric acid X X X X X Sulfur dioxide X X X X X X X Coal dust X
Radionuclides Thorium X X Uranium X X 2.2 Odour emissions One of the more pronounced aspects of alumina refining is the emission of odours from various locations through the process. Odours are generated in the digestion process through the interactions of organic constituents (natural materials that are imported with the raw bauxite) with the sodium hydroxide solution, under elevated temperatures and pressures. Odour complaints have been long asserted by residents adjacent to alumina refining operations. The harsh aldehyde smell is distinct to alumina refining. QAL has undertaken odour surveys over several years but published information20 does not identify process sources or emission rates. QAL has implemented engineering changes to reduce odour emissions from the digestion area through incineration. Their estimate was that a 40% reduction was achieved. The processes used by RTAY separate odour sources and directs a major portion of these to incineration. Due to ongoing impacts upon small communities in Western Australia from the Alcoa operation at Wagerup, extremely detailed surveys of odours before and after engineering changes in the plant, were commissioned by Alcoa and published in peer reviewed literature21. Some 17 process sources were assessed for over 600 individual components falling within 17 classes of compounds. As well as assessing the odour strength through the use of dynamic olfactometry the studies also measured mass emission rates of the compounds. Sources identified by the Wagerup study included the following: 20 Tomlins M et al, 2007, Source apportionment of odour impacts from Queensland Alumina Limited, Gladstone, 14th IUAPPA conference, Brisbane. 21 Coffey PS & Ioppolo-Armanios M, 2004, Identification of the odour and chemical composition of alumina refinery air emissions, Water Science and Teechnology, V50, No 4 pp39-47
16
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
• Digester vacuum pumps • Digestion stack blow off • Digestion seal water • Mud thickeners • Mud washer overflow • Calciner vacuum pumps • Calciner stacks • Cooling towers • Clarified green liquor storage • Causticisation tanks • Liquor burning stack • Oxalate stack • Slurry storage tank
The majority of these sources would be regarded as fugitive emission sources and, unless specifically requested, emissions would be estimated rather than measured (if at all). The principal odour causing substance identified in the Wagerup study was acetaldehyde, which was attributed with over 98% of the odour emission measured as odour units (dynamic olfactometry). Other constituents contributing to the emission of odours include various aldehydes such as propenal, acrolein, and formaldehyde and other species such as ammonia and mercaptans. QAL and RTAY have undertaken odour surveys and developed solutions to reduce odour emissions by burning those gas streams at high temperatures, however, substantial emissions of odours are continuing to be emitted from the refineries. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde and ammonia are compounds of concern in this study. 2.3 Data management Each of the emission release and transfer registers presents its data in a different manner with specific attributes and constraints. National Pollutant Inventory – Australia Data is available in Microsoft Excel format and can be directly searched for ANZSIC class and the data downloaded. The emission data is aggregated into total burdens22 to air, land or water. Both point source and fugitive emission estimates are segregated at the facility level. Transfers (eg. movements of waste) are to be reported for the 2008 year. The method used for estimating emission values is provided at the individual facility level in the database. Emissions are all reported as kilograms per year. National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) – Canada This data is held in Microsoft Access databases and requires considerable manipulation to get it into a useful format. Some transfer data is included. The emission data is reported variously in tonnes or kilograms per year. The methodology used for developing emission estimates cannot be readily identified. European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) – European Union The EPER presently collates information from 25 member states whereas the 2001 report reported only 16 states. The data format is similar to the NPI, downloadable as .csv files. The data is in the total burden form (air, land & water) with no transfer data. The files include primary and secondary industry type (NACE) identification. The method used for determining emission values is presented with the main download of data. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) – USA The TRI website has a search facility called TRI Explorer23 that allows for SIC activity number searches and the download of individual facility data, somewhat more convoluted than the NPI but necessary due to the size of the files. Included on each XML file are a large number of reports on
22 For example, the air emissions will include both emissions from the plants principal exhaust stacks and other emissions classed as fugitive. 23 http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/
17
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining transfers to a range of destinations and details of both stack and fugitive emissions. The detailed data is reported in pounds per year requiring conversion to SI units. A word of warning, the summary dioxin data (only) is reported in the TRI downloads as grams whereas data for each year is reported as pounds. The method used for estimating emission values cannot be readily identified but it can be inferred from number rounding (eg, 250 lbs or 500 lbs) whereas direct measurement is usually represented by odd numbers (eg. 457). Table 5 shows the full range of contaminants for alumina refining reported under all of the pollutant release and transfer registers. The reporting is current at 2007 specifications (ie. The contaminant list posted by the agency responsible for the PRTR). Various contaminants have had changes to definitions and new contaminants have been included or modified, responding to re-evaluation of environmental effects. This is particularly influencing the scope of the TRI, which has been in operation since 1988. The contaminants are grouped under similar characteristics. Table 5 also indicates reference to the figures given in Section 3. Absence of a Figure reference is due to a low number of reports, usually 4 or less, where statistical analysis is not appropriate. The jurisdictions are indicated with corresponding data extending across the page to the right. The number of observations refers to the data reports in the respective pollutant release and transfer register. The mean specific emission for each contaminant (grams per tonne of product) has been calculated based upon the average emission divided by the average plant capacity in that jurisdiction. The mean annual emission (kilograms per year) is a derivative of the mean specific emission on an equivalent basis relative to the plant capacity for QAL and RTAY respectively.
18
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining Table 5 Full list of contaminants reported to pollutant release and transfer registers for alumina refining and reported facility average emission rates Measured Queensland Health contaminants of concern are highlighted with pink background Additional contaminants to be measured in the Gladstone Calliope airshed, are posted in brown.
