Bellwork TriviaBellwork Trivia

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January 7January 7thth, 1789, 1789

The first U.S. Presidential The first U.S. Presidential election is held, only white election is held, only white men with property were men with property were allowed to voteallowed to vote

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

1877-1890’s1877-1890’s““Gilded Age” –covered with a thin layer of Gilded Age” –covered with a thin layer of goldgold Referred to the state of the U.S. at the timeReferred to the state of the U.S. at the time

A thin layer of prosperity was covering the political A thin layer of prosperity was covering the political and social corruption, fraud, and immorality of and social corruption, fraud, and immorality of politicians, business leaders, and government politicians, business leaders, and government officialsofficials

Population was growing rapidly, industry was expanding Population was growing rapidly, industry was expanding through out the countrythrough out the country

Abuse of powers, bribery, and corruption Abuse of powers, bribery, and corruption

Jay Gould- used corruption and bribery to rise to be the Jay Gould- used corruption and bribery to rise to be the director of New York’s Erie railroaddirector of New York’s Erie railroadCornelius Vanderbilt-Owner of the New York Central Cornelius Vanderbilt-Owner of the New York Central Railroad bought a large number of Erie stock to have Railroad bought a large number of Erie stock to have ownership of both railroadsownership of both railroadsGould issued 50,000 new shares of Erie stock so that Gould issued 50,000 new shares of Erie stock so that Vanderbilt did not have majority ownershipVanderbilt did not have majority ownership

Then bribed government officials to make the new stock legal Then bribed government officials to make the new stock legal and prevent Vanderbilt from combining the two companiesand prevent Vanderbilt from combining the two companies

Gould now had complete control of Erie RR, he then Gould now had complete control of Erie RR, he then send Erie money to his own private company to build send Erie money to his own private company to build new Erie lines, now work was ever done but Gould got new Erie lines, now work was ever done but Gould got rich from Erie’s money. Shareholders attempted to sue rich from Erie’s money. Shareholders attempted to sue Gould, but he avoided punishment by bribing judges to Gould, but he avoided punishment by bribing judges to rule in his favorrule in his favor

Laissez Faire EconomicsLaissez Faire Economics

Laissez Faire- French meaning allow to be, hands offLaissez Faire- French meaning allow to be, hands offA hands off approach to economicsA hands off approach to economics

The government takes a limited role in regulating businessThe government takes a limited role in regulating business The strongest and biggest businesses succeedThe strongest and biggest businesses succeed Government should only provide a free market for goods and Government should only provide a free market for goods and

laborlabor

American’s supported this policy but supported American’s supported this policy but supported government involvement when it benefitted themselvesgovernment involvement when it benefitted themselves

Wanted Gov. to place high tariffs on foreign goodsWanted Gov. to place high tariffs on foreign goodsThis encouraged people to buy American goodsThis encouraged people to buy American goods

Provide Land Grants and SubsidiesProvide Land Grants and Subsidies

Because of these policies, businesses supplied Because of these policies, businesses supplied government officials with gifts and bribes to ensure help government officials with gifts and bribes to ensure help from governmentfrom government

Central Pacific Railroad budgeted $500,000 a year for bribesCentral Pacific Railroad budgeted $500,000 a year for bribes

Credit Mobilier ScandalCredit Mobilier Scandal

Congress gave the Union Pacific Railroad company land Congress gave the Union Pacific Railroad company land and loans to build the 1and loans to build the 1stst transcontinental rail line to the west transcontinental rail line to the westUnion Pacific hired an outside company (Credit Mobilier) to Union Pacific hired an outside company (Credit Mobilier) to build the actual linesbuild the actual linesCM charged UP far more then the value of work that was CM charged UP far more then the value of work that was actually completedactually completedThis meant that tax money was flowing straight to This meant that tax money was flowing straight to shareholders of CMshareholders of CM

Federal GovFederal Gov Union Pacific Union Pacific Credit Mobilier Credit Mobilier Shareholders Shareholders

To ensure that congress kept funding the railroad even after To ensure that congress kept funding the railroad even after it went grossly over budget CM gave shares of CM stock to it went grossly over budget CM gave shares of CM stock to government officials who agreed to support more fundinggovernment officials who agreed to support more funding

