Towards Climate Resilient Development: Strengthening the Science-Policy-Institutional-

Finance Dialogue in Africa

Imasiku Nyambe and Belynda PetrieMarch 2011

Africa Adapt Symposium, Addis Ababa

Paper Overview• Climate responses in Africa are primarily adaptive

• Integrated development planning is a solution

• Climate finance is a means for adaptation

• Evidence needed for development and finance

• Governance and institutional arrangements

• International policy , domestic development and climate finance absorptive capacity

• Three demonstrative case studies

• Concluding remarks

Adaptive response to Climate Change

IPCC, 2007

FOR AFRICA

High dependence on rain fed agriculture

Global temperature increases more intense

Low levels of resilience

Small contribution to global GHGs

Climate Change is an additional development challenge

What is so critical for Africa:

HIV/AIDS prevalenceWater access & sanitation

Food security /droughts Floods & other extremesEducation

CC cross cuts and needs integrated planning & implementable policyCC impacts/worsens existing development challenges & poverty / Impacts MDGsRequires investment to build resilience

We NEED: A Coherent climate & development finance, which should include:

Publ

ic se

ctor

flow

sTreasury DonorDevelopment BanksClimate Funds

Priv

ate

Sect

or F

low

sInfrastructure financeProject FinanceCorporate InvestmentAsset-based finance

Com

mun

ity F

low

sPayment for servicesPayment for Eco-system ServicesMicro-financeLoans (housing etc)

Access = clear priorities & strategies; coherent financial planning & combined access of sources; climate risks in development & sector plans; governance and finance absorption capacity is a criteria for access

What Evidence do we have for CC development & finance?CC Risk Profile Map: key hotspots – sensitivity + exposure + adaptability (current conditions and recent history)

Regionally relevant evidence base to support policy and decision making and finance proposals needed:

• Sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity to CC – of sectors, systems and resources• Socio-economic impacts of CC• Likely impact of investment (socio-economic & environmental benefits of the action vs costs of business as usual approach

SADCZambia &

Mozambique

Governance & Institutions

Okavango Basin

Relevant Institutions: •Member States and relevant sector departments•River Basin Organisations•Community Based Organisations•Regional Economic Centre•Civil Society•Financiers (private, public)•Multilateral and/or National Implementing Entities for Climate Finance

Coherent institutions are key to integration of CC in development

Useful to locate these within a system – eg a river basin, within which CC ‘happens’

Robust governance additionally important

Climate Finance flows require compliant inst. arrangements AND robust governance structures

However

Finance architecture favours CC integrated development plans – increased regional climate finance absorptive capacity

Strong regionally relevant evidence base imperative with clear priorities

Negotiators in the political process need domestic development objectives and climate risks firmly in mind

On International policy, development & climate finance: What is happening?

Multilateral climate negotiations taking place whilst Africa considers how to adapt

African states participate (e.g. 53 Member States to Africa Negotiators Group)

Negotiations issues include Climate Finance; emission reduction targets; legally binding agreements & Long term Cooperative Action etc

Domestic Implications

Zambia case study: Climate Challenges

Temp↑ 1.3˚1960# hot days ↑ 11.8%Annual rainfall (↓ 2.3%/decade

1st

↑ Soil degradation↓ Soil moisture

↓ Wetland areas (dambos)↑ Heat stress

↓ River flow, groundwater

↓ Subsistence and commercial food production↑ Poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition

↓ Human health

Shift in cropping cycles↑ Pressure from pests & diseases↓ Crop yield (particularly maize)↑ Yield variability

↑ Harvesting of natural resources↑ Exploitation of forests / woodlands and wild foods for alternative income & food

Zambia : Development-based adaptation needs

• Promote natural systems resilience • “Socio-economic development = greater resilience”,• Consider alternate crops to maize / strengthen food security systems• Balance demand between water for energy (hydropower), water

for production (irrigation) and energy for industry (mining)

• Strengthen and focus water management strategies - flood & drought plans• Strengthened monitoring & information• Consider transboundary and national interests (Zambia = key Zambezi Basin beneficiary

• Institutional cooperation (IWRM) – bring in all stakeholders - clear institutional arrangements - water and disaster management through NWP 2010, NDPlans (FNDP: 2006-2010; SNDP:2011 -2015