Substance Figure Country Number of observations
Mean specific
emission (g/tonne)
Mean annual emission
kg/yr
Metals and metalloids Antimony and compounds QAL 1 0.001 Arsenic and compounds 4 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.006 0.006 0.031
25 9
44-120 Beryllium and compounds 5 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 2
30
0.00013 0.00025 0.00087
1 3
0-1 Boron and compounds 6 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 2 3
1.1 0.24
0.034
4,200 332
47-133 Cadmium and compounds 7 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.004 0.002 0.016
16 3
65-182 Chromium (III) and compounds 10 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.045 0.081 0.14
180 110
190-550 Chromium (VI) and compounds 11 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.00039 0.00030 0.0023
2 0.42
14-41 Cobalt and compounds 12 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.011 0.011 0.024
45 16
34-97 Copper and compounds 13 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 2
29
0.022 0.025 0.029
88 35
41-115 Lead and compounds 19 QAL
RTAY Aus USA
6 3
30 12
0.012 0.012 0.020 0.002
49 17
28-79
Magnesium oxide fume 20 Aus 5 0.004-0.24 Manganese and compounds 21 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 2
30
0.14 0.003 0.16
540 5
220-2,500 Mercury and compounds 22 QAL
RTAY Aus USA
6 3
30 23
0.052 0.001 0.11
0.082
210 2
150-420
Mercury emission values reported for RTAY appear very low relative to QAL and other Australian operations. Nickel and compounds 26 QAL
RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.024 0.064 0.33
93 90
460-1,300 Selenium and compounds 31 RTAY
Aus 1
18 0.0045 0.011
1 15
Zinc and compounds 37 QAL RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.11 0.17
0.096
440 230
130-380 Organics
Acetaldehyde 1 QAL Aus
2 23
4.9 7.0
19,000 9,800-28,000
Absence of acetaldehyde data for RTAY is of concern due to extreme odour characteristic and typical emission values for alumina refineries. Acetone 2 QAL
Aus 3
23 3.7 20
15,000 15,000-79,000
Benzene Aus 4 0-7.5 Cumene Aus 4 0.0007-0.0038 Cyclohexane 14 Aus 4 0.003-0.26 Ethanol 15 QAL 3 0.027-6.2 Ethyl benzene Aus 4 0.0026-0.054
19
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Substance Figure Country Number of observations
Mean specific
emission (g/tonne)
Mean annual emission
kg/yr
Formaldehyde 17 QAL RTAY Aus
2 3
21
1.7 1.1 7.2
6,600 1,600
10,000-28,000 n-Hexane 25 Aus 8 2.7 11,000 Methanol 23 Aus 4 4.0-6.0 Methyl ethyl ketone 24 Aus 13 6.5 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
30 QAL RTAY Aus Can
6 3
30 8
0.036 0.022 0.059
22
140 27
110-320
Toluene 34 RTAY Aus
3 7
0.70 1.5
Volatile organic compounds 35 QAL RTAY Aus Can
6 3
30 6
35 92 47 22
140,000 130,000
65,000-180,000
Xylenes (mixed isomers) 36 RTAY Aus
3 7
0.090 0.16
Organohalogens Polychlorinated dioxins and furans (NOTE data is in grams)
29 QAL RTAY Aus
6 3
30
0.00021 0.000046 0.00013
0.82 0.065
0.18-0.50 Inorganics
Ammonia (total) 3 Aus 21 9.1 30,000-86,000 Carbon monoxide 8 QAL
RTAY Aus Can
6 3
30 6
470 34
380 6,400
1,900,000 1,200,000
440,000-1,900,000
Chlorine 9 Can USA
4 9
0.46 0.033
Fluorides 16 QAL RTAY Aus Can USA
6 3
30 13 19
14 11 2.2 15 5.7
55,000 15,000
3,100-8,700
Hydrochloric acid 18 QAL RTAY Aus Can USA
6 2
27 6 8
6.4 0.049 0.004
5.6 0.094
25,000 69
5-15
Oxides of nitrogen 27 QAL RTAY Aus
6 3
30
2,400 360 700
9,500,000 510,000
980,000-2,800,000 Particulate matter (PM10) 28 QAL
RTAY Aus Can
6 3
30 5
320 53
200 150
1,300,000 75,000
270,000-770,000
Sulfur dioxide 32 QAL RTAY Aus Can
6 3
30 6
1,100 350
2,400 710
4,400,000 490,000
3,300,000-9,400,000
Sulfuric acid 33 QAL RTAY Aus USA
3 1
23 6
9.7 0.0000 0.0011
38
38,000 0
2-4
20
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
3 Comparative alumina refining emission estimates, based on Queensland Alumina Limited’s plant (QAL) operating at 3,950,000 tonnes per annum and Rio Tinto Yarwun’s plant (RTAY) operating at 1,400,000 tonnes per annum.
3.1 Data presentation Detailed analyses of each contaminant are included in Figures 1 to 37, with tabular and graphical presentations. Contaminants are listed in alphabetical order. For each contaminant there are three representations of the data. A table describes the numerical ranges of actual emissions in kg/year calculated on the annual capacity of the refinery operation for each of the national jurisdictions and the number of alumina refineries. The ranges extend from the best performer (lowest number) up to the worst. Comparative Australian emissions are given at the rates of each plant (ie. Aus-QAL and Aus-RTAY). The box plot in the middle of the page is based on the same underlying data but is given as a specific rate of grams per tonne of alumina produced. Explanation of the box plot is presented below. The plots main use is to easily compare sets of data. The bar chart at the bottom of the page shows just the Australian data also at the specific emission rate. It shows all the individual data points and the how the value was estimated. A clear bar indicates the value was determined through actual direct measurement whereas the maroon bars indicate values were generated using one of a number of other methods. Actual measurements tend to be less represented as they are inherently more expensive to achieve but confidence in their representation of the truth is somewhat higher. If a bar chart shows clear bars scattered across the range of data (such as Figure 4 for Arsenic and compounds) then it is reasonable to assume the two estimation techniques are fairly well aligned. Atmospheric emission data from each pollutant release and transfer register was extracted and placed in Microsoft Excel files. Data from these files were then merged into a single file. Individual pollutants were analysed using the statistical program XlStat 2008 (Addinsoft) on a Hewlitt Packard xw 4400 workstation. For this benchmarking study, population comparison statistics were derived with both simple population descriptive values (as tables) and accompanying box-plots. Specific emissions (grams per tonne) for each plant were derived using publicly report annual production rates. For each particular contaminant the following information is given:
• Emission rate – the annual emission rate given in kg/yr • Analyte suite – this may be a single compound (eg magnesium oxide), cover a suite of
elementally related compounds (eg. cadmium and compounds) or cover a suite of compounds that have common characteristics (eg. volatile organic compounds)
• Number of observations – refers to the total number of entries for that analyte suite in the register (for each country), where an estimate of 0 is recorded, this is assessed as an observation and included when used to determine the various statistics
• Minimum and maximum value – the minimum and maximum estimates • 1st quartile, median and 3rd quartile – these are values reflecting the 25%ile, 50%ile
and 75%ile values of the population • Mean – the arithmetic mean of the population • Range - minimum to maximum value
Box plots provide similar information to the table but in a visual form and allow rapid comparison of different populations. The following is given on the plot:
• Minimum and maximum – are shown as small blue dots at the bottom and top of the range
• 3rd quartile – the top of the enclosed rectangular box is the 3rd quartile limit (ie 75% of the population is below that value and 25% above that value)
• Median - the line within the box is the median, 50% of the population is above and 50% below this value
• 1st quartile – the bottom of the box is the 25%ile
21
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
• Whisker – a whisker line extends both upward and downward from the box with a small horizontal line at the ends. These lines represent the statistical limits beyond which values are considered anomalous24
• Mean – is the red cross For contaminant suites such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, detailed lists of individual compounds are given and those that are listed under all the pollutant release and transfer registers are highlighted in yellow for information only. Where there is competent data from the NPI25, bar graphs are provided indicating the spread of data. Emission estimation techniques are indicated on the graph with a hollow bar showing direct measurement and filled bars representing other techniques. For some box plots upper extremes are excluded as they may be so far off the plot as to diminish representation of other populations. Similarly with some of the bar charts, some data is off scale. Both of these extreme sets of value are usually outside expected limits and are probably not valid. Queensland Health Contaminants of concern are highlighted with pink
24 Lower limit: Linf = X(i) such that {X(i) – [Q1 - 1.5 (Q3 – Q1)]} is minimum and X(i) ≥ Q1 – (Q3 – Q1); and for the upper limit: Lsup = X(i) such that {X(i) – [Q3 + 1.5 (Q3 – Q1)]} is minimum and X(i) ≤ Q3 + (Q3 – Q1). 25 More than five data point are deemed a competent set of data.
