Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016

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SYSTEMS IN 77 ECONOMIES
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Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank Group. 2016. Benchmarking Public Pro-
curement 2016: Assessing Public Procurement Systems in 77 Economies . Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adaptations with the attribution:

Foreword iv
Acknowledgments v
Glossary vii
Abbreviations ix
Overview 1
What does Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016 measure? 6
How are the data collected? 10
What are the methodological limitations? 14

First-tier review process 38
Second-tier review process 42

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across 77 economies.
als for pro bono feedback and guidance at vari-

-

-

-

Economic Co-operation and Development),
-

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under the team members’ supervision include
Esna Abdulamit, Charlene Atkinson, Samantha

-

-

have not been possible without the generous

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the Benchmarking Public Procurement website:
http://bpp.worldbank.org.

-

-
Bidding documents (tender documents) Documents presenting the terms of tender, the
general conditions of the contract and the ten-

-

-
Glossary
unrestricted solicitation under which all inter-
ested suppliers can submit a bid.
Procurement contract Awarded to the supplier that submitted the
winning bid, it establishes the details of the

Procurement plan

indicators, the framework comprises all public

-
with public procurement.

viii | Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016
8/19/2019 Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016
SAR special administrative region
UNCITRAL
WTO
Abbreviations
and public-private partnerships are modern

services? There is no way they could have built
the Giza pyramids or the Parthenon without good

-
ment order from around 2500 BCE was found in 1 In ancient Egypt scribes
managed the supply of materials and workers for

2
public procurement besides the monarchy were the
church and the military—for buildings, warfare and
3 As the cities in Europe continued to grow and
industrialize, governments relied more on private

was not until the late 1800s that state legislatures in
the United States began to create boards or bureaus
4 With defense purchasing
5 But pro-
6

7 More techniques
8
technological change, public procurement has
since become one of the principal economic activi-
9
of goods and services accounts for a third of
total public spending,10 and in developing

performance, promote national competitive-
And it can boost economic development. But

-

public procurement is the government activ-

volved to divert public funds for private gain.
Overview
Overview

its role of driving the prices down and the qual-
11 -

are available for governments to combat corrupt practices related to public contracts.
Sound public procurement laws that promote

in the single most important marketplace in
developed and developing countries. After
all, public procurement is a business process

aims to promote evidence-based decision mak-

the private sector during a needs assessment
and the time for reviewing protests in case of
complaints.
11 economies in 2014, the data collection was
Benchmark-

-

-


-
to suppliers, such as the legal time needed to
obtain a decision after lodging a complaint. In
other instances, the laws do not facilitate equal
access to information for all suppliers—for

Although there is still room for improvement
in all the economies measured, OECD high-
income economies do hold higher standards of

electronic means in conducting public
procurement.
site dedicated to public procurement. Some are
more advanced than others, and governments
are using them for various purposes, whether
it is to facilitate the bidding process, the award
of contracts to bidders or to support the man-
agement of the procurement contract (such

tire procurement process online.
-

The Benchmarking Public Procurement data
show that in 17 of the economies measured, it is still not possible for users to access tender
documents from the electronic procurement
portal. Even more worrisome, when website
visitors in several countries click on a “tender

-

Chile and the Republic of Korea, electronic
submission of bids has become the rule. But in
most economies measured, e-bidding remains

their implementation lags behind.

provide some evidence on the implementation
Overview

participation of bidders with limited resources.
Overview

prove their national laws and regulations. The

have adopted instruments to foster the har-

comparative indicators for 77 economies.12

Benchmarking Public
progress. It follows the approach of the World
Bank Group’s Doing Business report, which has

-

Doing Busi- ness -

Benchmarking Public Procurement presents

1. About Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016
6 | Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016

that spending.

understanding of how public procurement works and to develop their capabilities to compete
for public sector contracts.
ment ranging from preparing and sub-