Credit Mobilier ScandalCredit Mobilier Scandal

Congress investigated CM 3 years after Congress investigated CM 3 years after the completion of the transcontinental the completion of the transcontinental railroadrailroad Found the more then 30 Gov. officials Found the more then 30 Gov. officials

received stock from CMreceived stock from CMMembers of both political partiesMembers of both political parties

Future Pres. James GarfieldFuture Pres. James Garfield

VP ColfaxVP Colfax

Cousins of Pres. GrantCousins of Pres. Grant

Spoils SystemSpoils SystemElected officials appointed friends and Elected officials appointed friends and supporters to government jobs, regardless supporters to government jobs, regardless of their qualifications, in exchange for help of their qualifications, in exchange for help being electedbeing elected

During Gilded Age government was full of During Gilded Age government was full of unqualified and dishonest people put in unqualified and dishonest people put in place by Spoils Systemplace by Spoils System

Spoils System ensured that politicians Spoils System ensured that politicians were surrounded with Loyal peoplewere surrounded with Loyal people

Opposing Political PartiesOpposing Political Parties

RepublicansRepublicans Industrialist, bankers, Eastern Industrialist, bankers, Eastern

FarmersFarmers Strongest in North and Mid-westStrongest in North and Mid-west Weak/Non-existent in SouthWeak/Non-existent in South Wanted tight supply of money Wanted tight supply of money

backed by goldbacked by gold Tariffs on imported goods, to Tariffs on imported goods, to

protect U.S. Businessesprotect U.S. Businesses Generous Pensions for Union Generous Pensions for Union

SoldiersSoldiers Gov. Aide to RailroadsGov. Aide to Railroads Blue LawsBlue Laws

Sabbath, Alcohol, Dress, Sabbath, Alcohol, Dress, Cigarettes, Prohibition, Secular Cigarettes, Prohibition, Secular AmusementsAmusements

DemocratsDemocrats Less Privileged members of Less Privileged members of

societysociety Northern Urban ImmigrantsNorthern Urban Immigrants Laborers, Southern Planters, Laborers, Southern Planters,

Western FarmersWestern Farmers Concerned with interests of Concerned with interests of

ordinary Peopleordinary People Increased supply of money Increased supply of money

backed by silverbacked by silver Lower Tariffs on imported goodsLower Tariffs on imported goods Increased Farm PricesIncreased Farm Prices Less Gov. Aide to big business Less Gov. Aide to big business

(Railroads)(Railroads) Fewer Blue LawsFewer Blue Laws

AssignmentsAssignments

Quiz 8.1Quiz 8.1

Worksheet pg. 77Worksheet pg. 77

Read pgs. 297-303Read pgs. 297-303

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ImmigrationImmigrationBetween 1865 and 1920 30 million immigrants Between 1865 and 1920 30 million immigrants entered the U.S.entered the U.S. Fleeing from failing crops and farmsFleeing from failing crops and farms Shortages of landShortages of land Rising taxesRising taxes FamineFamine Religious or political persecutionReligious or political persecution

1880’s Russia had a wave of pogroms against Jews1880’s Russia had a wave of pogroms against Jews Czar limited places where Jews could live and workCzar limited places where Jews could live and work America offered freedom and many decided to immigrateAmerica offered freedom and many decided to immigrate

Most immigrants traveled across the ocean in Most immigrants traveled across the ocean in steeragesteerage Large open area beneath a ships deckLarge open area beneath a ships deck

Place of Origin

Reasons for Immigration Experiences in The United States

Europe To find escape from religious persecution

To find economic opportunitiesTo escape political persecution

Settled in cities in the East and MidwestMost entered through Ellis Island in New York

HarborMany settled in ethnic neighborhoods or ghettos

Asia To find economic opportunities Most Settled in Hawaii and CaliforniaWorked on Railroads and FarmsMany settled in ethnic neighborhoods or ghettosFaced official discrimination from Government

Mexico To escape civil warTo find economic opportunities

Most settled in Cal., Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico

Worked on farms, ranches, mines, and railroads

Chinese ExcludedChinese Excluded

Railroad companies recruited nearly 250,000 Chinese to Railroad companies recruited nearly 250,000 Chinese to work on Railroadswork on Railroads

Worked for Company until debt for passage and upkeep had Worked for Company until debt for passage and upkeep had been paidbeen paid