22
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining Figure 1 Acetaldehyde
kg/yr Source QAL26 Aus - QAL27 Aus - RTAY27
Number of observations
2 23 0
Minimum 11,000 4 2 1st quartile 15,000 23,000 8,100 Median 19,000 27,000 9,500 3rd quartile 23,000 34,000 12,000 Maximum 27,000 63,000 22,000 Arithmetic mean 19,000 28,000 9,800 Range 16,000 63,000 22,000
A cetaldehydeA lumina ref ining
Aus QAL0
5
10
15
20
NPI reported emissions - AcetaldehydeAlumina refining
0
5
10
15
20
Gove 07
QAL 06
Worsley 05
Wagerup 03
Worsley 04
Worsley 07
Wagerup 04
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 07
Worsley 06
QAL 07
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Wagerup 06
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 07
Wagerup 02
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 06
Kwinana 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EF
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
26 This column reflects data reported by the refinery over several years. 27 This column reflects data reported by other Australian refineries but adjusted to reflect the production capacity of each of the Gladstone refineries. Hence, the two values are quite different due to production capacities of 1,400,000 and 3,950,000 t/yr.
23
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 2 Acetone
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL Aus - RTAY Number of observations
3 23 0
Minimum 13,000 22,000 7,600 1st quartile 14,000 50,000 18,000 Median 16,000 64,000 23,000 3rd quartile 16,000 109,000 39,000 Maximum 16,000 170,000 61,000 Arithmetic mean 15,000 79,000 28,000 Range 3,400 150,000 53,000
A ceto neA lumina ref ining
Aus QAL0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
NPI reported emissions - AcetoneAlumina refining
0
10
20
30
40
50
QAL 02
QAL 06
QAL 07
Worsley 05
Worsley 06
Worsley 07
Pinjarra 07
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 03
Worsley 04
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 03
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 06
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 02
Kwinana 02
Worsley 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
24
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 3 Ammonia (total) kg/yr Source Aus - QAL Aus - RTAY Number of observations 0 0 Minimum 12,000 4,100 1st quartile 29,000 10,000 Median 36,000 13,000 3rd quartile 40,000 14,000 Maximum 97,000 34,000 Arithmetic mean 36,000 13,000 Range 86,000 30,000
A mmo nia ( to tal)A lumina ref ining
0
5
10
15
20
25
Spec
ific e
mis
sion
(g/to
nne)
NPI reported emissions - Ammonia (total)
Alumina refining
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 05
Worsley 05
Kwinana 07
Wagerup 02
Wagerup 03
Worsley 06
Wagerup 06
Pinjarra 02
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 02
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 06
Worsley 07
Wagerup 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
25
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 4 Arsenic and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 5 29 6 10 1st quartile 7 92 7 32 Median 14 122 8 43 3rd quartile 44 163 10 58 Maximum 60 204 12 72 Arithmetic mean 25 123 9 44 Range 55 175 6 62
A rsenic and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
NPI reported emissions - Arsenic & compoundsAlumina refining
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
QAL 07
QAL 05
QAL 04
Yarwun 05
QAL 06
Yarwun 06
Worsley 07
Yarwun 07
Worsley 05
QAL 02
Worsley 04
QAL 03
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 03
Gove 07
Pinjarra 05
Gove 06
Wagerup 02
Wagerup 04
Gove 05
Gove 02
Gove 03
Gove 04
Worsley 03
Pinjarra 06
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Worsley 02
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 04
Worsley 06
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 02
Kwinana 03
Wagerup 05
Kwinana 07
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 06
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
26
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 5 Beryllium and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 2 30
Minimum 0 0 0 0 1st quartile 0 1 0 0 Median 0 2 0 1 3rd quartile 1 2 1 1 Maximum 2 33 1 12 Arithmetic mean 1 3 0 1 Range 2 33 1 12
B eryllium and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
NPI reported emissions - Beryllium & compoundsAlumina refining
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
Yarwun 05
Kwinana 02
Pinjarra 03
QAL 03
QAL 05
QAL 06
Wagerup 05
QAL 04
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 06
Worsley 07
QAL 07
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 02
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 05
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 07
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 04
QAL 02
Kwinana 04
Gove 07
Gove 06
Yarwun 07
Kwinana 03
Gove 05
Gove 04
Gove 02
Gove 03
Kwinana 05
Worsley 04
Worsley 06
Worsley 05
Worsley 03
Worsley 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EC or EF
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
27
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 6 Boron and compounds
Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 3 2 3
Minimum 3 68 0 24 1st quartile 1,100 68 170 24 Median 4,300 68 330 24 3rd quartile 6,800 165 500 59 Maximum 8,600 260 660 93 Arithmetic mean 4,100 130 330 47 Range 8,600 190 660 69
B o ro n and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
NPI reported emissions - Boron & compoundsAlumina refining
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Yarwun 05
QAL 06
QAL 02
Worsley 05
Worsley 06
Worsley 04
Yarwun 07
QAL 07
QAL 05
QAL 04
QAL 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EF
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
28
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 7 Cadmium and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 0 15 1 5 1st quartile 0 28 2 10 Median 1 42 3 15 3rd quartile 25 92 4 33 Maximum 60 198 4 70 Arithmetic mean 16 61 3 22 Range 60 182 4 65
C admium and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
NPI reported emissions - Cadmium & compoundsAlumina refining
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
QAL 05
QAL 03
QAL 02
QAL 04
Yarwun 07
Yarwun 05
Yarwun 06
Worsley 04
Wagerup 02
Worsley 06
Gove 07
Gove 06
Worsley 07
Gove 02
Gove 03
Gove 05
Gove 04
QAL 07
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Worsley 02
Worsley 03
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 04
QAL 06
Kwinana 02
Wagerup 05
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 05
Worsley 05
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 06
Kwinana 07
Wagerup 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EF
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
29
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 8 Carbon monoxide
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 1,400,000 360,000 32,000 130,000 1st quartile 1,500,000 810,000 39,000 290,000 Median 1,700,000 930,000 45,000 330,000 3rd quartile 2,200,000 1,500,000 56,000 540,000 Maximum 2,500,000 3,600,000 67,000 1,300,000 Arithmetic mean 1,900,000 1,200,000 48,000 440,000 Range 1,100,000 3,200,000 34,000 1,100,000
C arbo n mo no xideA lumina ref ining
CanAus RTY QAL0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
NPI reported emissions - Carbon monoxideAlumina refining
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Yarwun 05
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
Gove 02
Gove 03
Gove 04
Gove 05
Gove 06
Wagerup 02
Wagerup 03
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 07
Gove 07
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 04
Worsley 04
Pinjarra 02
Worsley 03
Worsley 07
Worsley 05
Pinjarra 06
Wagerup 06
Pinjarra 03
QAL 07
QAL 06
Kwinana 03
QAL 05
QAL 04
Worsley 02
