Bellwork

• Imagine you’re the English and you live in the 13 colonies. You want to travel westward, but the French own those lands. Do you still keep moving west, knowing the French control the land? How do you think the French will react if you move west?

American History

Section 5, Unit 4The French and Indian War

Objectives• Explain why the English began to expand

westward• Identify how westward expansion affected the

relationship between the French and English• Identify the beginnings the French and Indian

War• Identify the outcomes of the French and

Indian War on the geography of America and the parties involved.

Growth of the Colonies

• During the 18th century, the English colonies populations grew rapidly, with the population doubling every 25 years. The Middle Colonies experienced even greater growth.

• As the cities and towns grew, the colonists would soon begin to move onto lands claimed by the Native Americans and the French.

Population Increases

Population Increases (cont.)

• As the population increased, social differences among community members became more obvious.

• A few families increasingly controlled the wealth. – By 1772, the richest 10% of Philadelphia had a

share of 70% of taxable wealth.

Wealth• As people in major port cities (such as Boston and New York) became more wealthy, they would begin to imitate the culture of the English upper class.

• However, the less fortunate often did not prosper and move up in society.

Wealth (cont.)

• Without good health, a fortunate marriage, or ample inheritance, some people found hard work to not be enough to escape poverty. – Most large cities by the 1730’s had poor-houses

paid for by taxes.

Farms

• Farms became smaller with each generation as the same amount of land was divided among many heirs.

• As more people competed for land within existing communities, it became expensive. Many of those who wanted to live near their families, but had no land, became farm laborers.

Question

• With the lack of land and the difficulty of moving up in society, what do you think the poor colonists would begin to do?

Frontier

The frontier

• Instead of struggling, many colonists made a decision: to move for the frontier (the immediate area west of the colonies).

• Many colonists began to move into newly opened areas of western Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina.

• However, this decision would have adverse affects on the culture of the people who lived there.

Pioneers• The people who moved

west, the pioneers, often struggled with new existence (as we will see in a moment).

• Pioneers adapted their clothing to the new environment, wearing course linen hunting shirts and deerskin leggings and shoes. Many hunted for food and fur and would engage in trade with towns farther near the coast.

Pioneers (cont.)

• The cabins were generally built with flat wooden floors, sleeping lofts, or small rooms. The walls were generally split logs with nail clapboards covering them.

• Not all pioneers made homes, however. Some pioneers moved continuously and would put little attention into their housing.

Work

• From childhood into adulthood, everyone had to work hard.

• Without communities of people who could do varied labor, pioneers had to be their own butchers, carpenters, candle makers, and so forth.

• For those who could not produce on their own, they often struggled or had to trade what little they had to get new goods.

Beginnings of small towns

• Pioneers, however, often focused on agriculture. With a vast amount of land at their disposal, farmers often would produce a surplus of goods and would sell them on markets.

• The arrival of markets would soon begin to create small market towns in the frontier.

French Presence

• The French, however, still held a vast amount of land in the Americas.

• Much of it was disputed, but the French never utilized their area to it’s full potential and settled very little of it. As well, the French also did not remove Native Americans from the land as often as the English.

French Presence

French and the Native Americans

• The French colonial colony was tied to the existence of the Native Americans.

• Native Americans included French fur traders in their trade networks and they desired European goods such as horses, firearms, and metal tools. – To get these goods, the Natives traded furs–

primarily beaver.

Question

• When the English first arrived, did the Native Americans help them?

• How did the English treat the Native Americans?

• What effect do you think their past relationship would have on growing western expansion?

Early Issues

• When Plymouth Colony was founded, the Natives of the area– particularly Squanto and the Wampanoag tribe- helped make Plymouth into an established colony.

• Overtime, the New England colonies began to grow overtime, leading into new settlements such as Salem and Boston.

Early issues (cont.)