• Submitting bids measures the ease of
bid submission.
bid evaluation is an open and fair
process in order to guarantee bidders
that the bid evaluation process follows

sesses whether, once the best bid has
-

a public procurement tendering process

mechanisms assesses whether sup-

as some characteristics of the second-
tier review.
jure and de facto indicators. De jure indicators
capture the characteristics of laws and regu-
lations encompassing public procurement
ment. De facto indicators capture time and

-

-

-

lack of an independent complaint mechanism
is the number one concern for suppliers. The
Benchmarking Public Procurement team re-

the complaint and reporting mechanisms.
Since Benchmarking Public Procurement aspires

default method of procurement across the

-

-

-
including conference calls and written corre-

public release.
Questionnaires emailed to local contributors in the measured countries

Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016 report and online database
Step 11
Step 10
Step 9
Step 8
Step 7
Step 6
Step 5
Step 4
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1

-
-
-

-
government.

Chambers and Partners, Martindale and

•

•
curement agencies, business chambers

-

-
sectors also helps in comparing the views and
insights of all stakeholders in the public pro-

same sets of questions to all economies. Stan-

Benchmarking Public Pro-
1. About Benchmarking Public Procurement

-

-

-

-

is complete. It includes all required documents. It is unambiguous. And it provides a price quota-
tion free of mistakes.
-
-

-

to good practice on a certain subindicator, are

marking Public Procurement measures. The re-
maining three categories are in quintiles 2, 3 or

ment indicators are listed at the beginning of

.org).
Table 1.1 What Benchmarking Public Procurement measures—seven areas in two themes
Indicator 1: Public procurement life cycle
Preparing bids
Submitting bids
Evaluating bids

-
the implementation of laws in practice and the

-

(http://bpp.worldbank.org).
tors do not measure the full range of factors,

-

-

-
-
-

-

Benchmarking Public Procurement

.


Taiwan, China
Mongolia Thailand*
(13 economies)
Argentina Guatemala
Congo, Dem. Rep. Nigeria
(7 economies)
Procurement

even more useful as a resource.

tions, unexpected delays and unequal access to
information are challenges that suppliers can
face all the way from the need assessment phase
to awarding and implementing the procurement

-

-

targeted rules that will address these risks and

-

ies of tender documents, and understand how
and on what grounds bids are evaluated are

preparing bids

procurement to the private sector so that
potential bidders can create and submit their
evaluating bids, it eval-
contract to the supplier that submitted the win-

-
-
2. The procurement
ing Public Procurement
uador, just had elections and the people of Quito

-
about to initiate a call for tender for a procure-
ment contract following an open and competitive

furniture for public schools was considering seek-

private school in the city, which would demand its

Quito, since providing supplies to several public
-

plan? What information would the advertisement
contain?
potential solutions, procuring entities often
need to consult with the private sector to deter-
mine the solutions available, a process called

-

-

mation has to be included in tender documents,

and planning the preparation of a proposal.
-
gauge its chances of winning the contract.
Preparing bids captures elements of the pro-

prospective bidders to become aware of ten-
dering opportunities, make an informed deci-
sion on whether to submit a bid and acquire
- pare a proposal.18
assessment

-
-
Argentina, when the amount of the contract or

submit comments.20 -
tion and engineering contracts.
-

Preparing bids Submitting bids
contract
Advertise the procuring entity's needs assessment Publish the procurement plan Advertise the call for tenders Include key elements in the tender notice and tender documents
Figure 2.1 Preparing bids

in the tender documents.21

-
-

-
-

ing information and materials remain accessible
through traditional communication channels.

-
nels. Indeed, traditional channels provide
information in countries where SMEs have less

ders are advertised on at least one channel, but

port has started but not been completed. In

on a link to access tender notices, but no details are published on the corresponding page.
Include key elements in the tender
notice and tender documents

be included either in the tender notice or in
-

-
23 Does the
notice and tender documents? Do the tender
notice and tender documents feature technical
-

-
other end is Burundi, where the law provides
a list of elements required for both the tender
notice and tender documents, and where both
-
criteria for assessing bids.

mean that this information held on this chan-

and assessment criteria be included in the ten-

required
3%
Figure 2.2 The internet is the most common channel used for the publication of the
procurement plan and tender notices (when required)


An experienced elevator supplier was interested

process of submitting a bid for this particular

prepare and submit the bid? Would it have to post
bid security along with the bid?