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 07
Worsley 06
QAL 03
QAL 02
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
30
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 9 Chlorine
C hlo rineA lumina ref ining
USACan0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
NPI reported emissions - ChlorineAlumina refining
0
1
2
3
4
5
Yarwun 05 Yarwun 06 Yarwun 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
31
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 10 Chromium (III) and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 96 86 76 31 1st quartile 110 360 91 130 Median 170 440 110 160 3rd quartile 230 640 130 230 Maximum 290 1,500 160 520 Arithmetic mean 180 550 110 190 Range 200 1,400 82 490
C hro mium III and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
NPI reported emissions - Chromium (III) and compoundsAlumina refining
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Gove 03
QAL 07
Gove 04
QAL 02
QAL 03
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 05
Gove 02
Yarwun 05
QAL 05
QAL 04
QAL 06
Yarwun 06
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 03
Pinjarra 06
Kwinana 05
Wagerup 02
Pinjarra 03
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 06
Wagerup 04
Pinjarra 04
Yarwun 07
Wagerup 06
Pinjarra 02
Wagerup 07
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 05
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 03
Worsley 02
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
Worsley 07
Worsley 03
Worsley 06
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
32
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 11 Chromium (VI) and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 1 0 0 0 1st quartile 1 0 0 0 Median 2 2 0 1 3rd quartile 2 18 0 6 Maximum 3 41 1 14 Arithmetic mean 2 9 0 3 Range 2 41 0 14
C hro mium VI and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
NPI reported emissions - Chromium (VI) and compoundsAlumina refining
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 06
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 06
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 07
QAL 07
Yarwun 05
Pinjarra 02
QAL 03
Wagerup 02
Yarwun 06
QAL 05
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 05
Yarwun 07
QAL 06
QAL 04
Kwinana 02
QAL 02
Worsley 06
Worsley 07
Worsley 02
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 05
Gove 04
Gove 02
Gove 03
Worsley 03
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EF
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
33
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 12 Cobalt and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 10 3 10
Minimum 5 2 11 1 1st quartile 8 6 13 2 Median 19 24 15 9 3rd quartile 69 190 18 69 Maximum 130 320 22 110 Arithmetic mean 45 97 16 34 Range 130 320 11 110
C o balt and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
NPI reported emissions - Cobalt & compoundsAlumina refining
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 05
QAL 05
QAL 07
Pinjarra 02
Worsley 07
QAL 04
Kwinana 07
QAL 02
Yarwun 05
Worsley 06
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
QAL 03
QAL 06
Worsley 02
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
Worsley 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EC
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
34
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 13 Copper and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 29 2 29
Minimum 2 44 0 16 1st quartile 26 63 17 22 Median 56 120 35 43 3rd quartile 83 140 52 51 Maximum 310 290 70 100 Arithmetic mean 88 120 35 41 Range 310 250 70 89
C o pper and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
NPI reported emissions - Copper & compoundsAlumina refining
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Yarwun 05
QAL 05
QAL 07
QAL 02
Wagerup 03
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 05
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 02
Kwinana 02
Pinjarra 02
QAL 06
Pinjarra 05
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 07
QAL 04
Kwinana 03
Gove 07
Gove 06
Wagerup 05
Gove 02
Gove 03
Pinjarra 07
Gove 04
Worsley 07
Wagerup 06
Worsley 03
Wagerup 07
Worsley 04
Pinjarra 06
Worsley 05
Yarwun 07
Worsley 02
Worsley 06
QAL 03
Spe
cific
em
issi
on (g
/tonn
e)
EC
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
35
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 14 Cyclohexane
NPI reported emissions - Cyclohexane
Alumina refining
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Yarwun 05 Gove 07 Yarwun 06 Yarwun 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EF or EC
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
36
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 15 Ethanol
NPI reported emissions - Ethanol
Alumina refining
0
2
4
6
8
10
QAL 02 QAL 04 QAL 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
37
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 16 Fluoride and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 31,000 230 10,000 81 1st quartile 37,000 440 12,000 160 Median 54,000 710 14,000 250 3rd quartile 76,000 3,000 17,000 1,100 Maximum 79,000 73,000 21,000 26,000 Arithmetic mean 55,000 8,700 15,000 3,100 Range 49,000 72,000 11,000 26,000
F luo ride co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
USACanAus RTY QAL0
5
10
15
20
25
NPI reported emissions - Fluoride compoundsAlumina refining
0
5
10
15
20
25
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 06
Pinjarra 06
Wagerup 04
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Kwinana 05
Wagerup 02
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 02
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 07
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 03
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 03
Gove 05
Gove 04
Gove 02
Worsley 07
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
Worsley 06
Yarwun 05
QAL 05
QAL 06
QAL 04
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
QAL 07
Worsley 03
Worsley 02
QAL 03
QAL 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
38
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 17 Formaldehyde
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
2 21 3 21
Minimum 3,700 13,000 0 4,600 1st quartile 5,100 18,000 870 6,200 Median 6,600 30,000 1,700 11,000 3rd quartile 8,100 34,000 2,400 12,000 Maximum 9,600 56,000 3,100 20,000 Arithmetic mean 6,600 28,000 1,600 10,000 Range 5,800 43,000 3,100 15,000
F o rmaldehydeA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
5
10
15
20
NPI reported emissions - FormaldehydeAlumina refining
0
5
10
15
20
Yarwun 05
QAL 05
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
QAL 06
Worsley 06
Worsley 07
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 07
Pinjarra 06
Worsley 04
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 06
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Pinjarra 02
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 02
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 02
Pinjarra 07
Spe
cific
em
issi
on (g
/tonn
e)
EF/EC
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
39
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 18 Hydrochloric acid
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 27 2 27
Minimum 63 0 0 0 1st quartile 8,300 0 34 0 Median 19,000 0 69 0 3rd quartile 44,000 0 100 0 Maximum 56,000 170 140 60 Arithmetic mean 25,000 15 69 5 Range 56,000 170 140 60
H ydro chlo ric acidA lumina ref ining
USACanAus RTY QAL0
5
10
15
20
NPI reported emissions - Hydrochloric acidAlumina refining
0
5
10
15
20
Yarwun 05
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 06
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 02
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 06
Gove 04
Gove 05
Gove 06
Worsley 02
Worsley 03
Worsley 07
QAL 06