• During the Great Migration– when Puritans left en masse to the colonies– new settlements such as Rhode Island, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Connecticut developed separate relationships with different Native Tribes. – Many of these tribes had been traditional

competitors and enemies.– With the new English settlements growing, the

Native tribes would be forced near one another.

Early issues (cont.)• The tribes had initially had treaties with these

settlements that they would be protected from English expansion. However, between growing populations, diseases, and difficulties with diplomacy, Native-English diplomacy came to a sudden halt.

Metacom (King Philip)

• In 1675, Metacom– the new leader of the Wampanoag's tribe– went to war with the English to prevent further Puritan Expansion into Native lands.

• He lead the Wampanoag's and several other native groups against the colonies.

King Philip’s War

• Metacom (or King Philip as he was known by the English) attacked many New England settlements, destroying 12 towns.

• The Indian war effort did end, however, when Metacom was killed in battle. – Aside from that, the English received outside help

(which we will see in two slides).

King Philip’s War

• Over the course of three years in which the natives attacked the English, about 3,000 Natives and 600 English died.

• After the war, the New England Native Americans groups posed very little threat, allowing the English to continue expansion into the west.

The Iroquois League

• Part of the reason the New England colonies won was due to the assistance of the Iroquois League, a confederation of Native Americans near Pennsylvania and New York consisting of the Mohawks, Seneca's, Cayuga's, Onondages,and Oneidas. – The Mohawks had been attacked by Metacoms’

forces, and turned against him.

Iroquois League

• The Iroquois League, due it’s size and combined military strength, dominated the fur trade and extended their influence over Native Americans to the west to protect their independence. – They continued to maintain independence by playing

the French against the English, but at times would become involved in colonial conflicts if it was in their best interest.

– Depending on the issue, the Iroquois would side with either the French or English.

Cultures Clash• The European demand for fur changed life for

the Native Americans, who became dependent on the fur trade.

• Instead of hunting for food, the Natives began to hunt for commercial use, meaning they were less self-sufficient than before.

Cultures Clash

• As well, as populations of certain animals would begin to die off, the Natives had to move to new areas.

• However, Native clans would come into contact with one another and competition would lead into conflicts that often ended with deadly force.

Land issues

• European desire for land had a disastrous consequence for Native Americans.

• Native ways of using land did not fit the European notions of land ownership. – To Europeans, if land was not owned by a deed,

cleared, or built on, it was not owned. – Since much of Native land was not being used in

this way, the Europeans believed the land was theirs for the taking.

Land issues (cont.)

• Native Americans, however, had an understanding of territorial boundaries, but did not have individual ownership. Individuals could use the land for growing crops and for hunting/gathering.

• Loss of land to the Europeans had serious consequences because the Natives had diminished resources.

Beginnings of War

• France, Spain, and England were (sometimes) engaged in a worldwide struggle for power. The fighting would sometimes spill over into the colonies.

• As long as war existed in Europe, warfare in the colonies remained possible.

Albany Plan of Union

• To plan for defense and to recruit the Iroquois as allies, representatives from the seven colonies met in Albany, NY in 1754.

Albany Plan of Union

• At the meeting, the delegates adopted Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union, which called for a loose confederation to promote defense against the French.

Albany Plan of Union

• However, the colonial assemblies rejected the plan, fearing higher taxes and the possibility of giving England too much power. – The Iroquois decided that the English seemed too

disunited to defeat the French– They decided to not lend their support.

French and Indian War Begins

• The wars in Europe– referred to as the Seven Years War– spread to the colonies.

• Unlike previous conflicts, which often occurred in Spanish Florida or French Canada, this conflict was fought primarily in New England in the west of the Ohio Valley – (we will see a map in a few slides).

Spark of War

• Virginia land speculators (those who bought land to sell for profit), had acquired a large land grant in the Ohio Valley in 1749. To protect their interests, the Virginians began to build a fort between the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers in Ohio--- where modern day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is.