Agric

ultu

re

Awar

enes

s

Catchment protectionEnvironment

Health education

Water harvestingSafe drinking water

Forestry Anim

al h usbandryW

ater for sanitation

Land use planning

Soil & water conservation

Productive water

IWRMFish

eriesIndustry

Hydro-power

Following the IWRM Process: A Framework for CC in the SNDP

Information and Knowledge Management

Useful CC information is accessible at all levels, clearly translated into social impacts

Local knowledge is used as a platform to develop new climate information (applying the adaptive management framework)

Science is translated into knowledge and then into practice to develop and refine climate change adaptation responses, using the adaptive management framework

Institutional Agreements (MOUs) and policies are reviewed/developed to ensure flexibility in an uncertain climate and development future

Cross-sectoral, multi-level engagement, coordination and arrangements to manage climate and development impacts, in particular between resource and disaster management agenciesFacilitate and encourage private public partnerships and regulate that all developments (private and public sector) minimise and mitigate their climate, environmental and social impacts

Framework for CC in the SNDP cont’dInfrastructure Identify and manage the cross sectoral benefits of minimising climate impacts on systems

and structures

Climate proof new and existing projects and development, particularly against floods and droughts

Apply the principles of ecological, equity and economic impact in all project development and implementation including climate change adaptation projects

Strengthening resilience of natural systems

Climate proof all Zambia’s natural systems by restoring and regenerating natural systems balanceBuild capacity for climate impact resilience and adaptation in all communities

Introduce disaster risk reduction and preparedness systems in all communities located in Zambia’s most vulnerable regions to climate variability and climate change impacts

Governance Equitably mobilise and manage climate change funding for projects in Zambia’s most vulnerable regions to climate variability and climate change impacts

Implement decision making processes that ensure that all people (applying the EEE principle) and the environment are effectively resilient to climate change impacts, particularly in Zambia’s most vulnerable regions to climate variability and climate change impacts

Examples of Programmes in the Water Sector - SNDP

Example of Financing in the Water Sector - SNDP

GRZ putting in money ranging from 20.5 Billion Kwacha in 2011 to ZMK114.6 Billion by 2015 in the SNDP

Case study Mozambique: Climate Challenges

Cyclone power increasing (Webster et al, 2005)

Increased flood intensity

Loss of infrastructure

Economic loss Human health losses

Climate change – warmer oceans - cyclogenesis

Loss of crops Outbreaks of disease

Physical injury

Mozambique: Development-based adaptation needs

• Improve infrastructural capacity – rehabilitate and strengthen for climate resilience

• Improve public health systems• Strengthen water and disaster management strategies & systems• Institutional cohesion and clear institutional arrangements

- water and disaster management• Strengthened monitoring & information• Consider transboundary and national interests

Mozambique: Climate Change and Disaster Management

• Improve early warning systems – especially “last mile”• Upgrade emergency response planning - deal with emerging climate risks• Develop information systems – integrate climate hazards (cyclones, floods

and droughts) with status of social and infrastructural vulnerabilities - improved planning

• Government and private sector work together to kick-start adaptation• Develop a systematic institutional focus on climate change, by all key

ministries• Integrated DRR, less ad-hoc, project based approach• Monitor, evaluate and reform institutional response (accountability)

(INGC, 2009)

Case study: SADC WaterObjective: A regional climate change adaptation strategy for the water sector

When? Work in progress: due Mid 2011

SADC Multi Stakeholder Water Dialogue, Maun Oct 2011

How?Member State Country Studies, conducted in country and coordinated by SADCExpert analysis and Expert Group WorkshopsDraft Strategy reviewed at SADC Multi-Stakeholder Water DialogueUtilises regional evidence base

What?Considers extreme events and longer term more gradual climate change risks Incorporates sovereign interests and risks as well as regional risks (transboundary in nature)Includes investment requirements in the water sector to strengthen climate resilienceLinks international policy with local development issues

Concluding remarks

Climate finance absorptive capacity is currently low

Climate change is another development risk

Climate change challenges most existing development risks

Integrating climate change into African development plans, policy and implementation is critical: • Alleviate the risk – macro and socio-economic• Strengthen development• Access finance – locally and internationally• Strengthen climate resilience

Kuomboka Ceremony in Barotse Floodplain

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION