BELLWORK1. Explain the political effects of the Great Leap Forward.• Explain the importance of the following people:2. Lin Biao3. Liu Shaoqi 4. Zhou Enlai5. Deng Xiaoping6. THINKER: When Mao Zedong died in 1976, the CCP divided

into two factions, each vying for control of China. Make a prediction What are the two factions? What would each faction want from China in the 1970’s?

Liu Shaoqi • President of the People's

Republic of China from 1959 to 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China.

Zhou Enlai• First Premier of the PRC: 1949-1976• Long-time aide to Mao, specialized in

foreign policy• After Korean War, advocated peaceful co-

existence• Due to his expertise and popularity, he was

able to avoid the purges• Allied with other moderates• His death (8 months before Mao) turned

into public anger towards the government leading to the Tiananmen Square incident.

Deng Xiaoping• Head of the Secretariat of the CCP• Pre-GLF: Out-argued Soviet theorists/

politicians; embarrassing for USSR• Post-GLF: Implemented many moderate

reforms with Liu Shaoqi• Feeling threatened, by the moderates in

the party, Mao will eventually remove Liu and Deng from power and force them into labor camps (1965-1972)

• After death of Mao, he will compete (and eventually overthrow) radicals within the CCP to come to power

Lin Biao• Leader of the Red Army in the

Civil War (vital to their success)• Under Mao, Lin was the Defense

Minister & leading radical of CCP• In 1969, he was officially named

as Mao’s successor• In the early 1970’s Lin had a

“falling out” with Mao• Zhou Enlai was Mao’s next choice

Hua Guofeng• In 1976, Zhou Enlai died and Mao

backed Hua Guofeng as the new premier.

• He was the Minister for Public Security during the Cultural Revolution

• Was a “compromise candidate” – did not belong to either faction

• Challenged by Deng (vice-chairman of CCP in 1977)

• In 1980, Hua’s unpopular reforms will lead to the rise of Deng to power

Gang of Four• Political faction of four CCP officials• Consisted of Mao Zedong's last wife Jiang Qing, the

leading figure of the group, and her close associates Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen

• Anti-Soviet & Anti-American• Controlled the CCP towards end of Cultural Revolution• After Mao’s death, they rivaled Deng for power

Death of Mao…..

Now what?

Reading: China post-Mao & the struggle for power

• For the rest of class (potentially homework), you will read about the struggle for power following Mao’s death.

• Take notes on the points listed on the handout.• Be ready to discuss Thursday!• This is KEY to “communism in crisis” topic!!!!

China post-Mao

Rule of Deng Xiaoping and rapprochement with the West

Summarize the struggle for power following Mao’s death

Rule of Hua Guofeng & his effectiveness

Re-emergence of Deng Xiaoping

Deng’s Economic Policies

Other reforms under Deng (industry, political, military, foreign, etc.)

1980’s Protests: Causes & Effects

Relaxation of Tensions: 1980’s• Reasons for relaxation of Sino-Soviet tensions:

– Mao’s death in 1976– Overthrow of the Anti-Soviet Gang of Four– New PRC leader, Deng, was more tolerant to the USSR & US– Lenoid Brezhnev’s death in 1982

• Issues that still remained:– Soviet invasion of Afghanistan– Soviet troops on the Chinese border– Soviet support for Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia

• When Gorbachev assumed Soviet leadership in 1985, there was, for first time in 20 years, a real chance at improving relations– Signed trade agreements, restored diplomatic relations, Soviets withdrew from

Cambodia & Afghanistan

Deng “opens” China post-Mao• December 1978: took power in the Chinese Communist Party• Four Modernizations: Strengthen the fields of agriculture,

industry, defense & technology• Stop exporting communist ideology in Southeast Asia• Encourage foreign travel and education• “One country, two systems=“ Massive economic reform, but still

maintained communist rhetoric• Commune system dismantled (peasants allowed to own their

own land & sell their own crops)• Open foreign trade• Improve relations with the West (January 1979 – U.S. recognized

the PRC)• Did little to improve Sino-Soviet relations

“We mustn't fear to adopt the advanced management methods applied in capitalist countries (...) The very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of the productive systems (...) Socialism and market economy are not incompatible (...) We should be concerned about right-wing deviations, but most of all, we must be concerned about left-wing deviations”

Tiananmen Square Protests• Before Gorbachev’s visit to Beijing in April 1989,

students began a peaceful protest• “Down with bureaucracy – Long live democracy!”• 100,000 people (mostly students) praised

Gorbachev as a hero of reform• Deng imposed martial law and sent in troops to

disperse the crowds• Thousands were killed (CCP said <100)