• The French, who considered that land theirs, drove the English off the fort, completed it, and named it Fort Duquesne (doo-kayn).

English Reaction• Outraged, Lt. Governor

Robert Dinwiddie (who himself was one of the Virginia land speculators) of Virginia sent a young George Washington and a company militia to expel the French.

• The French, however, held fast and did not surrender.

George Washington

British Losses• The British were unwilling to give up the

area to the French and sent General Edward Baddock, Washington, and a large force of British and colonial soldiers to take the fort in 1755.

• However, the British soldiers were not expecting a new force to align themselves with the French.

British Losses

• Inexperienced in colonial warfare, the British forces panicked when they clashed with the Native tribes (who are unaffiliated with Iroquois League) who had sided with the French– Question: How did the French treat the Native

Americans? Do you think this treatment caused the Natives to support the French?

• In 1757, the British also lost Oswego and Fort William Henry to the French and Natives.

British Victories

• British fortunes improved when British cabinet minister William Pitt assumed full control of the British war effort.

• He poured money and troops into the North American conflict.

• His support would pay off for the English.

British Victories (cont.)

• In 1758, British forces under Gen. Jeffry Amherst captured Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, which guarded the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

• Louisbourg’s fall meant that the British could prevent French supplies from reaching Canada.

British Victories (cont.)

• In August of the same year, the British captured Fort Frontenac on Lake Ontario.

• Finally, in November, the British marched to Fort Duquesne (doo-kayn) and, before they could capture it, the French blew it up instead of surrendering to the British.

Iroquois Response

• After the British military successes, the Iroquois responded by reassessing their neutrality and lent support to the British.

• With the military might of the Iroquois, the French lost their Native allies in the Ohio Valley and withdrew to Canada.

French Loss

• The British followed the French to Canada and were determined to take Quebec. • The French commander, however,

refused to go into battle.

French Loss

• However, the English discovered a path up the St. Lawrence River to Quebec.

• In the cover in night, the English assumed a battle formation outside the city and attacked.

• In 1759, Quebec was lost and the following year, Montreal fell– With these losses, the French lost the last of their

Canadian holdings.

Began

Ended

Treaty of Paris 1763• The war ended in 1761,

but fighting continued for two more years in other parts of the world.

• In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended all hostilities and awarded territories to the parties involved.

• The victorious British claimed Canada and all of the French holdings up to the Mississippi River except New Orleans.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Spain

• Spain, although having joined in 1762, surrendered to the British and lost Florida.

• However, they anticipated loss and had received the Louisiana territory in the 1762 Treaty of Fontaineblaeu.

Consequences of the French and Indian War

• Although the British gained from the war, the Native’s lost a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion west.

• Despite their help, the Natives would soon be dispossessed of their land by growing English populations.

• The Natives in Florida, who did not want to do business with the English, were also ultimately forced westward by English settlements.

After the War

• After signing the Treaty of Paris in 1763, England’s future looked bright.

• However, growing independence of the colonies would soon lead them to question English rule.

Video Review

• Please watch the following video (The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening) and take note on anything you may recognize.

Review Objectives

• Explain why the English began to expand westward

• Identify how westward expansion affected the relationship between the French and English

• Identify the beginnings the French and Indian War

• Identify the outcomes of the French and Indian War on the geography of America and the parties involved.

Questions

• If you have any questions, please ask now.

Review1. Why did some colonists move into the frontier? What affect

did this have on the Native Americans?2. How did the European’s demand for land and furs affect the

Native Americans?3. In your opinion, why did the Iroquois League join the British?

What could they gain from it? 4. What was the effect of the Treaty of Paris on (1) England’s

territory, (2) French territory, and (3) Native Americans?5. What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union and why

did the Iroquois League initially refuse to take part? 6. How did the Europeans view land ownership differently from

the Native Americans? 7. Why is it unsurprising that Native groups would initially

support the French during this war?