-

address bidders’ questions on technical speci-
-

-

where accessing the internet is not challeng-

-
locating a reasonable time to submit a bid is an
important element for bidders.
Submitting bids
tion while preparing their bids and ease the bid
24

including the transmission of requests for par-
ticipation and, in particular, the transmission of
the tenders (electronic submission), should be
26
bids has become the rule, e-bidding is possible
-
-

-

-
duce transaction costs for bidders. While less common than submission on a procurement
platform or another website, it is allowed in 17

Granting suppliers enough time to prepare and
submit their bids can ensure fairness, espe-

tasks. If the timeframe to do so is too short,
smaller companies have less chance to meet the
deadline and submit a solid proposal. But for ef-

-

suppliers to submit a bid for above threshold

contract
Electronic submission of bids Minimum time granted to submit bids Bid security, when required, is regulated
Figure 2.3 Submitting bids

Option to submit bids on an electronic
procurement platform or another
-

-
substantial enough that it deters suppliers

-

entities are entitled to request from suppliers.

-
them.
Figure 2.5 The gap is 83 days between the longest and shortest timeframes allocated to submit
bids for open tendering
Days
Jamaica
Poland
Italy
France
Brazil

-
procurement contract or the bidder’s proposal
-

-
Evaluating bids

-

plier specializing in the production of signs such
as stop, yield, speed limit, no parking, school zone

Figure 2.6 The bid security in the 66 economies where imposed can range between 0.5% and
100% of contract value, or be left to the discretion of the procuring entity
0
5
10
30
25
20
15
price
bid security is between 2% and 5% of the bid
price
Maximum amount of
regulated
N u m b e r o f e c o n o m i e s
-

bid submission deadline is reached? Would the
company be allowed to attend the bid opening
session? Would the bid opening session be record-

and the bid evaluation should follow the tech-
detailed in the tender documents. But if the
legal framework does not provide clear enough
-

avoid the perception that their bid evaluation

follow as soon as bids are submitted. The pro-
cess should include scheduling the bid opening

-

Evaluating bids looks at whether the bid evalua-
tion is open, transparent and fair to guarantee
bidders that the process follows the best stan-
28

-

-

time and place for the bid opening session. In

-

bid opening.
-
session.

can be conducted without the bidders. But in
-

-

session.
possible has been appointed to evaluate bids.
It knows that in some economies, public of-
-
-

Preparing bids Submitting bids
contract
Timeframe to proceed with the bid opening Who attends the bid opening
Figure 2.7 Evaluating bids

-

-
-

Could it charge a penalty for late payments?
-
-

Public Procurement. In addition, losing bidders
should be informed of the award and given an

procurement process but the contract must
still be managed and the supplier must be paid
-

-

-
tices for contract management.

-

-

-

-
Standstill period for bidders to challenge
the award
-
-
ment process.
ment. The standstill period and the time limits
33
Preparing bids Submitting ids
contract
Standstill period for bidders to challenge the award Regulatory timeframe to process payment Penalties in case of delayed payment
Figure 2.8 Awarding and executing contracts

-

-

-

a recognized good practice
No standstill period 1 to 9 days 10 days or more
Bahrain Cameroon Afghanistan
Canada Haiti Austria

Canada
Colombia
Chile
Bulgaria
> 60 days
No data
Map 2.1 Time needed in practice to receive payment takes longer than 60 days in 19 economies
Guatemala it has to submit a request for the pro-
38

-

penalties.
Table 2.2 A large number of economies do not mandate procuring entities to pay penalties to suppliers in
case of delays in payment
Europe and Central Asia Latin America and
the Caribbean
Philippines Bulgaria Guatemala
Australia Gambia, The Algeria
Establishing a good complaint mechanism has
become a key element of any procurement reform

not contemplate mechanisms for procurement
disputes with the state because the judicial system
would not render a decision in a timely manner,

