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BENCHMARKING IN CHINA
ELLO Project
Forssa, 13.8.2010
Tianxiao Fu
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
PART 1: ECOCITY IN CHINA- GONGQING .......................................................... 1
1 GENERAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................... 1
1.1 Economy.............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Logistics .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Development negative factors ............................................................................. 4
1.4 SWOT analyze .................................................................................................... 4
2 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS .................................................................................. 5
2.1 Digiecocity project .............................................................................................. 5
3 ENERGY SOURCES .................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Solar energy......................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Ground energy ..................................................................................................... 7
4 SOLAR ENERGY INSTITUTE IN GONGQING CITY ........................................... 8
Nanchang Technology Institute ................................................................................... 8
PART 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CHINA ......................................................... 9
Current energy structure in China ............................................................................... 9
5 RENEWABLE ENERGY OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 9
5.1 Wind energy ........................................................................................................ 9
5.1.1 Major construction of new wind power project in China 2010 ............. 10
5.1.2 Targets of wind energy development .................................................... 10
5.1.3 Future of wind power ............................................................................ 11
5.2 Solar energy....................................................................................................... 11
5.2.1 Domestic installed capacity ................................................................... 12
5.2.2 PV industry development ...................................................................... 12
5.3 Solar-wind hybrids energy ................................................................................ 13
6 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ............................................................. 13
6.1 Solar energy....................................................................................................... 13
6.1.1 Interference coating technology---Three-high-tube .............................. 13
6.2 Hi-min solar company ....................................................................................... 14
6.3 Wind energy ...................................................................................................... 14
6.3.1 Large-scale wind power technology ...................................................... 14
6.3.2 Small-scale wind power technology ...................................................... 15
6.4 Goldwind Science and Technology Co., Ltd .................................................... 15
7 TYPICAL CITY- SOLAR VALLEY IN CHINA ..................................................... 15
7.1 International Conference Center ....................................................................... 16
7.1.1 Technology in Micro-Emission ·Sun-Moon Mansion ........................... 17
7.2 tourism center .................................................................................................... 18
7.3 Manufacturing center ........................................................................................ 18
7.4 Scientific popularization and education center ................................................. 19
7.5 R&D and testing center ..................................................................................... 19
8 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 19
8.1 Solar energy....................................................................................................... 19
8.1.1 In search of solar cells efficiency .......................................................... 19
8.1.2 Market trend .......................................................................................... 21
8.1.3 Research and development direction ..................................................... 21
8.2 Wind energy ...................................................................................................... 22
8.2.1 current situation of global wind power .................................................. 22
8.2.2 Ten-years development of wind energy of EU ...................................... 23
8.2.3 Wind industry development .................................................................. 23
8.2.4 Technological development ................................................................... 24
9 COMPARISON BETWEEN DEZHOU AND FORSSA AREA .............................. 26
Warehouse technology application ............................................................................ 27
SWOT analyse of Eco airport .................................................................................... 27
10 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 28
SOURCES ...................................................................................................................... 29
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
1
INTRODUCTION
This report is the final report which systematizes all reports before. This report divided into two
parts, Gongqing city in China is described in the first part, including the basic information of
Gongqing, digital project, and energy using.
In the eco-city construction, solar, wind, biomass, ground source heat and other sustainable energy
will be widely used, rainwater is collected automatically, waste classification, waste recycling will
be widely used, environmental protection, information technology and other high-tech industry will
gather in the city. People can accomplish remote office, online shopping, and remote education by
digital technology and fully enjoy a low energy consumption, leisure and environment-friendly eco-
city.
In the second part, renewable energy is described, renewable energy in China came first and energy
development is following. Renewable energy becomes more and more important in the world, most
of countries have already put sustainability into the country economic strategy plan. As a develop-
ing country, China is the second largest country in energy consumption. At present, the renewable
sources have been used to various domains, and the application of renewable sources is encouraged
by Chinese government.
PART 1: ECOCITY IN CHINA- GONGQING
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
Gongqing located in the northern Jiangxi Province, by the south of Lushan Mountain and the east of
Boyang Lake, It has 200 square kilometers and 100,000 inhabitants. It just takes a half-hour to
reach Changbei Airport, Jiujiang Airport and the Yangtze River.
Gongqing is the first low-carbon economy pilot city in Jiangxi province. Solar photovoltaic indus-
try, environmental protection appliances and education industry are three economic pillars. In 2009,
GDP energy consumption was 0.28 ton; it is only 1/3 of Jiangxi average level.
Ecological agriculture and urban development
extension area in the north.
Ecological and conference tourism industry area
in the east
Manufacturing and logistics industries area in the
west
Production and city service area in the middle
Eco-agriculture and cultural tourism extension
area in the south
1.1 Economy
1. The textile and garment industry: There are
265 enterprises of textile and garment, the local garment enterprises have 4 well-know
trademarks, as well as innovation in more than 40 apparel brands, and already formed an in-
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
2
dustrial supply chain. The “duck” as the leading down apparel products, become the tech-
nical standards of feather clothing.
2. The cultural tourism industry is poised for take-off. Lushan international golf course has
been built, Journey to the West Park is under construction; a national tennis training center
and a skiing Arena are there already.
3. Education and high-tech industry emerged. It has two universities and 20 000 undergra-
duates. Development Branch of the Central Youth League will be located in Gongqing.
High-tech project is progressing well.
1.2 Logistics
Gongqing has very convenient transportation and developed with water transport, airports, road and
rail transport combined transport advantages, it makes industrial development speed up and pro-
vides conditions for expanding investment.
1. Inland waterway: There is a port in
Gongqing, during the wet season,
500-ton cargo vessel can be accom-
modated and the largest shipping
from the BoYang River leading to
the Yangtze River Waterway. Ji-
ujiang foreign trade international
container terminals located in
50kilometers north of Gongqing, the
annual throughput of 50 million tons,
to 5000 ton cargo ship docking. It
provides direct services to domestic
and foreign markets.
2. Air transportation: Jiujiang airport
lies in the north of Gongqing, and
Nanchang Changbei Airport lies in
Southern Gongqing. Changbei Air-
port is 30km away from Gongqing
city which will takes 30minutes to
get there. Same as the Jiujiang air-
port. The routes up all over the coun-
try.
3. Railway transportation: Beijing-Kowloon Railway runs through China‟s north-south traffic
artery, the railway station is a National Class Station with transport capacity of 2 million tons
cargo and 30 million annual passengers.
4. Road transportation: There is a major toll road, 105/316 according to the Collins' map of China,
connecting these three cities with Gongqing being roughly in the middle. Buses are plentiful
(1,5 hours to Nanchang, 1+ hour to Jiujiang) The local taxi service is cheap, reliable, and plen-
tiful.
5. Government policy
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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1. Gongqing has a right of approve use of foreign capital and the provincial foreign trade im-
port and export right.
2. In 1994, the provincial government approved the establishment of Taiwan investment
zones in Jiangxi.