Worsley 05
Worsley 06
Worsley 04
Yarwun 07
QAL 02
QAL 05
QAL 03
QAL 04
QAL 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EC or EF
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
40
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 19 Lead and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 16 17 11 6 1st quartile 20 48 13 17 Median 28 66 16 24 3rd quartile 64 110 19 40 Maximum 130 230 23 83 Arithmetic mean 49 79 17 28 Range 110 220 12 77
Lead and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
USAAus RTY QAL0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
NPI reported emissions - Lead & compoundsAlumina refining
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
QAL 07
Worsley 07
QAL 05
QAL 02
Pinjarra 03
QAL 04
Yarwun 05
Pinjarra 06
Wagerup 05
Pinjarra 04
Kwinana 05
Yarwun 06
Kwinana 06
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 06
Pinjarra 07
Kwinana 02
Worsley 05
Wagerup 04
Yarwun 07
Pinjarra 02
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 04
QAL 03
Kwinana 03
Wagerup 02
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 03
Gove 05
Worsley 04
Gove 04
Gove 02
QAL 06
Worsley 06
Worsley 03
Worsley 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
41
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 20 Magnesium oxide fume
NPI reported emissions - Magnesium oxide fume
Alumina refining
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
QAL 07
QAL 04
QAL 05
QAL 06
QAL 02
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 06
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 02
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 06
Worsley 07
Gove 04
Gove 05
Gove 06
Worsley 06
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
Worsley 03
Worsley 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
42
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 21 Manganese and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 2 30
Minimum 360 5 0 2 1st quartile 420 280 2 100 Median 470 650 5 230 3rd quartile 680 780 7 280 Maximum 800 2,500 10 890 Arithmetic mean 540 640 5 230 Range 440 2,500 10 890
M anganese and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
NPI reported emissions - Manganese & compoundsAlumina refining
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Yarwun 05
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 05
Gove 04
Gove 03
Gove 02
Yarwun 07
Worsley 04
Wagerup 02
Worsley 02
Worsley 05
QAL 07
QAL 04
Kwinana 07
QAL 06
Pinjarra 06
QAL 05
Worsley 06
Wagerup 03
Kwinana 05
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 02
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 06
QAL 02
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 04
Pinjarra 05
QAL 03
Kwinana 04
Wagerup 06
Worsley 07
Kwinana 03
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 07
Worsley 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
43
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 22 Mercury and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 190 9 1 3 1st quartile 190 410 1 150 Median 210 440 2 160 3rd quartile 220 540 2 190 Maximum 220 820 2 290 Arithmetic mean 210 420 2 150 Range 35 810 1 290
M ercury and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
USAAus RTY QAL0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
NPI reported emissions - Mercury & compoundsAlumina refining
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Yarwun 05
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
Gove 04
Gove 02
Gove 03
Gove 07
QAL 02
QAL 06
QAL 07
Gove 06
QAL 04
QAL 05
QAL 03
Gove 05
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 02
Wagerup 05
Worsley 05
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 06
Worsley 04
Wagerup 07
Pinjarra 06
Worsley 06
Worsley 03
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 06
Worsley 07
Worsley 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
44
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 23 Methanol
NPI reported emissions - MethanolAlumina refining
0
2
4
6
8
10
Worsley 04 Worsley 06 Worsley 05 Worsley 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
45
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 24 Methyl ethyl ketone
M ethyl e thyl keto neA lumina ref ining
0
5
10
15
20
NPI reported emissions - Methyl ethyl ketoneAlumina refining
0
5
10
15
20
25
Wagerup 07
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 03
Wagerup 06
Pinjarra 02
Kwinana 03
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 04
Kwinana 02
Worsley 02
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
46
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 25 n-Hexane
n-H exaneA lumina ref ining
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
NPI reported emissions - n-HexaneAlumina refining
0
2
4
6
8
10
Worsley 06
Kwinana 02
Wagerup 02
Worsley 07
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
Worsley 02
Worsley 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
47
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 26 Nickel and compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 30 11 60 4 1st quartile 53 55 72 20 Median 84 120 84 43 3rd quartile 110 420 100 150 Maximum 200 6,200 130 2,200 Arithmetic mean 93 1,300 90 460 Range 170 6,200 65 2,200
N ickel and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
NPI reported emissions - Nickel & compoundsAlumina refining
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 04
QAL 02
Wagerup 02
Pinjarra 02
QAL 07
Wagerup 03
Kwinana 02
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 04
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Kwinana 07
QAL 03
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 07
QAL 05
QAL 06
Worsley 07
Yarwun 05
Worsley 04
QAL 04
Worsley 06
Yarwun 06
Worsley 05
Worsley 02
Wagerup 05
Yarwun 07
Wagerup 06
Worsley 03
Wagerup 07
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 02
Gove 03
Gove 05
Gove 04
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
EF/EC
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
48
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 27 Oxides of nitrogen
kg/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 7,900,000 1,000,000 340,000 370,000 1st quartile 8,900,000 1,600,000 410,000 570,000 Median 9,400,000 2,400,000 480,000 860,000 3rd quartile 10,000,000 3,100,000 590,000 1,100,000 Maximum 11,000,000 7,900,000 700,000 2,800,000 Arithmetic mean 9,500,000 2,800,000 510,000 980,000 Range 3,100,000 6,900,000 360,000 2,400,000
Oxides o f nitro genA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
NPI reported emissions - Oxides of NitrogenAlumina refining
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Yarwun 05
Wagerup 05
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 06
Yarwun 06
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 03
Wagerup 03
Pinjarra 06
Wagerup 04
Pinjarra 04
Yarwun 07
Wagerup 02
Gove 02
Gove 03
Kwinana 02
Gove 04
Gove 05
Gove 06
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Gove 07
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 06
Worsley 02
Worsley 03
Worsley 05
Worsley 04
Worsley 06
QAL 05
Worsley 07
QAL 07
QAL 06
QAL 03
QAL 04
QAL 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
49
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 28 Particulates (PM10)
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 450,000 310,000 50,000 110,000 1st quartile 590,000 500,000 60,000 180,000 Median 1,100,000 690,000 70,000 240,000 3rd quartile 1,700,000 940,000 87,000 330,000 Maximum 2,600,000 1,900,000 100,000 670,000 Arithmetic mean 1,300,000 770,000 75,000 270,000 Range 2,100,000 1,600,000 54,000 560,000
P M 10A lumina ref ining
CanAus RTY QAL0
200
400
600
800
1000
NPI reported emissions - Particulate Matter 10.0 umAlumina refining
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
Yarwun 05