After debts were settled Chinese went to work in mining, After debts were settled Chinese went to work in mining, farming, fishing, factory jobs, food preparation, laundering (dry farming, fishing, factory jobs, food preparation, laundering (dry cleaners)cleaners)

Chinese were viewed as mentally and physically inferiorChinese were viewed as mentally and physically inferior

Labor unions were fighting to exclude Asian because Labor unions were fighting to exclude Asian because they were willing to work for low wagesthey were willing to work for low wagesOthers claimed Chinese were not worthy of being Others claimed Chinese were not worthy of being AmericansAmericans

Tried to prove this with faulty scientific reasoningTried to prove this with faulty scientific reasoning

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act

Passed in 1882 the Act prohibited entry in Passed in 1882 the Act prohibited entry in to the U.S. by Chinese laborersto the U.S. by Chinese laborers Allowed those that had established U.S. Allowed those that had established U.S.

residency to enter and leave as they wishedresidency to enter and leave as they wished

AssignmentsAssignments

Workbook page 78Workbook page 78

Read Pages 304-309Read Pages 304-309

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Rapid Growth of CitiesRapid Growth of Cities

Cities Adopt new building stylesCities Adopt new building styles SkyscrapersSkyscrapers TenementsTenements

New Methods of transportation allowed for the New Methods of transportation allowed for the development of suburbsdevelopment of suburbs Horse drawn carriages on railHorse drawn carriages on rail

Eventually electric trolleys on the same railsEventually electric trolleys on the same rails Motorized methods of transportationMotorized methods of transportation

Elevated Trains 1868-New YorkElevated Trains 1868-New YorkCable Cars 1873-San FranciscoCable Cars 1873-San FranciscoElectric trolleys 1888-RichmondElectric trolleys 1888-RichmondSubway Trains 1897-BostonSubway Trains 1897-BostonAutomobiles-invented in 1890’sAutomobiles-invented in 1890’s

Mass production started around 1910Mass production started around 1910

Rapid Growth of CitiesRapid Growth of Cities

Cities grow upward as well as outwardCities grow upward as well as outward Before Civil War no building stood more then Before Civil War no building stood more then

5 stories high5 stories highTechnologies such as Bessemer steel, elevators Technologies such as Bessemer steel, elevators emerged to support the need to build higheremerged to support the need to build higher

Urban Living ConditionsUrban Living Conditions

Tenement and apartment buildings replace Tenement and apartment buildings replace houses in the citieshouses in the cities Tenement-low cost apartment building designed Tenement-low cost apartment building designed

to house as many people as possibleto house as many people as possible

A group of dirty or rundown tenements would A group of dirty or rundown tenements would quickly turn the area into a slumquickly turn the area into a slum

Poor Urban Living ConditionsPoor Urban Living Conditions

Conditions in the slumsConditions in the slums Poverty, overcrowding, and neglect of Poverty, overcrowding, and neglect of

buildingsbuildings Trees and Grass slowly disappearedTrees and Grass slowly disappeared Hundreds of people were crammed into Hundreds of people were crammed into

spaces designed for a few familiesspaces designed for a few families Soot from coal burning boilers and steam Soot from coal burning boilers and steam

engines polluted the air, making it dark and engines polluted the air, making it dark and foulfoul

Open Sewers attracted rats and disease-Open Sewers attracted rats and disease-spreading verminspreading vermin

Life in the SlumsLife in the Slums

Fires were constant threatFires were constant threat With buildings so close, even a small fire could quickly consume With buildings so close, even a small fire could quickly consume

a neighborhood or citya neighborhood or cityGreat Chicago Fire of 1871Great Chicago Fire of 1871

More than 18,000 buildingsMore than 18,000 buildings More then 100,000 people left homelessMore then 100,000 people left homeless $200 Million in damages$200 Million in damages

Contagious Disease thrived and spread quickly in Contagious Disease thrived and spread quickly in overcrowded slumsovercrowded slums

Yellow Fever, Cholera, Malaria, Tuberculosis, diphtheria, and Yellow Fever, Cholera, Malaria, Tuberculosis, diphtheria, and typhoidtyphoid