3. Bonded warehouse is currently applying to establish state-level export processing zones.
4. Institutions are present. Like Development Party finance, business taxation, commodity in-
spection, insurance, public security.
5. Government newly developed for the expansion of investment preferential policies and
service regulation is conducive for foreign investors to venture development.
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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1.3 Development negative factors
City development and construction tasks are arduous. Gongqing does not have parent zone to rely
on, the relevant roads, water supply, sewage disposal, trade and market infrastructure which re-
quired by urban functions still lacking.
Historical reasons and many factors have led to scattered urban planning layout, it lack of overall
consideration. Factories, residential, commercial area are intertwined, especially the urban clutter
scattered distribution of commercial land. This limits the direction of urban development and space,
and also limits the concentration of public services. Meanwhile, Gongqing‟s lakeside scenery and
cultural characteristics have not been reflected in the city. Although Gongqing maintained a good
ecological environment, the development of space fragmentation, low dispersion of low- lying
mountains and cross the low-lying land become an obstacle of city development. These geographi-
cal features of land development on Gongqing leading to fragmentation of existing land use.
Industrial areas lack of overall consideration. Because of the lack of overall planning and satisfy
investors as much as possible, the development zone is basically in a state of disorder, some factors
and residential mixed together. There is no basic shape of an industrial zone as so far. This is also
led to poor infrastructure, to some extents, it affect investor confidence.
1.4 SWOT analyze
Strengths: convenient transportation; nearby the Chang-9 economic belts; ecological environment,
variety of resources and government support.
Weakness: geographical features of land development and fragmentation of land use, lack of infra-
structure.
Opportunity: foreign capital investment, domestic manufacturing industries transfer to the main-
land from coastal regions.
Threats: original policy of local development area advantages tends to weaken as a whole and pro-
vincial development areas competition.
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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Kuva 1 The whole plan in Gongqing (2003-2020)
2 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Gongqing cooperate with Finland want develop and construct an ecological, sustainable, diverse
spatial digital eco-city. The whole project covers an area of nearly 6 km2 with 100 000 inhabitants.
Initial registered capital up to 16.7 million Euros.
Ecocity project complete planning at the end of last year, it launched in the first quarter of 2010,
and they plan to complete the basic frame work of the construction and running in 2013.
It is understood that the digiecocity project site and surrounding terrain has been surveying and
mapping; related meteorological, geological and traffic information have been collected; water,
electricity, roads and other supporting infrastructure plan has been determined; the ring road which
connect the region and future digiecocity completed design; and the fund has been implemented.
They plan to invest 50 million Yuan (around 50 million Euros) in this project. This project is ex-
pected to fully operative in the last half year.
2.1 Digiecocity project
Digital tiger is a culture creative industry company,
it is specialized in Computer Graphic (CG) devel-
opment and Virtual Reality technology research
development, and offer one-stop integration solution
for 3D stereoscopic cinema system.
The functions of Digital Gongqing city demo system
include that: navigation, interactive tour, and the
character animation, the feature of the governments,
water and electricity pipelines distribution and the Kuva 2 Virtual Reality driving
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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perspective plan of the city.
The whole virtual reality area is 60 km2, delicate virtual reality is 20 km
2, it includes the Gongqing
road, golf course, the National Land and Resource Administration Bureau ,Yaobang cemetery, the
administrate center and the Jingmao plaza.
3 ENERGY SOURCES
Gongqing focus on the development of electronic appliances and new energy-based high-tech in-
dustries; they introduce the ground source heat pump and solar photovoltaic and other environment-
friendly low-carbon energy projects to construct a low-carbon economy pilot city.
3.1 Solar energy
China Huahang PV Co.
China Huahang PV Co., Ltd. is a key solar photovoltaic project. This company mainly product po-
lysilicon ingots, slice, and also undertake solar projects, solar photovoltaic power station project.
Currently the project is completed installation of equipment, will be test production soon.
This company is founded in 2008. The gongqing solar energy project mainly engaged in solar mod-
ules, solar panel production and to undertake solar projects, solar photovoltaic power station pro-
ject.
At this point, I interviewed a person who
takes responsible of communication. He
told me in the next 5 year, they will build a
complete photovoltaic industry supply chain
of set silicon, thin film batteries, conductive
glass, solar cells and others. In the technol-
ogy aspect, they are engaged in solar mod-
ules of 100 megawatts, 200 megawatts of
solar panel production. At present, they al-
ready have relative mature technology. Here
is an advantage of this company, they coop-
erate with Nanchang Technology Institute.
This school-enterprise cooperation is good
Kuva 3 The exhibition of city plan
Kuva 4 Urban landscaping
Kuva 5 Huahang production: solar street lamps
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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for the technology development.
Qway technology Co.
Qway technology Co., Ltd is mainly engaged in urban road construction, solar roofing design and
construction of solar cells and solar battery module production and application of product develop-
ment. The total investment is 1.1 billion Yuan, expected sales revenue is 6 billion Yuan. The phase
2 is currently pushing. It will become a leading PV industry which gathering silicon production,
thin film batteries, conductive glass, and solar cell into one chain. This will greatly enhance the
competitiveness of Gongqing PV industry.
The company with a strong solar photovoltaic
product development, design and production
capacity can produce good product identify by
Quality management systems by modern enter-
prise management. At present, this company has
40 auto photovoltaic panel production lines,
which take the lead in the domestic market. The
production capacity will be 600MW and the
products can reach the national technical re-
quirements.
The solar panels of Qway have the advantages
of miniaturization, high efficiency and so forth.
The efficiency can achieve 14.75% to 18%, which
take the lead in the domestic market.
In addition to large-scale solar energy power generation development, Qway focused on the devel-
opment and the application of the solar energy production, such as solar lawn light, solar garden
light,solar road lights,solar electric torch, solar radio, solar hat, solar bag, solar insecticidal light
and solar mosquito light, etc.
The highway billboards near the High-speed exit of Gongqing, Jiangxi province, is the first high-
way-wide solar-powered outdoor advertising presently in the nature, which is independently de-
signed by Qway.
They will continue to research and development new products of solar energy‟s resource utilization.
Their products insist on good quality, safe and beautiful appearance.
3.2 Ground energy
Nuobao Electric project is invested 26 million U.S dollars.
It is a producer which set production, research & develop-
ment and sales as a whole. The ground source heat pump
systems take full advantage of the enormous reserves of
energy in the soil, recycling and effective energy-saving up
to 70%. It‟s an energy efficient environmental friendly air
conditioning system which sets refrigeration, heating,
warm, cooling, dehumidification, domestic hot water as a
whole.
Kuva 6 Qway production: solar modules
Kuva 7 heat pump production
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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4 SOLAR ENERGY INSTITUTE IN GONGQING CITY
Nanchang Technology Institute
Nanchang Technology Institute was
set „solar photovoltaic programme‟,
„Application of solar photovoltaic
technology‟, „Photovoltaic materials
processing and application of tech-
nology‟ programme, the official en-
rolment starting in 2008.