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
Wagerup 05
Gove 06
Gove 05
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 03
Gove 07
QAL 06
Wagerup 06
Wagerup 04
QAL 07
Pinjarra 03
Wagerup 02
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 04
Gove 02
Gove 03
Kwinana 06
Gove 04
Kwinana 02
Pinjarra 02
QAL 05
Pinjarra 07
Kwinana 05
Pinjarra 05
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 04
Worsley 05
Worsley 03
Kwinana 03
Worsley 02
Worsley 06
QAL 04
Worsley 04
QAL 02
Worsley 07
QAL 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
50
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 29 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans
g/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 0.090 0.000 0.055 0.000 1st quartile 0.85 0.094 0.055 0.033 Median 1.0 0.36 0.055 0.13 3rd quartile 1.0 0.50 0.070 0.18 Maximum 1.0 5.0 0.084 1.8 Arithmetic mean 0.82 0.50 0.065 0.18 Range 0.91 5.0 0.029 1.8
P o lychlo rinated dio xins and furansA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.0000001
0.0000002
0.0000003
0.0000004
0.0000005
NPI reported emissions - Polychlorinated dioxins and furansAlumina refining
0.0000000
0.0000005
0.0000010
0.0000015
0.0000020
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
51
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 30 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 15 11 18 4 1st quartile 48 57 22 20 Median 79 140 25 48 3rd quartile 200 230 31 82 Maximum 410 3,000 37 1,100 Arithmetic mean 140 320 27 110 Range 400 3,000 19 1,000
P o lycyclic aro matic hydro carbo nsA lumina ref ining
CanAus RTY QAL0
5
10
15
20
25
30
NPI reported emissions - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsAlumina refining
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Gove 07
QAL 03
Worsley 02
Worsley 03
Gove 06
QAL 05
Gove 05
Yarwun 05
Gove 04
Gove 02
Gove 03
Yarwun 06
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 05
QAL 07
QAL 06
Yarwun 07
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 03
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 06
Worsley 07
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 04
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
QAL 04
Kwinana 07
Worsley 06
Wagerup 02
QAL 02
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 06
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 05
Kwinana 02
Spe
cific
em
issi
on (g
/tonn
e)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
52
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 31 Selenium and compounds
kg/yr Source RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations 1 18 Minimum 1 2 1st quartile 1 5 Median 1 10 3rd quartile 1 13 Maximum 1 100 Arithmetic mean 1 15 Range 1 99
Selenium and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY0
0.01
0.02
NPI reported emissions - Selenium & compoundsAlumina refining
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Yarwun 07
Wagerup 02
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 05
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 05
Pinjarra 02
Wagerup 06
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 04
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
53
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 32 Sulfur dioxide
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 3,200,000 25,000 330,000 8,9000 1st quartile 3,600,000 80,000 390,000 29,000 Median 4,200,000 130,000 460,000 47,000 3rd quartile 5,100,000 12,000,000 570,000 4,400,000 Maximum 6,200,000 36,000,000 680,000 13,000,000 Arithmetic mean 4,400,000 9,400,000 490,000 3,300,000 Range 3,000,000 36,000,000 360,000 13,000,000
Sulfur dio xideA luminina ref ining
CanAus RTY QAL0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
NPI reported emissions - Sulfur dioxideAlumina refining
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 02
Wagerup 07
Wagerup 04
Wagerup 06
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 03
Yarwun 05
Yarwun 07
QAL 06
QAL 05
QAL 02
Worsley 04
Worsley 06
Worsley 02
Gove 07
Gove 04
Gove 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
54
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 33 Sulfuric acid
kg/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
3 23 1 23
Minimum 63 0 0 0 1st quartile 21,000 0 0 0 Median 43,000 0 0 0 3rd quartile 58,000 7 0 2 Maximum 72,000 19 0 7 Arithmetic mean 38,000 4 0 2 Range 72,000 19 0 7
Sulfuric acidA lumina ref ining
USAAus RTY QAL0
50
100
150
200
250
NPI reported emissions - Sulfuric acidAlumina refining
0
5
10
15
20
Yarwun 05
Kwinana 07
Kwinana 03
Kwinana 02
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 02
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Pinjarra 06
Worsley 04
Worsley 05
Worsley 06
Worsley 02
Worsley 03
Gove 06
Gove 05
Gove 04
Gove 02
Gove 03
Gove 07
QAL 05
QAL 07
QAL 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
55
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 34 Toluene
T o lueneA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY0
1
2
3
4
5
NPI reported emissions - TolueneAlumina refining
0
1
2
3
4
5
Yarwun 05
Yarwun 06
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 05
Pinjarra 05
Yarwun 07
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 03
Worsley 02
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
56
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 35 Volatile organic compounds
kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 85,000 17,000 87,000 6,100 1st quartile 120,000 150,000 100,000 55,000 Median 150,000 180,000 120,000 63,000 3rd quartile 160,000 220,000 150,000 77,000 Maximum 170,000 400,000 180,000 140,000 Arithmetic mean 140,000 180,000 130,000 65,000 Range 90,000 390,000 93,000 140,000
Vo lat ile Organic C o mpo undsA lumina ref ining
CanAus RTY QAL0
50
100
150
200
NPI reported emissions - Total Volatile Organic CompoundsAlumina refining
0
50
100
150
200
Gove 02
Gove 03
Gove 04
QAL 07
Worsley 03
QAL 02
Worsley 04
QAL 03
Gove 05
Gove 06
Kwinana 07
QAL 05
Kwinana 04
Gove 07
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 06
QAL 06
Pinjarra 07
Pinjarra 02
QAL 04
Wagerup 07
Kwinana 03
Worsley 07
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 06
Pinjarra 05
Wagerup 06
Wagerup 05
Wagerup 04
Worsley 05
Yarwun 05
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 02
Worsley 06
Kwinana 02
Yarwun 06
Worsley 02
Yarwun 07
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
57
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 36 Xylenes
XylenesA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
NPI reported emissions - Xylenes (individual or mixed isomers)Alumina refining
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Gove 05
Gove 06
Gove 07
Yarwun 05
Yarwun 06
Yarwun 07
Worsley 06
Worsley 02
Worsley 04
Worsley 03
Spec
ific
emis
sion
(g/to
nne)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
58
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Figure 37 Zinc and compounds
kg/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY
Number of observations
6 30 3 30
Minimum 72 1 160 0 1st quartile 250 230 190 83 Median 460 360 220 130 3rd quartile 640 580 270 200 Maximum 760 980 320 350 Arithmetic mean 440 380 230 130 Range 690 980 170 350
Z inc and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining
Aus RTY QAL0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
NPI reported emissions - Zinc and compoundsAlumina refining
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Gove 07
Gove 06
Gove 05
Gove 04
Gove 03
Gove 02
QAL 02
Pinjarra 06
QAL 05
Pinjarra 03
Pinjarra 04
Pinjarra 05
Kwinana 05
Kwinana 04
Kwinana 06
Kwinana 03
QAL 07
Kwinana 07
Worsley 06
Yarwun 05
Wagerup 03
Wagerup 02
Wagerup 04
Pinjarra 02
Worsley 03
Wagerup 05
QAL 06
Worsley 07
Pinjarra 07
Wagerup 06
Yarwun 06
Wagerup 07
Kwinana 02
Worsley 05
QAL 03
QAL 04
Worsley 04
Yarwun 07
Worsley 02
Spe