Disease spread quickly in close, warm buildingsDisease spread quickly in close, warm buildings Believed that 80% of Child Deaths were due to these Believed that 80% of Child Deaths were due to these

preventable diseasepreventable disease

Dumbbell TenementDumbbell Tenement

Architects designed new tenements to meet the Architects designed new tenements to meet the demand of new laws requiring an outside demand of new laws requiring an outside window in every roomwindow in every room Narrow middles gave each apartment a light and air Narrow middles gave each apartment a light and air

shafts to each side of buildingshafts to each side of buildingPicture on page 307Picture on page 307

Trash collected at the bottom of the shafts, very little Trash collected at the bottom of the shafts, very little light or fresh air made its way into the apartmentslight or fresh air made its way into the apartments

Contaminated water pipes that were shared between Contaminated water pipes that were shared between the entire building continued to spread diseasethe entire building continued to spread disease

Read pgs. 308-315Read pgs. 308-315

Outline 8-4 Outline 8-4

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January 15, 1992January 15, 1992

Tim Berners-Lee (who Tim Berners-Lee (who invented the world wide invented the world wide web) released the first web web) released the first web browser software.browser software.

Result of City GrowthResult of City Growth

Rapidly growing cities created a need for Rapidly growing cities created a need for Government to improve city servicesGovernment to improve city services Police protectionsPolice protections Fire ProtectionFire Protection TransportationTransportation Sewage disposalSewage disposal Electric serviceElectric service Water ServiceWater Service Health CareHealth Care

In order to improve services, officials raised In order to improve services, officials raised taxestaxes

Rise of Political BossesRise of Political Bosses

Political MachinesPolitical Machines An unofficial city organization designed to keep a An unofficial city organization designed to keep a

particular party or group in powerparticular party or group in power Machines were usually lead by a single person, or bossMachines were usually lead by a single person, or boss Political Bosses sometimes held office, but mostly Political Bosses sometimes held office, but mostly

handpicked others to run and helped them get electedhandpicked others to run and helped them get elected Handed out favors, services, or jobs in exchange for Handed out favors, services, or jobs in exchange for

votesvotes Individuals in the city that wanted a favor from the city Individuals in the city that wanted a favor from the city

would have to first pay the boss some moneywould have to first pay the boss some moneyThis is called a graft, it was a major source of income for This is called a graft, it was a major source of income for MachinesMachines

Boss Tweed and Tammany HallBoss Tweed and Tammany Hall

The most notorious boss was William Marcy The most notorious boss was William Marcy Tweed who controlled Tammany Hall, the club Tweed who controlled Tammany Hall, the club that controlled New York City’s Democratic Partythat controlled New York City’s Democratic PartyTook over Treasury of NYC, added fake fees Took over Treasury of NYC, added fake fees onto construction and supply contracts, stole onto construction and supply contracts, stole many millions of dollarsmany millions of dollarsBrought down by Thomas Nast, a political Brought down by Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist who exposed Tweed’s methods to the cartoonist who exposed Tweed’s methods to the publicpublicTweed was convicted and later died in prisonTweed was convicted and later died in prison

Ideas of ReformIdeas of ReformReform movements aimed at controlling Reform movements aimed at controlling Immigration and Behavior/moralityImmigration and Behavior/morality Settlement HousesSettlement Houses

Reformers settled into a house in the midst of a poor Reformers settled into a house in the midst of a poor neighborhoodneighborhood

Served as a community center and provided social servicesServed as a community center and provided social services Hull House in ChicagoHull House in Chicago

NativismNativismFavoring Native Born AmericanFavoring Native Born American

Example: Chinese Exclusion ActExample: Chinese Exclusion Act

Purity CrusadersPurity CrusadersLooked to control and end vicesLooked to control and end vices

Drugs, gambling, alcohol, prostitution, etc.Drugs, gambling, alcohol, prostitution, etc.

Temperance MovementTemperance MovementAn organized attempt to achieve prohibitionAn organized attempt to achieve prohibition

Elimination of Alcohol ConsumptionElimination of Alcohol Consumption

Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel MovementInstead of blaming Immigrants for drinking, Instead of blaming Immigrants for drinking, gambling and other vices churches tried to treat gambling and other vices churches tried to treat the problem that drove people to these activitiesthe problem that drove people to these activities

While doing so they sought to apply the teachings While doing so they sought to apply the teachings of Jesus to Societyof Jesus to Society

SociologySociologyStudy of SocietiesStudy of Societies

AssignmentAssignment

Chapter 8 ReviewChapter 8 Review Page 316-317Page 316-317

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