They hired leading experts in the
field of solar photovoltaic industry
and professors in the field of opto-
electronic application development
such a large number of subject lead-
ers in the photovoltaic industry and
photovoltaic industry. They also im-
ported a number of advanced profes-
sional equipments to train professionals. It has formed a complete photovoltaic education echelon of
„upstream silicon raw material silicon ingot, downstream components of the battery, solar energy
applications product‟.
PV engineering programme has powerful professional technology, advanced equipments. The train-
ing bases are under construction including polysilicon cutting training base, polysilicon ingot smelt-
ing test base, training base, solar wafer slicing laminated training base, solar wafer cleaning lab, and
solar wafer post-processing laboratory. It‟s expected to invest reach 98 million Yuan. They also
cooperate with foreign institutes in order to promote the training of personnel. Domestic and inter-
national solar energy industry specialists will work with the students.
Kuva 8 Nanchang technology institute
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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PART 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CHINA
China has a big need of electric energy with the rapid economy development, according to the
world development trends, the renewable energy source are expected to play an important role in
the future. The renewable energy sources have gained lots of attention by the Chinese government
and specialists in the past 10 years, such as solar, wind, biomass, etc
Current energy structure in China
Chinese energy admixture is highly dependent on fossil fuels, i.e. coal, oil, natural gas and others.
Coal energy has a share of 68.7% in 2009, which is the most important fossil fuel in China. Renew-
able energy and nuclear energy takes 9.9% of all. Oil energy has a share of 18% and the remaining
3.4% is supplied by natural gas.
Figure 1 Primary energy supplies by resource in 2009
5 RENEWABLE ENERGY OVERVIEW
5.1 Wind energy
China has abundant wind energy resources in large zone, the total amount of wind energy resources
are 3.2 billion kilowatt under the height of 10m conditions, of which about one billion kilowatt can
be effectively utilized. Four wind energy zones are divided according to the wind speed, which is
indicated in Table 1
Table 1
Wind energy Best abun-dant
Better abun-dant
Avail-able
Deficient
Wind energy density (W/m2) >200 200-150 <150-50 <50
Average wind speeds (m/s) 6.91 6.91-6.28 6.28-4.36 <4.36
Accumulative total hours when wind speed ≥3 m/s
>5000 5000-4000 4000-2000
<2000
Accumulative total hours when wind speed ≥6 m/s
>2200 2200-1500 <1500-350
<350
The share percent of country area (%)
8 18 50 24
68,7 %
18 %9,9 % 3,4 %
Energy structure in 2009
Coal
Oil
Renewable energy
Natural gas
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
10
Figure2 shows five wind energy zones, as shown in table 1, China has abundant wind energy
sources in broad country, the wind energy can be utilized in more than 75% of country area. China
has spent enormous money and energy in the wind sources domain, the wind capacity has doubled
approximately energy year in the past 5 years.
In 2009, 10129 sets of wind turbine were installed, totally 13803.2 MW, up 124% over the previous
year. By the end of 2009, China‟s total installed wind turbines reached 21544, amounting to 25805
MW, up 114% over the same period of the previous year. Figure 3 shows the accumulated installed
capacity of China‟s wind power industry from 2006 to 2009. [1]
Figure 3 Accumulated installed capacity of china’s wind power industry, 2006-2009 (MW)
5.1.1 Major construction of new wind power project in China 2010
There are 378 projects start this year; Total investment has reached nearly 300 billion RMB.
5.1.2 Targets of wind energy development
1) Before 2020, the aim of wind energy development is to set up a technical system with inde-
pendent intellectual property, an industrial system, a service system, and to master design
technique, manufacturing technique and evaluating technique of international mainstream
types of wind turbines. The installed capacity should reach 100GW till 2020 as scheduled by
the Chinese Government, eventually reaching a target of 150GW. At that time, the cost of
25895906
12153
25805
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
2006 2007 2008 2009
Sarja1
Figure 2 The statistics of wind energy density in 2008
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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wind power will be close to that of traditional energy, and wind power will play a great role
in the energy structure.
2) From 2020 to 2030, China plans to set up a technical innovation system, and industrial sys-
tem, and a service system that is internationally competitive. By 2030, installed capacity
would reach above 10,000MW, and the annual growth rate would be 20%. Then, the share
of wind energy in all energy would increase to around 8%, and wind energy electricity
would take up 4% of the national generation capacity. Efforts will be made to reduce the
cost of wind power and strengthen the function of wind power in national economy and so-
ciety development. Wind power will become a significant component of clean power and
will be used widely in secondary industries and other fields.
5.1.3 Future of wind power
1) China will focus on three major issues: wind energy resource, construction of electricity grid
and independent innovation in technology and attempt to solve these problems before 2020
with the help of national support and the force of market, thereby building the foundation for
further development.
2) Complete wind power industrial system, technique innovation system and public technical
service system will be established before 2020.
3) A well-developed wind power industry chain will be established during 2020-2030. On one
side, the domestic market share will be enlarged, whereas on the other side, this industry
will attempt to enter the international market. The functions of wind power in national econ-
omy and social development will be enhanced. The construction of new wind farms will be
gradually transferred from land to offshore.
4) After 2030, wind power will become more competitive in the energy market, and it will be-
come a mature technology. It will gradually become one of the main energies. By the middle
of this century, the energy composition of China will become more dispersed. [2]
5.2 Solar energy
Six solar energy zones are divided
according to the solar energy radiation
quantity, which is indicated in Fig-
ure4. According to the data of Chinese
development and innovation commit-
tee in 2006, the abundant zone of solar
energy has a share more than 67%,
which is the comparative efficient
zone of solar energy application in
China, and the sunlight hours is more
than two thousands, and the annual
total amount of irradiation is more
than 6 billion MJ/m2.
Figure 4 The statistics of solar energy density in 2008
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
12
5.2.1 Domestic installed capacity
China's solar PV installed capacity is likely to reach 10,000-20,000 megawatts by 2020, with the
implementation of its solar photovoltaic (PV) roof plan and other supportive measures, China Se-
curities Journal quoted Wang Zhongying, head of the Renewable Energy Development Center of
the Energy Research Institute (ERI) as saying. The predicted capacity is far higher than the gov-
ernment's original plan, which targets at 1,800 MW of solar PV installed capacity by 2020.
China has announced a plan to build the country's largest solar PV project in Dunhuang, Gansu,
with a primary installed capacity set at 10 MW. [3]
5.2.2 PV industry development
At present, solar photovoltaic power generation is still based on crystalline silican solar cells, the
market share of 90%, large-scale commercial solar cell efficiency can reach 18-19%. Amorphous
silicon thin film solar cells develop rapidly, accounting for 6-7% market share, others, such as
CIGS. gallium arsenide in the early stages of industrialization, the market share is small.
Battery types Crystalline
silicon
Si CIGS Others
Maximum
efficiency
24% 13% 18%
Commercial
efficiency
18-19% 6-8% 11-12%
Market share 90%+ 6-7% small small
Photovoltaic technology will take efficient crystalline silicon cells as the main and then gradually
transition to new types of thin film solar cells and solar cell development.