cific
em
issi
on (g
/tonn
e)
Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method
59
Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
4 NPI emission estimation technique The following tables indicate for each Australian operation, the emission estimation technique used for each contaminant for each year of reporting to the NPI. Contaminant listing order is consistent with the previous tables. The adjunct “stack” refers to stack emissions and the adjunct “fugitive” refers to fugitive emissions. The following list of abbreviations indicates the selected technique used to develop the emission estimate:
DM direct measurement, involves actual sampling, analysis and flow measurement AAEET approved alternate emission estimation technique, method approved by the state agency
MB mass balance, utilises process input/output mass flow rates and contaminant concentrations
ECAL engineering calculation, based on process conditions of the plant EF emission factor, utilises standard calculations and factors
Direct measurement is highlighted as this represents the application of engineering measurement of gas emissions and analysis of the gas stream as opposed to a less accurate calculation approach.
Station Year Acetaldehyde
stack Acetaldehyde
fugitive Acetone
stack Acetone fugitive
Ammonia stack
Ammonia fugitive
Gove 2002 Gove 2003 Gove 2004 Gove 2005 Gove 2006 Gove 2007 EF Kwinana 2002 EC EC EC EC EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM Pinjarra 2006 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF QAL 2002 EF/EC MB QAL 2003 QAL 2004 QAL 2005 QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF/MB Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM AAEET/DM AAEET/DM Wagerup 2004 DM DM EF DM Wagerup 2005 DM/EC DM/EC EC DM/EC Wagerup 2006 DM DM/EF DM Wagerup 2007 DM DM/EF DM Worsley 2002 DM Worsley 2003 Worsley 2004 DM EF DM Worsley 2005 DM EF DM DM Worsley 2006 DM EF DM DM Worsley 2007 DM EF DM EF DM Yarwun 2005 Yarwun 2006 Yarwun 2007
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Antimony & compounds
stack
Antimony & compounds
fugitive
Arsenic & compounds
stack
Arsenic & compounds
fugitive
Benzene stack
Benzene fugitive
Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF/EC EF EF Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF/MB QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/MB QAL 2005 DM/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF/MB QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF/MB
Wagerup 2002 DM/EF/EC/M
B DM/EC Wagerup
2003 AAEET/DM/
EF/MB DM/EC/MB Wagerup 2004 EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC EC Wagerup 2007 EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM EF/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Boron & compounds
stack
Boron & compounds
fugitive
Beryllium & compounds
stack
Beryllium & compounds
fugitive
Cadmium & compounds
stack
Cadmium & compounds
fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF EF Gove 2007 EF EF/EC EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2004 EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DMEF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EC DM/EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2006 EF/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EF Wagerup
2003 AAEET/DM/
EC DM/EC AAEET/DM/
EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2007 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 EF DM/EF EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 EF EF/EC EC EF/EC DM EF/MB Yarwun 2006 DM EF/MB Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC DM EF/EC DM EF/MB
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Carbon monoxide
stack
Carbon monoxide
fugitive
Chlorine stack
Chlorine fugitive
Chromium (III) compounds
stack
Chromium (III) compounds
fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 DM/EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 DMEC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 DM/EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC EF/MB DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF EF DM/EF QAL 2003 DM/EF DM/EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup
2003 DM/EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM/
EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM/EF EF EC DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM/EF EF/EC DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM/EF EF/EC DM EF/EC
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Chromium (VI) compounds
stack
Chromium (VI) compounds
fugitive
Cobalt & compounds
stack
Cobalt & compounds
fugitive
Copper & compounds
stack
Copper & compounds
fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 DM EF/EC EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC EC Kwinana 2004 EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EC AAEET/EC EC AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EC MB DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF DM/EF DM DM/EF DM DM/EF QAL 2003 EF DM EF DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 EF DM/EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup
2003 AAEET/DM/
EF AAEET/DM
/EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 EF EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 EF DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2007 EC EC EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DMEF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM DM/EC EF/EC DM EF/EC
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Cumene stack
Cumene fugitive
Cyclohexane stack
Cyclohexane fugitive
Ethanol stack
Ethanol fugitive
Gove 2002 Gove 2003 Gove 2004 Gove 2005 EF Gove 2006 EC Gove 2007 EF EF Kwinana 2002 Kwinana 2003 Kwinana 2004 Kwinana 2005 Kwinana 2006 Kwinana 2007 Pinjarra 2002 Pinjarra 2003 Pinjarra 2004 Pinjarra 2005 Pinjarra 2006 Pinjarra 2007 QAL 2002 EC MB QAL 2003 MB QAL 2004 EC MB QAL 2005 QAL 2006 QAL 2007 Wagerup 2002 Wagerup 2003 Wagerup 2004 Wagerup 2005 Wagerup 2006 Wagerup 2007 Worsley 2002 EF Worsley 2003 Worsley 2004 Worsley 2005 Worsley 2006 Worsley 2007 Yarwun 2005 EF/EC EC Yarwun 2006 DM Yarwun 2007 DM EC
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Ethylbenzene
stack Ethylbenzene
fugitive Fluoride
compounds stack
Fluoride compounds
fugitive
Formaldehyde stack
Formaldehyde fugitive
Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC Gove 2005 EF EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EC EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EC EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EC EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC EF QAL 2002 DM DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2007 DM/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EC AAEET/DM Wagerup 2004 EC EC DM EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2006 EC EC DM EC Wagerup 2007 EC EC DM EC Worsley 2002 EF EF DM/EF Worsley 2003 EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM DM/EF DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 DM EF/EC EF/EC EC Yarwun 2006 EC EF/EC DM Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC DM EF
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Hydrochloric
acid stack
Hydrochloric acid
fugitive
Lead & compounds
stack
Lead & compounds
fugitive
Magnesium oxide fume
stack
Magnesium oxide fume
fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF EF/EC EF Gove 2005 EF EF/EC EF/EC EF Gove 2006 MB MB EF/EC EF/EC MB MB Gove 2007 EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EC EF/EC EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC DM/EF EC EC Kwinana 2004 EC DM/EF/EC EC EC Kwinana 2005 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC Kwinana 2006 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC Kwinana 2007 EC EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EF/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC EF/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EC EF/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EC EF/EC AAEET/EC EC Pinjarra 2006 MB DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC MB Pinjarra 2007 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC QAL 2002 EF DM DM/EF EF QAL 2003 DM DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EC DM/EF/EC DM/EF EC QAL 2005 DM/EC MB DM/EC EF EC QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF EC EF Wagerup 2002 EF EF DM/EC EF Wagerup
2003 EF
EF AAEET/DM
EF DM/EC EF
EF Wagerup 2004 EC EC EF/EC EC EC EC Wagerup 2005 EC EC DM/EC AAEET/EC EC EC Wagerup 2006 EC EC EF/EC EC EC EC Wagerup 2007 EC EC EF/EC EC EC EC Worsley 2002 EF DM/EF EF EF Worsley 2003 DM EF DM/EF EF DM Worsley 2004 DM EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Yarwun 2005 EC EC DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM DM EF/EC DM EF
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Manganese & compounds
stack
Manganese & compounds
fugitive
Mercury & compounds
stack
Mercury & compounds
fugitive
Methanol stack
Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/MB Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/MB Gove 2007 EF/EC EF/MB Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC/MB AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC/MB AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/MB AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC/MB AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC MB AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 AAEET/EC MB QAL 2002 DM DM/EF DM/MB DM/EF/MB QAL 2003 DM EF DM EF/MB QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF MB QAL 2005 DM/EC EF EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EC EF EC EFMB QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF EC EF/MB
Wagerup 2002 EF
DM/EC DM/EF/EC/M
B
Wagerup 2003
AAEET/DM/EF DM/EC MB
Wagerup 2004 EF/EC EC EC/MB EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC EC/MB AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC EC EC EC Wagerup 2007 EF/EC EC EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF/MB EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF/MB DM/EF DM Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Worsley 2006 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Yarwun 2005 EC EF/EC DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 MB DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 EC EF/EC DM/EC EF/EC
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Methyl ethyl ketone stack
Methyl ethyl ketone fugitive
n-Hexane stack
n-Hexane fugitive
Nickel & compounds
stack
Nickel & compounds
fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC DM Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 DM EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 DM AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 DM DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF QAL 2006 DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup
2003 AAEET/DM
DM/EC AAEET/DM/
EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EC DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EC EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EC EC DM/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Oxides of
nitrogen stack
Oxides of nitrogen fugitive
Particulate matter 10Φm
stack
Particulate matter 10Φm
fugitive
Polychlorinated dioxins and
furans stack
Polychlorinated dioxins and
furans fugitive
Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF EF/EC EF Kwinana 2002 DM/EC DM/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2002 DM/EC DM/EC AAEET/DM EC Pinjarra 2003 DM/EC AAEET/DM AAEET/DM DM/EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EF/EC DM/EC QAL 2002 DM DM DM/EF DM QAL 2003 DM/EF DM/EF EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EC EF DM/EC DM/EF EF/EC QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF EF/EC QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF EF/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM Wagerup 2004 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC EC Wagerup
2005 DM/EC EF/EC DM/EC AAEET/DM/
EF DM/EC
EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Yarwun 2005 DM EF DM/EC EF/EC DM Yarwun 2006 DM EF DM/EC EF/EC DM Yarwun 2007 DM EF DM/EC EF/EC DM
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons stack
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons fugitive
Selenium & compounds
stack
Selenium & compounds
fugitive
Sulfur dioxide stack
Sulfur dioxide fugitive
Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EC/MB Gove 2007 EF EF EC/MB Kwinana 2002 EC EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC/MB Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/MB Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/MB Pinjarra 2002 EC EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EF/EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC/MB Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/MB MB Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC EF/EC DM/MB EF QAL 2002 DM EF QAL 2003 EF DM/EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC/MB EF QAL 2005 DM/EF/EC EF/MB DM/EF/EC/MB QAL 2006 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EC/MB EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC EF DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM AAEET/DM DM/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB EC/MB Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EC DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB EC/MB Wagerup 2007 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB EC Worsley 2002 EF EF MB EF Worsley 2003 EF EF MB EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 DM EC DM EF Yarwun 2006 DM EC DM EF Yarwun 2007 DM EC DM EF/EC DM EF
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Sulfuric acid stack
Sulfuric acid fugitive
Toluene stack
Toluene fugitive
Total volatile organic
compounds stack
Total volatile organic
compounds fugitive
Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EC EF EF EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2006 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 EC DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EC EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 MB DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2007 EC DM/EF/EC EF/EC QAL 2002 DM DM/EF/EC MB QAL 2003 DM/EF MB QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2005 DM/EC MB DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EF/EC EFMB QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF/MB Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EF/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2006 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 EF/EC EC EC DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 EC EC DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM/EC EC DM/EC EF/EC
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Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining
Station Year Xylenes (individual or
mixed isomers) stack
Xylenes (individual or
mixed isomers) fugitive
Zinc and compounds
Zinc and compounds
fugitive stack
Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC Gove 2005 EF EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF/EC EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 DM DM/EF QAL 2003 EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 EF DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EC Wagerup 2004 EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 DM DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM DM EF/EC
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