-

tor the procedures of the actual procuring entities

the reform agenda. Such mechanisms can en-

that the authorities can correct mistakes and
noncompliance.
41 So do
quire goods and services at more competitive
prices. The added competition also reduces

-

-

global good practices in three areas:
•

Amman decided to purchase a large number of
mobile charging stations and advertised a call for

noticed that one of the members of the evaluation


-
Is such information freely accessible? Does the law

Having all documents and procedures available
on a government-supported website reduces
parties should know what to include in their
-

-
cost and at a faster pace.
-
-

nisms assesses whether potential suppliers

-

available.
complaint
Figure 3.1 Availability of complaint and reporting mechanisms
Note: The thematic coverage of the subindicator is broader than is presented here, and additional data points are avail-
able on the Benchmarking Public Procurement

-

participating in the evaluation of proposals.
-

-

-

-

number.46

-

the competitor hired some consultants that were

-

-

-

be limited to suppliers submitting a bid—but

ment process could become more vulnerable
to frivolous complaints.
ing a contract could become a long and inef-

-
of the running. Court fees and deposits or pen-
alties can prevent such frivolous complaints.
To avoid added transaction costs, a complain-

a complaint: who has standing and the
duration of stay

-
-

the suspension can last.
Figure 3.2 First-tier review process
3. Complaint and reporting mechanisms

-

it is in the best interest of the government to
proceed with the procurement process and
grant the award before resolving the protest.
Time limit for the review body to render
a decision
-

practice. The time limit varies across the econo-
mies measured, and 12 do not have a set time
limit:
• Australia
Number of economies
OECD high income
Europe and Central Asia

-

-

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
United States
United Kingdom

was functioning but could only last a limited num- -
dress this risk, the Municipal Council of Yaoundé

ny specializing in solar power production, which
scored highest following a quality and cost evalu-
-
-
ity products at a cheap price and that the solar
panels would soon have to be replaced because of

plaining that the supplier’s solar panels had been

public?

-

independent administrative forum or a court.
An independent forum might have the skills

-
second-tier review is essential.

-
-

-
-


as some characteristics of the second-tier re-

tract or the forum and appeal procedure used

Publication of complaint decisions by second-tier review body
Figure 3.5 Second-tier review process

rate to a variable rate depending on the value of the contract or the review body
0
5
15
10
6,000 euros, depending on the value of the

body’s decision

-

-

-

economies.
Figure 3.7 In 31 economies the second-tier review body is not required to publish its decision—in others
publication is mandatory through one or more channels
Europe and Central Asia Latin America and
the Caribbean
Philippines Bulgaria Guatemala
Australia Gambia, The Algeria
-
negative impact of corruption on economic
growth, trade and development. In the

the World Bank and IFC; The George

Electric (GE).
tor is broader than is presented here, and
additional data points are available on the
Benchmarking Public Procurement website (http://bpp.worldbank.org).
-
21.
22. OECD 2010.
Benchmarking Public Procurement website
Directive 2004/18/EC.
Notes
v Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Verkehr, and C212/02 Commission v
Austria.
& Disposal (Amendment) Regulations of
and Principles for Application for Public Of-

-
-
and email address. In Mongolia the online

Corrupt Practices and Other Related Of-

-

needs to include the following: a) Name,
-

-

Procurement Management and Administra-
, Chapter 11.

-

and Development). 2006.

. http://www.oecd.org/dac
markets and aggregation of demand in the EU

Management (SIGMA). 2013.Establishing Procure-

http://www
in public procurement and the management

Washington, DC. https://www.openknowledge
Economy datasheets

81 or more, which are considered close to good
practice on a certain subindicator, are in the top

maining three categories are in quintiles 2, 3 or

Benchmarking Public Procurement 2016
found on http://bpp.worldbank.org.
marking Public Procurement ’s website (http://
bpp.worldbank.org) for further information.
The procurement life cycle
Awarding and
Implementation of an

Awarding and

mechanisms
First-tier
resolve issues arising from the procurement
process

For data containing a (-), please refer to Benchmarking Public Procurement ’s website (http:// bpp.worldbank.org) for further information.
% of GNI per capita
1st
South Asia
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
DAYS DAYS DAYS
% of GNI per capita
1st
Algeria Income per capita: $5,340
Middle East and North Africa
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
DAYS DAYS DAYS
% of GNI per capita
1st
Argentina Income per capita: $14,560
Latin America and the Caribbean
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
DAYS DAYS DAYS

0 20 100
% of GNI per capita
7 -52.542
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
21 0%1428
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
10 0%-30
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
3 -16.57
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint

0 20 60 80 100
% of GNI per capita
14 0%4014
Sub-Saharan Africa
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint

0 20 40 80 100

10 37.13%--
0 60 80 100

0 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa

0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa

0 20 40 80

0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100

0 20 40 60 100


0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa

0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa

0 20 80 100

0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100


0 20 60 100

Sub-Saharan Africa
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
DAYS DAYS DAYS

0 20 40 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa
% of GNI per capita
- ---
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
5 0%-7
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint

0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100

% of GNI per capita
14 0%32-
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia and Pacic
a complaint


DAYS DAYS DAYS
0 20 40 80 100

0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
30 7.63%13575
0 60 100

DAYS DAYS DAYS
0 20 60 80 100


0 20 40 80 100

0 20 40 60 100
Sub-Saharan Africa

0 40 60 80 100
East Asia and Pacic

0 40 60 80 100


0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100

0 20 40 80 100
East Asia and Pacic


0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
% of GNI per capita
8 0%9021
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
10 0%2828
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
5 0%5.514
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
1 0%55
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
3 1.85%-3
% of GNI per capita
- ---
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia and Pacic
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- ---
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
1 -55
South Asia
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%--
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%20-
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%147
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
21 0%2121
Sub-Saharan Africa
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
10 58.35%-7
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- --7
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia and Pacic
a complaint
9.5 34.07%1621

0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
% of GNI per capita
- 0%3020
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
% of GNI per capita
7 0%1210
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
5 9.52%33
7 15.33%2420
0 20 40 60 100
% of GNI per capita
18 0%37
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa
a complaint

|
% of GNI per capita
14 0%6060
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
15 0%20-
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%75-
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
a complaint
- 0%1515
Taiwan, China Income per capita: $22,598
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia and Pacic
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
28 0%-14
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa
a complaint
90 0%--
Thailand Income per capita: $5,410
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia and Pacic
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
14 0%45
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sub-Saharan Africa
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%--
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%1414
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
21 28.77%2121
10 13.79%3042
0 20 40 80 100
% of GNI per capita
- -60-
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%-100
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
High-income OECD
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
14 0%30-
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
% of GNI per capita
- 0%-9
DAYS DAYS DAYS
First-tier review
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
a complaint
14 9.54%-21
Contributors Afghanistan

Adnane Bouchaib
Tiliouia Youssef Cabinet Tiliouia
Argentina
Canosa Abogados
Marval, O’Farrel & Mairal
Marval, O’Farrel & Mairal
Richards Cardinal Totzer Zabala
Michaela Siegwart Cerha Hempel Spiegelfeld
Hlawati
Bundeskanzleramt
Azerbaijan

Anar Asadov State Procurement Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Remells Law Firm
Balall Maqbool
Nasreen Alubaidi DLA Piper Middle East LLP
Al Tamimi and Company
Bolivia
Stejskal & Asociados
Novi Grad Mncp
Ivan KutlešaMinistry of Justice
Helena Spielar Castro, Barros, Sobral, Gomes Advogados
Raphael Roque Castro, Barros, Sobral, Gomes Advogados
Castro, Barros, Sobral, Gomes
Everis
Justen, Pereira, Oliveria & Talamini
Isabella Vosgerau Justen, Pereira, Oliveria & Talamini
Justen, Pereira, Oliveria & Talamini
Guilherme Reisdorfer Justen, Pereira, Oliveria & Talamini

Milena Santana Noronha Advogados
Daniel Alvarenga
Noronha Advogados
Odebrecht Brazil
Ministry of Foreign Relations of Brazil - Embassy of Brazil in Washington DC
| Contributors
Paulo Fernandes Rolim, Viotti & Leite Campos Advogados
Rolim, Viotti & Leite Campos Advogados
Fernando Villela de Andrade Vianna
Siqueira Castro - Advogados Siqueira Castro - Advogados

Dimitrov, Petrov & Co. Law Firm
Kambourov & Partners, Attorneys at law
Elena Apostolova Kambourov & Partners, Attorneys at law
Ana Nikolova
Mariana Katsarova

Nicaise Ibohn The Abeng Law Firm
The Abeng Law Firm
The Abeng Law Firm
Gail Bradshaw Public Works and Government Services, Government of Canada
Chile
Carey & Cia. Ltda.
Carey & Cia. Ltda.
Carey & Cia. Ltda.
Parra Rodriguez Sanín
Avocat Kalenga et Associés
Expertise Business International Corporation
West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)

Ecuador
Ferrere Fabiola Yantalema Cain GAD, Municipal de General Antonio Elizalde
Track Global Solutions, S.L.
Levari
France
Pascal David
Earth Avocats
Earth Avocats
Earth Avocats
d’Ile de France
Amie Bensouda & Co, LP
Ghana
| Contributors
Emmanuel Koree

Guatemala
Salim Succar Cabinet Lissade
Centre de Recherche et D’Information Juridiques
Honduras
Olanda Patricia Montes Contratación y Adquisiciones del Estado (ONCAE)
Contratación y Adquisiciones del Estado (ONCAE)
Zacarias & Asociados
Zacarias & Asociados
Financial Services and the
CLV Partners Law Firm
Éva Fülöp bpv JÁDI NÉMETH Attorneys at Law
bpv JÁDI NÉMETH Attorneys at Law
Public Procurement Authority of Hungary
Szabolcs
Indonesia
Makarim & Taira S.
Makarim & Taira S.
Regency of Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra
Samsul Ramli Samsul
A&L Goodbody
Paul Davis Dublin City University
McCann FitzGerald
McCann FitzGerald
Andrea Grappelli Nunziante Magrone
Manuela Bruson ARCA Lombardia and SDA Bocconi School of Management
Niccolo Cusumano
SDA Bocconi
ARCA Lombardia
Giulia Fortuna
Jamaica

Kenya
Anjarwalla & Khanna Advocates
Korea, Rep.
Dae-in Kim
Kim & Chang
Korea Institute of Public Finance
Kyrgyz Republic Colibri Law Firm
Illarion Ten Colibri Law Firm
Veritas Law Agency LLC

Contributors
Lebanon
Fakhry Law Firm
El-Khoury & Partners Legal
Fadi Nader Levant Law Practice
Dania Rammal Levant Law Practice
Abbas Skeineh Levant Law Practice
Ramzi Joreige and Partners
Ramzi Joreige and Partners
Balgobin Chambers
Banymandhub Boolell Chambers
Banymandhub Boolell
SC
The Chambers of Gavin Glover, SC
Dev Erriah Erriah Chambers
Aldaz & Chávez, S.C.
Aldaz & Chávez, S.C.
Moré Abogados
Moré Abogados
Santamarina y Steta

Vladimir Palamarciuc Turcan Cazac Law Firm
Mongolia
ELC LLP Advocates
Morocco
Cabinet Hajji & Associés
Khnata SaidiDivision des Marchés
Paula Duarte Rocha
Silvia Prista Cunha MLC Advogados - Henriques, Rocha & Associados, Lda.
MLC Advogados - Henriques, Rocha & Associados, Lda.
Tiago Arouca Mendes MLC Advogados - Henriques, Rocha & Associados, Lda.
Miguel Spínola PLMJ - Sociedade de Advogadso, RL and GML - Gabinete Legal Moçambique
Nuno Morgado Pereira PLMJ - Sociedade de Advogadso, RL
PLMJ - Sociedade de Advogadso, RL
Amina Abdala GLM Gabientete Legal Moçambique
Myanmar