According to the reports of Chinese Development and Innovation Committee (CDIC) and literature
[4], figure5 shows that the yield of solar cell is increasing rapidly in the last 9 years. The total yield
is more than 2000 MW in 2008 and the solar cell production in 2009 doubled to reach 4382MW,
which have a share of 40% in whole world. More than 370 enterprises invest the PV industry. In-
vestment Advisor in the release of "2010-2015 China solar cell industry and prospects of invest-
ment analysis report" shows that in 2008 China's total output of photovoltaic cells 1.78GW, ac-
counting for 26% of the global total. The solar cell manufacturers (including Taiwan Province) in
China in 2008 market share have increased dramatically to 44% for two consecutive years as the
world. [5]
Figure 5 The yield of solar cell in the last 9 years
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2,8 4,3 6 12 50 145 4001200
2000
4000
the yield of Photovoltaic(MW)
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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5.3 Solar-wind hybrids energy
There is a common drawback existed in the stand-alone wind energy and solar energy generating
power system, which is the unpredictable output electric power, and the output power depends on
the unpredictable weather and climatic changes. Due to this, the hybrid systems come out. Solar
energy and wind energy are the most abundant renewable energy resources in China, and very good
compensation characters are usually found between solar energy and wind energy. The good solar
irradiation and poor wind energy are provided in the summer, whilst a relative good wind energy
and poor solar irradiation occur in the winter. The daytime has high solar irradiation and poor wind
energy, whilst the night has relative good wind energy when the solar irradiation is almost zero. The
strength of one source is used to overcome the weakness of the other in a wind–solar hybrid system,
which has better competition and is more popular. Consequently, the hybrid system is greatly en-
hanced by the load demands at all times, and the higher generating capacity factor is achieved by
combining wind energy and solar energy with a storage technology to overcome the unpredictable
output electric power.
6 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
6.1 Solar energy
Solar water heating solution in industry
1) General industrial water
Solar energy provides hot water to the industry for cleaning and disinfection.
2) Industrial heating water
In the production process, many industrial enterprises need to heat the work piece or the
working fluid. Using solar water heating system will be the most suitable green solution
for the large industrial enterprises.
6.1.1 Interference coating technology---Three-high-tube
Three-high-tube series, it uses the interference coating technology, and
used the low launch metal first floor-copper. The absorb-tier separate-
ly had the appropriate metal volume compared to, mutually interfered
the function added on the reflection layer the function, enable it to
have a higher solar energy absorptance and the lower launch ratio. In
the membrane level has the thermos table metal-steel. Uses the unique
stainless steel N-AL, absorb tier may undergo reaches as high as 400
high temperature vacuum tubes life greatly lengthens.
Three-high-tube structure is all glass double-tube co-axial structure. It
has three big advantages:
1) The collection thermal efficiency is fast,
2) Anti-high temperature,
3) Anti-high cold.
Three-high-tube structure is all glass double-tube co-axial structure. It was uses the glass material is
high borosilicate 3.3 glass. It uses the interference coating craft, the chart level structure is the cop-
per nitrogen aluminum.
Kuva 9 three-high-tube series
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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Three-high-tube of the technical indicators is as follow:
1) Absorption rate of up to 96% emission rate of up to 4%
2) Air drying temperature is not lower than 400°, resistance to cold and -40°.
3) The vacuum of 5.0 *10-4Pa (GB to 5*10-2Pa).
Made of borosilicate 3.3, hail resistance diameter 25mm less positive impact.
6.2 Hi-min solar company
As industry leaders Hi-min solar was established
R&D system with independent intellectual prop-
erty rights, master a number of core technologies,
especially the „interference coating‟ technology,
first developed „three high tube series‟, breaking
the solar water heater is not useful for winter. It
makes solar hot water become all-weather, non-
seasonal supply and meet consumer demand for
green-round hot water, this marks china‟s solar
energy R&D and manufacturing level has reached
world leading level.
Hi-min was also extended to the photoelectric
lighting, electricity generation, building energy
conservation, they already formed a complete in-
dustrial chain. Solar garden lights, solar lawn
lights and other photovoltaic lighting system introduced by Hi-min has been widely used in more
than 50 cities in China. Besides, Hi-min also targeting the huge demand for energy efficient build-
ing, using the „three high‟ interference coating technology developed a new generation of ultra-
radiation film insulating glass, „Temperature display energy-saving glass‟, it will save 75% energy
than single glass and widely used in municipal construction, hotel, residential, office and other
places. Now Hi-min energy-saving glass screen output reached 100million square meters.
China solar energy enterprises also increase solar heating, refrigeration, desalination and other areas
research and development. Currently, Hi-min invests 10 million Yuan to support „international en-
vironmental energy efficiency demonstration zones‟ project. This project covers the integration of
various types of solar buildings, solar energy production areas, solar energy testing centre, the
China Renewable Energy University of solar applications, Solar energy Museum. The solar energy
museum is the only solar energy museum in China, it has been officially opened. It called „the
world‟s largest Sun Valley‟ by international experts.
6.3 Wind energy
6.3.1 Large-scale wind power technology
In terms of large-scale wind power, China still has a certain gap between international technologies.
the core technology of large-scale wind power still rely on foreign countries, with national policy
guidance, wind power projects have been started in various places, but more of them as comple-
mentary type, large-scale wind power systems technology with complete independent intellectual
Kuva 10 Hi-min solar heating system
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
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property rights are few, a number of issues still restrict the development of large-scale wind power
technology.
6.3.2 Small-scale wind power technology
Small wind power technology in China can compare with international technology. This technology
is mature and relatively small by natural resource constraints, it‟s not only combining with grid but
also combined with the formation of more stable and reliable optical complementary technologies,
and moreover, the technology is completely self-localization.
6.4 Goldwind Science and Technology Co., Ltd
Goldwind Science & Technology Co., Ltd. specializes in R&D, product development and the
manufacturing of large-sized wind turbines. It is prin-
cipally engaged in researching, developing, manufac-
turing and marketing large-sized wind turbine genera-
tor sets. The Company's major products include 600
kilowatt (kW), 750kW, 1.2 megawatt (MW), 1.5MW
Permanent Magnet Direct Drive (PMDD), 2.5MW
PMDD series wind turbine sets. The Company also
provides wind power technology service, development
and sale of wind power projects and technology trans-
fer service. By the end of 2009, they have two major
production bases in Xinjiang and Beijing, and also
have a manufacturing base in Germany.
Technology solution Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generation
Direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generation technology is driven by a turbine impeller
rotating direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator; it can operate in case of no gear box.
The advantages of technology include:
High power efficiency especially in low wind conditions.
High reliability; direct-drive technology eliminates the need for gear boxes and accessories
to simplify the transmission structure and improve the reliability of the unit.
Fewer spare parts and consumable materials required
7 TYPICAL CITY- SOLAR VALLEY IN CHINA
China solar valley covers an area of over 330 hectares in which various solar energy buildings, solar
production area, the Sustainable Energy University of China, etc are located. There are the world's
largest solar water heaters producing plant, solar R & D and testing center, renewable energy theme
park, International Renewable Energy Conference Communication Center, and Solar Science and
Technology Museum in the valley. It is becoming global five-centers in renewable energy: manu-
facturing center, R&D and testing center, scientific popularization and education center, tourism
center, and international conference communication center.
Kuva 11 Gold wind factory
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7.1 International Conference Center
Kuva 12 International conference center
The International Conference Center, a typical building in the valley, covering an area of over
43,000 ㎡, will be the main meeting hall for the 4th ISCI World Congress. With 82.5% of total
energy-saving rate, it is a model building combining energy-saving, environmental protection,
science and technology demonstration together. The center has dozens of meeting rooms equipped
with simultaneous interpretation and projectors, in which the largest one can hold 5,000 people at
the same time. It adopts world-class creative energy-saving technologies and products, as well as
dozens advanced energy-saving technology such as solar heating and cooling, PV electricity gene-
rating, PV lighting, BIPV, Winpin energy saving glass, etc.
Micro-Emission ·Sun-Moon Mansion:
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Sun-Moon Mansion, also located in the valley, can be called Solar "Bird's Nest". It's the largest sin-
gle solar architecture in the world with energy conservation rate up to 88%. The energy efficient
building complex needs 1/10th
the energy that a conventional building would consume. 2640 tons of
standard coal and 6.6 million degree can be saved every year; it also can decrease emissions 8672.4
tons.
The Sun-Moon Mansion shows its magnificence as a whole by the floating frames and over two
thousand solar collectors above its roof. With a floor area of 7.5 hectares, this mansion comprises
an office building, a R&D center, an exhibition hall, a hotel (Micro-E Hotel) and recreation area,
etc. Technologies of solar air collectors, seasonal heat storage, solar heating and cooling, ceiling
radiation, intelligent control and geothermal system provides hot water, cooling in summer and
heating in winter, while those of PV power generation, PV lighting, building integrated PV (BIPV)
brightens the building in the evening. Besides, Winpin energy saving glass, sun-shading panels,
external wall insulation, roof gardens, rainwater collection and water treatment systems save energy
consumption of this building positively. Furthermore, integrating solar technologies with architec-
ture has broadened the way of modern construction.
7.1.1 Technology in Micro-Emission ·Sun-Moon Mansion
Intelligent building control
The Sun-Moon Mansion using advanced building automation technology, it is achieve a unique
point of integration of the intelligent building, visualization, integration and long-range and organic
all the control systems.
Ceiling Radiation
This technology combines equipments and suspended ceil-
ing into one. Adopting principle of heat radiation and
painted steel, the ceiling improves radiation effect as well as
the decoration. Besides, the system does not bring much
wind and noise when it works. Comparing with ground
heating system, it is faster in heating and cooling. And it
can save 30% energy. Moreover, the lightness of the radiat-
ing materials reduces building load greatly. The radiation
technology has Low cost and simple installation. It can be
applied in public buildings such as hospitals, shopping can-
ters. etc.
Insulation technology of wall
Kuva 13 Ceiling radiation
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Polystyrene board of 100mm in thickness ensures high insulation. Besides, extruded plastic plate
with the thickness of 25mm can decrease the heat loss from
the windows and doors. Roof garden functions insulation as
well as landscaping.
Cross-seasonal energy storage
By the feature of stagnancy of underground water in a certain
depth, two wells are drilled in the depth of 200m, then extra
heat energy is stored into hot water well from solar collectors
by heat exchanger in spring and autumn and then is con-
sumed in winter. At the same time cold water goes down to
the other well for summer cooling. This technology achieves
energy-saving greatly, namely 35% for cooling, while 40% for
heating.
Recycling water treatment system
Recycling water treatment system of ZHB-I type is adopted to
save water and realize recycling. In this system, the technique of
biological contact oxidation is combined with physicochemical
method to improve the water quality.
7.2 tourism center
Theme park designed with the green, envi-
ronmental protection, sustainable energy
ideas, using solar, wind and other renew-
able energy to form a colourful world of
solar energy applications.
7.3 Manufacturing center
Himin developed the first domestic production line of
solar professional, lay a foundation of world standar-
dized, high-quality, large-scale production of solar
energy.
There are 50 automated production lines and supporting
processes, it formed a good product manufacturing sys-
tem. More than 300 kinds of machines for specialized
design the solar applications. There are also 8000 ODM
(Original design manufacture) components upstream for
effective quality control.
Kuva 14 Insulation technology of wall
Kuva 14 Cross seasonal energy storage
Kuva 16 Manufacturing center
Kuva 15 Tuorism center
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7.4 Scientific popularization and education center
The solar energy science museum brings together cutting-edge
solar technology to provide a future energy solution: West-East
power transmission project, desert control project and seawater
desalination project.
7.5 R&D and testing center
There are 8 laboratories in the testing center, including control
valve laboratory, physics laboratory, chemical laboratory, tem-
perature laboratory, electronic laboratory, solar energy laboratory, optical laboratory and metrology
laboratories. Testing field covers 150 items including all parts of components and the environmental
adaptation projects. In recent years, the Group imported a number of the world‟s advanced test
equipment from Japan, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Britain and other countries. The
purpose is to ensure the testing is authority, scientific and advanced.
Kuva 18 . Solar cells and solar module test systems
8 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
This part is focus on the future development of renewable energy, including the technology research
and industry trend.
8.1 Solar energy
8.1.1 In search of solar cells efficiency
Much of the industry is focused on the most cost efficient technologies in terms of cost per generat-
ed power, There are three main types of solar cells, Multiple-junction solar cells, Thin-film solar
cells and crystalline silicon. Picture 20 shows the solar cells efficiencies
Kuva 17 Science museum
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Kuva 19. Solar cells efficiencies trend.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PVeff%28rev100414%29.png
Multiple-junction solar cells
With a maximum efficiency of 40.7%, multiple-junction solar cells are currently the most efficient
solar cells. [6] However, it‟s currently costly to allow a high scale use of it for individuals. The high
cost is mainly due to the complex structure and the high price of materials. Nevertheless, with light
concentrators under illumination of at least 400suns, the use of multiple-junction solar panels be-
comes possible and profitable. The main application of multiple-junction solar cells is for space.
The comparison with other technologies shows that it‟s more convenient to use multi-junction solar
cells in space. Indeed, it has a higher radiation resistance, a higher efficiency and a lower tempera-
ture coefficient.
Thin-film solar cells
So far the new record of thin-film solar cells efficiency is 20.1% according to the statement by ZSW
in Stuttgart, which achieved in March 2008. [7] Compared to standard crystalline silicon solar cells,
thin-film photovoltaic cells save materials and costs, the market share of thin-film photovoltaic has
hence risen from 7% to about 17% in recent years. Of the three basic variants of thin-film solar
technology (amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and CIGS), CIGS offers the highest efficiency.