Nepal
Prem Karki Center for Public Policy Dialogue
Ncell Private Ltd
Pradhan, Ghimire & Associates
PIANOo - Dutch Public Procurement Expertise Centre
PIANOo - Dutch Public Procurement Expertise Centre
University of Twente
Duncan Cotterill Karen English Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
Minter Ellison Rudd Watts
Nigeria
Woodside Nigeria Limited
Onimole Akin Onimole
Peru
Estudio Echecopar, member International
Estudio Echecopar, member International
Everis
Natalia Gallardo Rebaza Alcázar & De Las Casas Abogados
Organismo Supervisor de Contrataciones del Estado (OSCE)
Track Global Solutions Perú, SAC
Philippines
Aida Carpentero Procurement Service, Department of Education
Center for Policy and Executive Development
SyCip Salazar Hernandez &
Diana Gervacio SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan
SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan
Poland

Romania
PeliFilip SCA

Tri-a-kom, LLC

Moscow Metropolitan Governance University
Anastasia Vasilieva
Procurement
Contributors
Victoria Bortkevicha
Andrei Shkadov FBK Legal
Sergei Ermolenko FBK Legal
Anton Subbot Baker & McKenzie - CIS
Baker & McKenzie - CIS
SRO NP “GTS”
Boris Suprun

Republic Commission for Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law
National Bank of Serbia

Transparency International Sierra Leone
Singapore Management University
South Africa

Eversheds Nicea
Eversheds Nicea
Eversheds Nicea
Pontevedra Universidad de Alcalá
Tribunal Administrativo Contratos Publicos Comunidad
de Madrid Tribunal Admistrativo Recursos Contractuales Junta de Andalucía
Arancha Bengoechea Landwell Pricewaterhouse, Tax & Legal Services S.L.
Landwell Pricewaterhouse, Tax & Legal Services S.L.
University of Almería
University of Almería
Track Global Solutions, S.L.
Baker & McKenzie
Lindahl Law Firm
Lindahl Law Firm
Martin VildhedeSetterwalls Advokatbyrå AB
Taiwan, China
DEEP & FAR Attorneys-at-Law
Thailand
Tilleke & Gibbins International Ltd.
Tilleke & Gibbins International Ltd.

SCP Martial Akakpo & Associés
SCP Martial Akakpo & Associés
Tchitchao Tchalim
Tunisia
Eversheds El Heni
Turkey
Çakmak Attorneys at Law
Çakmak Attorneys at Law
Paksoy Law Firm
Pekin & Pekin
Hakan Durusel
Pekin & Pekin
Pekin & Pekin
Kampala Associated Advocates
Kampala Associated Advocates
Ukraine Antika Law Firm
Arzinger Law Firm
United Kingdom
Dermot Cahill
Patrick Parkin Burges Salmon LLP
Ian Tucker Burges Salmon LLP
Anatoli Tsakalidou Eastern Shires Purchasing Organisation
Richard Matthews Eversheds LLP
Edward Williams Eversheds LLP
Keaston Simmons E3 Federal Solutions LLC
Department of Transportation DC
Thomas Petruska Contracts Unlimited, Inc.

Pablo Varela Posados, Posados & Vecino
Federico Samudio Posados, Posados & Vecino
Alicia Alonso Agencia de Compras y Contrataciones del Estado (ACCE)
Ministry of Economy and
Duane Morris Vietnam LLC
Thu Thao Bui
Gide Loyrette Nouel AARPI Nasir PKM Abdul Gide Loyrette Nouel AARPI
Gide Loyrette Nouel AARPI
Thu Hien Bui
Chibesakunda & Company
Victor Tembo

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