Commercially available CIGS modules currently range from 10% to 12% (a complete module al-
ways has a lower total efficiency than a single solar cell). Nevertheless, the new efficiency record
shows the great potential of CIGS technology for lower-cost, efficient photovoltaic systems, says
ZSW. Powalla assumes that efficiency levels of up to 15% can also be achieved in commercial
modules within the next few years.
Crystalline Silicon
The highest commercial efficiency (24.2%) on silicon has been achieved by SunPower. This is a
new world record for c-Si cells. [8] Crystalline silicon devices are approaching the theoretical limit-
ing efficiency of 29% and achieve an energy payback period of 1–2 years [9] Polycrystalline silicon
is a key component of solar panel construction. Monocrystalline silicon is higher priced and more
efficient than polycrystalline.
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8.1.2 Market trend
According to the Technology Roadmaps [10], the annual PV market is expected to increase from
6GW to 34GW, to ramp-up into mass-scale industrial production, and to reduce system and genera-
tion costs by more than 50% in the next decade. By 2020 PV generation costs are expected to range
from USD 13-26 cents/kWh (commercial systems) to USD 16-31 cents/kWh (residential systems),
depending on the site-specific solar irradiation level.
From 2020 to 2030, the roadmap envisions that PV will advance toward
large-scale grid integration, and start to become competitive at a much
broader scale. Towards the end of the decade, typical utility PV system
generation costs are expected to decrease down to USD 7-13 cent/kWh and
PV will become competitive at utility-scale with wholesale electricity pric-
es in some world regions. By that time, commercial and residential systems
will become cost-competitive in almost all world regions with reasonable
solar irradiation. The annual market/shipment volume will have increased
by another factor of three over this decade (hitting the benchmark of 100 GW by 2030), leading to a
cumulative installed capacity of almost 900 GW worldwide. During this period, economic incen-
tives should begin to gradually be phased-out while maintaining grid access guarantees and sus-
tained R&D support.
8.1.3 Research and development direction
There are many institutes are engaged in R&D of solar system, here I take two of them as examples
at a glance.
Suntech:
Suntech develops, manufactures, and delivers the world‟s most reliable and cost-effective solar
energy solutions. Founded in 2001 by leading solar scientist Dr. Zhengrong Shi, they are the
world‟s largest producer of silicon solar modules.
Battery efficiency: how to increase solar energy
conversion efficiency is Suntech Power R&D one
of the most important objectives. Pluto technology
was put into mass production, monocrystalline sili-
con have achieved conversion efficiency of more
than 18%, Large-scale production of polycrystalline
photovoltaic cells are close to 17% conversion effi-
ciency. Pluto technology will continue to be im-
proved.
Component packaging technology and materials science: Suntech technology R&D focus on
the other two components of packaging, testing and evaluating new materials and improving
the materials, these improvements of technology and materials will extend the product life,
improve the stability and durability of power generation. They are studying the alternative
materials, such as EVA, glass, connection box. These improvement and replacement will
improve the quality of solar photovoltaic products and reduce the costs.
Production process: Suntech also concerning energy conservation. Energy conservation has
run through every aspect of production.
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System integration: The power to improve overall system efficiency and stability, and trying
to reduce the overall system cost.
Chinese institute-ERERC
Eco-Materials and Renewable energy Research Center (ERERC) at Nanjing University was offi-
cially founded in May, 2003 led by Prof. Zou Zhigang who is a Cheung Kong Scholar. ERERC was
supported with priority by Nanjing University which provided ERERC with RMB 5.5 million as the
start funding in 2003.
At present ERERC performs research mainly along three directions, including: developing and ex-
ploiting semiconductor photocatalysts with visible light activity to produce H2 by splitting water
directly via solar energy; developing and exploiting semiconductor photocatalyst with visible light
activity to decompose toxic gas and liquid substances and to purify environment; developing and
exploiting new, effective, low cost solar cell based on visible light response photocatalysts.
Now their laboratory has acquired the experiment capability ranging from sample preparation,
equipment testing to theoretical and computer simulation studies. Meanwhile ERERC has been
cooperating with foreign and domestic partners in an active manner and accumulated abundant ex-
perience.
The Phase II “985 Project” of Nanjing University which is in progress has listed ERERC as one of
the key support platforms, furthermore some new advanced testing analytical instrument and
equipment as well as fabrication facilities will be setup. In the meantime they've been keeping close
cooperative exchange relationships with numerous scientific research institutions, established close
cooperative research partnerships with Photocatalysis Laboratory at National Institute for Materials
Science in Japan and other laboratories etc, which enable our research work always maintain the
leading level in the world.
8.2 Wind energy
8.2.1 current situation of global wind power
In the last 40 years development since 1970‟s,
wind power has become a global industry
bearing the logos of established energy giants.
Figure 6 shows the World cumulative installed
wind power capacity from 1980 to 2009. In
2009, the cumulative installed wind power
capacity grew to 158,000 MW, with 31%
jump, the global wind fleet is now large
enough to satisfy the residential electricity
needs of 250 million people. [11]
In Finland, the total installed wind power capacity is 147 MW until 2009. [12]
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8.2.2 Ten-years development of wind energy of EU
There are four main technology areas are focused by EWI (the European Wind Initiative): new tur-
bines and components, offshore technology, grid integration, resource assessment and spatial plan-
ning. It is the result of several years of joint effort by the European wind energy sector, the Euro-
pean Commission and EU Member States working towards four common goals:
1) Maintain Europe's technology leadership in both onshore and offshore wind power;
2) Make onshore wind power the most competitive energy source by 2020, with offshore wind
power following by 2030;
3) Enable wind energy to supply 20 percent of Europe's electricity in 2020, 33 percent in 2030,
and 50 percent in 2050;
4) Create 250,000 new skilled jobs in the EU in the wind energy sector by 2020.[13]
In the other side, TPWind proposes an ambitious vision for Europe. In this vision, 300 GW of wind
energy capacity will be implemented by 2030, representing some 25% of EU electricity consump-
tion. Moreover, the TPWind vision includes a sub-objective on offshore wind energy, which should
represent some 10% of EU electricity consumption by 2030. An intermediate step is the implemen-
tation of 40GW offshore by 2020, compared to the 1 GW installed today. [14]
8.2.3 Wind industry development
EU For the 2007 to 2010 time frame, Europe‟s top 15 utilities and IPPs in terms of MW owned declared
construction pipelines totalling over 18GW, which translates into well over €25 billion in wind
plant investment, based on current cost estimates per MW installed. Overall, the European wind
market is expected to grow at a rate of over 9 GW installed annually through to 2010, which trans-
lates into annual investments of over €12 billion.
The European wind power market is coming of age with the technology‟s steady emergence into the
overall power market. Wind has become an integral part of the generation mix, alongside conven-
tional power sources, in markets such as Germany, Spain and Denmark. However, it continues to
face the double challenge of competing against other renewable technologies while proving to be a
strong energy choice for large power producers seeking to grow and diversify their portfolios. [15]
Asia Wind energy generation in the Asia-Pacific region has mushroomed from 1.7 GW in 2000 to 41GW
in 2009 and is expected to continue growing, according to Power-gen worldwide. However, the
transmission is inefficiency, about 30% of the renewable energy generated is lost because the exist-
ing power grid does not transport it efficiently. The high cost of developing offshore wind is an-
other potential block. In order to support increasing power loads; China, India, Thailand and Viet-
nam are building high-voltage direct current transmission systems, these systems will be much more
efficient at capturing renewable energy generated at remote sites or offshore. Additionally, regional
capital costs are low relative to the rest of the world and expected to fall further over the next dec-
ade. [16]
Based on the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) research, Asia‟s wind-power industry could
generate $4.02 billion in revenues in 2016 from $1.95 billion in 2009. China has committed to in-
vest $220 billion in renewable energy over the next two years; Europe will continue to host the
largest wind capacity until 2013. [17]
US
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The United States are starting to rely increasingly on ocean wind for energy generation. At the be-
ginning of 2009, there were 5 offshore projects off the coasts of the U.S., at the end of 2009, there
were 20. The target is 54 GW offshore capacities by 2030. At present, 83 percent of all offshore
turbines are manufactured in Europe, which means great export opportunities to the U.S. for Euro-
pean manufacturing companies and service providers. [18]
8.2.4 Technological development
In its recently published Strategic Research Agenda the European wind energy platform, TPWind,
proposes an ambitious vision for Europe. In this vision, 300GW of wind energy capacity will be
implemented by 2030, representing some 25% of EU electricity consumption. Moreover, the
TPWind vision includes a sub-objective on offshore wind energy, which should represent some
10% of EU electricity consumption by 2030. An intermediate step is the implementation of 40 GW
offshore by 2020, compared to the 1 GW installed today.
The main envisaged technology development achievements in 2020 are as follows:
1) Wind condition
TPWind proposes an ambitious long-term‟3%‟ vision. Current techniques must be improved so
that, given the geographic coordinates of any wind farm (flat terrain, complex terrain or off-
shore, in a region covered by extensive data sets or largely unknown) predictions with an uncer-
tainty of less than 3% can be made concerning:
the annual energy production
the wind conditions that will affect the design of the turbine
a short-term forecasting scheme for power production and wind conditions.
2) Wind energy integration
TPWind‟s goal is to enable high penetration levels with low integration costs, while maintaining
system reliability.
The first R&D objective is to make the most of the existing grids: Advanced grid integration
characteristics such as active power and voltage control, fault ride through capability and
advanced power forecasting will be gradually implemented. Planning and operation of the
remaining power system, including system balancing and maintaining system adequacy, will
be based on a profound understanding of the interaction of wind power plants and the grid.
The next R&D objective will be the network reinforcement: The necessary planning and de-
sign process for development of a trans-European grid will be undertaken in connection with
the wider energy sector. Advanced dedicated grid systems will be developed for the exploi-
tation of the European offshore wind resource.
3) Offshore deployment and operations
The objective is for offshore wind energy to represent more than 10% of Europe‟s electricity
demand in 2030. Sub-objectives are to achieve generating costs that are competitive with other
sources of electricity generation, using commercially mature technology for sites with a water
depth of up to 50m, at any distance from shore, and developing in parallel technologies for sites
in deeper water, proven through full-scale demonstration.
4) Wind turbines
The future technological developments will focus on cost reductions with the main objectives of
increasing the reliability, the efficiency and the accessibility of the machines.
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The present advanced wind turbine concept (horizontal axis, three-blade, variable pitch, variable
speed, full size electronic converter for maximum control) is most likely to be pursued. Gearbox-
based drive trains – beyond the present dimensions- as seen during the last decade will continue.
Materials with higher strength to mass ratios and compliant components will increasingly be used in
the design of elements bearing heavy dynamic loadings such as rotor blades, yaw systems, drive
train parts and towers. New design tools will be used to efficiently design and manufacture very
large wind turbines based on significant enhancements in the field of aerodynamics, aero-elasticity,
control, drive train dynamics, etc.
Dedicated O&M methods and transport and installation systems will be used in extreme locations
such as offshore, extreme cold climates and mountainous terrain. Integrated condition monitoring
systems for early diagnosis and assessment of damage will be widely used to increase wind turbine
availability and reduce the need for design conservatism. In the market segment of small wind tur-
bines (size from about 1 kW to a few 100 kW), a substantial improvement in technical quality will
be made, leading to expansion of the market, especially in remote areas, small isolated communities
and sites connected to weak grids.
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9 COMPARISON BETWEEN DEZHOU AND FORSSA AREA
As we know, solar valley is located in Dezhou, an area of 330 ha, it covering solar water heaters,
solar PV power generation and lighting, solar energy and construction integration, solar thermal
power generation and other renewable energy applications, in this case, what could we learn from
solar valley? What kind of technology can we apply in ELLO project? In this section, I will com-
pare the situation between Dezhou and Forssa area to analyse energy usage. The content includes
geography, climate, technology and so on.
Dezhou, China Forssa Area, Finland
Location North-western Shandong Province, east-
ern China.
It is in the province of Southern Finland and is
part of the Tavastia Proper region
Area 10 341 km
2 253.39 km
2 (97.83sq mi) which 4.61km
2 (1.78
sq mi) is water.
Population 5.24 million 17,812 (31 March 2010)
City seat 37°26‟N, 116°16‟E 60°49‟‟N, 23°37 E
Transport
Dezhou lies on the main rail route from
Beijing to Shanghai, which is known as
Jinghu Railway. Dezhou has always
been an important transport hub since
ancient times. Except for the two rail-
ways, National Highway 104, NH105
and a few provincial roads cross the city
as well. The Yellow River and the
Grand Canal (China) run through it.
Forssa area is located almost in the centre of a
triangle defined by the three largest major cities
in Finland, there are railway and highway that
go through of this area. Due to the previous
visit, the road condition of Forssa area should
be improved; it could be wider considering
more trucks and cars on road in the future.
Climate
The annual amount of sunshine is 2660
hours of sunshine rate 61%, solar radia-
tion was 124.8 kcal/ cm2. The average
temperature of 13.1°C.
The average frost-free period is 197
days. and the average annual rainfall is
585.2 mm.
The annual amount of sunshine is 1900 hours
in the southwestern. The mean annual tempera-
ture is about 5.5°C.
The mean rainfall is between 600 and 700 mm
Wind sources
The wind blows most commonly from
the eastern sea, The average wind speed
is less than 5 m/s.
The wind blows most commonly from the
southwest and least commonly from the north-
east; all other directions occur with equal fre-
quency. The average wind speed is 3 to 4 m/s.
Wind speeds are typically highest in winter and
lowest in summer. Moderate winds are typical.
Renewable
industry
Himin Solar has progressed to be a lead-
er in solar thermal industry by providing
evacuated tubes, solar collectors, solar
water heaters, and coated steel tubes for
power generation
There are many companies which put renew-
able energy into practice in Finland, such as
Winwind Ltd, Jn-Solar, Oy Nordic AC Ltd,
compare with solar energy, biomass is the most
import renewable energy source in Finland,
with its use accounting for about 20% of pri-
mary energy consumption.
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Warehouse technology application
Referring to the technology of Solar valley, there are several technologies we can apply in our pro-
ject:
Recycling water treatment system
The annual rainfall in Finland is quite much, as an ecological warehouse, we can recycle the storm
water in order to do the cleaning, even a small fountain for watching.
Insulation technology of wall
In a building, external envelope always lose greater heat, especially in winter, if the wall losing lots
of heat, we have to support more indoor. So the development of external wall insulation is becom-
ing more and more important, insulation technology as a part of building energy efficiency is the
major implementations.
Cross-seasonal energy storage
The solar radiation is different in a year, We are using energy for cooling in summer, and heating
for winter time. Generally, the solar radiation is richer in spring and summer than in winter, if we
can store the energy and use it in winter, it will be improve the efficiency and energy saving. Cross-
seasonal energy storage technology can store excess heat in the well for winter heating use. This
can solve the problem of inconstant temperature in a year, greatly increased the utilization of solar
energy and ensure the normal operation of the solar system.
SWOT analyse of Eco airport
Strengths:
Location: Eco airport is lie on the north of Helsinki, about 2 hours‟ distance, the rail-
way connects Tampere and Turku, so the transport is very convenient.
The rainfall is abundant, recycling the storm water is a potential project, and wind en-
ergy and biomass energy are abundant.
The land of Eco airport is cheaper than at the other airports‟; this advantage will at-
tract the companies to set here.
Weaknesses:
Although the light time is long in summer, the annual amount of sunshine is still
small. During the winter, the weather is always cloudy and snowy, so the solar energy
would be little in use in the winter. The equipment will be destroyed due to the cold
weather in winter.
Opportunities:
Comparison with airport in Tampere which only has passengers, Eco airport has both
passengers and cargo freight, the name of Helsinki Eco airport is more competitive in
the international freight industry.
Threats:
It‟s hard to say the Ryanair and other freight companies are willing to land in Eco air-
port, they already landed in Tampere airport, and the distance between Tampere and
Eco airport is only 74 km.
Technology development and project should be combined together. Everything in this project has to
be considered more for the future, and technology development is hard to predict.
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10 CONCLUSION
This paper presents an ecocity project and renewable energy development of China, The ecocity
project in Gongqing city is under construction right now, they plan to complete the basic frame
work of the construction and running in 2013, this project will combine the traditional urban func-
tions and modern information technology together mainly through the introduction of advanced
ecological concepts and environmental protection technology.
The main energy sources in Gongqing city are solar energy and ground energy. There are several
local companies which produce renewable energy to support this city, before the end of 2010 the
high energy consumption factories and high polluting enterprises will be eliminated. Unit GDP
energy consumption will reduce to 0.255 tons in 2012. At the same time, financial department of
Gongqing Development Area will arrange special funds 15 million every year to support energy-
saving innovation.
In order to conquer more and more energy pressure in future and the rapid increased energy need of
Chinese economy, some hortative policies are established by central government and local govern-
ment at present. Today, wind power and solar energy has made pronounced leaps in installation
capacity, with an average annual growth rate of over 40% in the past several years. The wind power
installation had reached 25805 MW and the yield of solar cell had reached 4000 MW by the end of
2009. People are trying to research high efficiency technology to improve the renewable energy
usage. Some companies are cooperating with institutes in order to develop new technology.
The future technological developments of renewable energy will focus on cost reductions with the
main objectives of increasing the efficiency and the accessibility of the solar cells and wind ma-
chines.
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SOURCES
Digiecocity project:
http://www.jxcn.cn/525/2010-5-19/[email protected]
http://www.vrtiger.com/ourcustomer/29.html
http://www.gq2s.com/thread-3274-1-1.html
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[2] Status and prospects of Chinese wind energy, Energy(2009).
[3] China‟s installed PV capacity to rise.
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[4] 2009 solar cell yield in China take 40% of the world.
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detailItLmTkpHRJzO/China-Three-High-Tube.html
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http://www.bioenergy.cn/energy/wind/
[6] Multijuction solar cell: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multijunction_solar_cell
[7] ZSW sets thin-film PV cell efficiency record of 20.1%:
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[8] SunPower pushes c-Si solar cell efficiency record to 24.2%: http://www.pv-
tech.org/news/_a/sunpower_pushes_c-si_solar_cell_efficiency_record_to_24.2/
[9] Third generation photovoltaics: solar cells for 2020 and beyond:
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=0&_userid=952961&md5=0eaf515babace1814daf0f2935adf810
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[10] Technology Roadmap- Solar photovoltaic energy:
http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/pv_roadmap.pdf
Suntech website: http://ap.suntech-power.com/en/about.html
[11] Wind power soared past 15,000 Megawatts in 2009.
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/03/wind-power-soared-past-150000-
megawatts-in-2009.php
[12] Wind power in Finland: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Finland
[13] EU lauches ten-year development roadmap for wind energy: http://www.energy-
enviro.fi/index.php?PAGE=3&PRINT=yes&ID=3162
[14] Renewable energy technology roadmap
[15] Renewable energy technology roadmap
[16] Asia wind market expanding rapidly: http://www.breakbulk.com/wind-
energy/asia-wind-market-expanding-rapidly
[17]Bright future for wind-market growth seen in RP, rest of Asia (June 2010):
http://www.breakbulk.com/wind-energy/asia-wind-market-expanding-rapidly
[18] New Trends in U.S. Energy Policy: Focus On Offshore Wind Energy:
http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-trends-in-us-energy-policy-focus-on-
offshore-wind-energy-97859189.html
http://www.chinasolarvalley.com/index.asp (in Chinese)
http://www.chinasolarcity.cn/Html/dezhou/151113424.html (in English)
ERERC: http://www1.nju.edu.cn/cps/site/hz/overview.htm
BENCHMARKS IN CHINA
Appendix 1
TITLE OF APPENDIX
Insulating glass: Two or more pieces of glass spaced apart and hermetical-
ly sealed to form a single glazed unit with one or more air spaces in be-
tween. It also called double glazing.
SunPower: SunPower designs, manufactures and delivers the highest effi-
ciency solar electric technology worldwide. Based on more than 20 years
of innovation, they deliver proven solar performance to residential, com-
mercial, and utility-scale power plant customers.
EWI: The European Wind Initiative is one of the initiatives of the SET-
Plan (Strategic Energy Technology Plan), published by the European
Commission in 2007. The SET-Plan aims to increase, coordinate, and fo-
cus EU support on key low-carbon technologies. The envisaged budget for
the SET-Plan has been estimated at up to EUR71.5 billion.
TPWind: The objective of TPWind is to identify areas for increased inno-
vation, new and existing research and development tasks. These will then
be prioritized on the basis of “must haves” versus “nice to haves,” the
primary objective being overall (social, environmental and technological)
cost reductions.