Bellwork: 09/13/2013Some biology students will be in the classroom briefly to observe and answer the following questions. I would like you guys to help them with their observations & questions:1.What were some structural differences in the fish that gave them more of an advantage compared to other fish?2. Give an example of commensalism you observed.3. Give an example of predation.4. Name 2 fish that were in competition and name the resource they were fighting over. (Be specific.)

Bellwork: 09/16/20131. Label the zones of the ocean & describe the

amount of light that will be found in each:

2. I will not be here tomorrow morning

History of Oceanography

Why study historic oceanography?

Connected to the world’s overall history – Commerce,

warfare, resources, weather

The oceans have shaped humanity’s past

Why study Oceanographic History? Understand how and why people

apply marine sciences today

Oceanography’s history is about people, not just oceans and test tubes.

Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 B.C. to 800 A.D.)

Not sure when ocean voyages actually began – Fish hooks and spears dated

approximately 5000 B.C.

Earliest recorded sea voyage – Egyptians about 3200 B.C.

Phoenician Explorations

Most important early Western seafarers

Motivated by trade Established first

trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and as far north as Great Britain

Phoenician Navigation Stayed within sight of land Traveled at night – steered by

observing constellations and the North Star.

In the ancient world, the North Star was called the Phoenician Star

Polynesian Exploration Between 2000 and 500 B.C. Often traveled thousands of kilometers

across open ocean Open canoes cut from tree trunks Developed stick maps with ocean

currents Settled most of the islands in the

Pacific Ocean hundreds of years before Europeans reached Pacific Ocean

Polynesian Significance

Earliest known regular, long-distance, open-ocean seafaring beyond sight of land

Greek Exploration First who used mathematical

principles and developed sophisticated maps for seafaring

Pytheas – Greek explorer, noted that he could predict tides in Atlantic based on phases of moon

He also measured angle between horizon and the North Star to determine position – improved navigation

Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C)

2 major contributions that furthered Pytheas’ work

Calculated Earth’s Circumference ~40,000 km

Invented first latitude/longitude system

Map of World – According to Eratosthenes

Ptolemy (100-168 A.D.)

Created map of Earth that showed a portion of the Earth as a sphere on flat paper.

Produced first world atlasImproved longitude/latitude system

– System still used today

Middle Ages (800 A.D.-1400)

Vikings (790 A.D. to 1100)

Vikings of Scandinavia were active explorers during The 9th century

Discovered Iceland and Greenland Leif Eriksson – son of Eric The

Red, set off in search of timber for Greenland Colony and discovered North America (Newfoundland, Canada)

European Exploration and the Renaissance

Prince Henry the navigator, (1420’s) founded first school of navigation

Christopher Columbus (1490’s) was attempting to find a west-ward route to India when he reached the Bahama Islands

Ferdinand Magellan (1520) led the expedition that first circumnavigated the word; he was killed in the Philippines

Magellan’s Circumnavigation of World

The Beginning of Ocean Science

18th Century

Previous exploration driven by military, trade, or conquest objectives

Royal Navy of Britain launched voyages with objectives of exploration, mapping and projecting British presence around the world

Ben Franklin and the Gulf Stream (1777) Noted northerly routed ship from Europe

took longer than ships that came by a longer more southerly route

Learned about gulf stream from nephew, who gave his uncle a chart

Franklin had the chart printed and distributed to the captains of mail ships.

They shortened their inbound voyages by avoiding the current and they shortened their outbound voyages by using the current.

Darwin, Coral Reefs and Biological Evolution From 1831 to 1836 a naturalist for

the HMS Beagle circumnavigated the southern oceans and oceanic islands.

Darwin observed birds and other organisms on isolated islands, most of his research took place in the Galapagos Islands.

In 1859, his observations were published in the book “On the origin of Species”.

The Rosses, Edward Forbes, and life in the deep sea

John Ross took samples and animals in Baffin bay (Canada) Later James Ross took samples from Antarctic ocean bottom at 4.3 Miles

John Ross and James Ross found that there are some bottom dwelling creatures in Baffin Bay and Antarctic Ocean. They discovered that deep Atlantic is uniformly cold.

Forbes – Oceans divided into life-depth zones; concluded that ocean life decrease as depth increases. This contrasted with Rosses finings and created dispute for decades in Britain.

The Ocean as Laboratory : The

Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)

The expedition covered 79,178 miles.

2 contributions:– Discovery and classification of 4,717

new marine species– Measurement of record water depth

at the Mariana Trench of 26,847 feet.

Polar oceanography begins with the voyage of the Fram Fridtjof Nansen set out with a

crew of 13 on a boat called Fram to explore the Artic sea.

His boat became frozen in ice and drifted for 3 years

His drift proved that there was no continent in the Artic sea.

Twentieth century oceanography

The expansion of The expansion of oceanographyoceanography German U-boat led to the invention of German U-boat led to the invention of

the echo sounder to detect submarinesthe echo sounder to detect submarines WW2_military performed and WW2_military performed and

supported many studies on supported many studies on transmission of sound in the ocean transmission of sound in the ocean waves, currents, and ocean- floor waves, currents, and ocean- floor topography.topography.

After WW2 U.S. government After WW2 U.S. government established a Sea Grant program to established a Sea Grant program to fund ocean researchfund ocean research

The history behind plate tectonic theory

In 1915, Alfred Wegener developed the theory of continental drift.– He conceived of a single ancient landmass called

Pangaea that began to break 180 million years ago. Fredrick Vine and Drummond Matthews provided

evidence for sea floor spreading in 1963– They mapped magnetic patterns of the ocean floor,

which showed parallel bands of similarly magnetized reaches on either side of oceanic mountain ranges. Which were records of changes in Earth’s magnetic field over time

Increased pressure on body cavities and gases dissolved in body tissues limits duration of dives.

Decompressing is necessary at greater depths because rapid ascending turns dissolved gases in tissues into nitrogen. These nitrogen bubbles can stop blood flow. This is know as the bends and is extremely painful illness which can be fatal.– To protect oneself, a strict decompression

schedule which includes stopping at different depths

– JIM suit allows a person to repair machinery at the ocean floor at surface pressure

Humans invade the deep ocean

Submersibles William Beebe (1930)- descended to a

depth of 923 meters off Bermuda in a tethered bathysphere to observe deep-sea life.

Jacques Piccard- designed untethered vessel Trieste - 1960

Alvin, Sea Cliff- 2 most widely used submersibles

Japan’s Shinkai- to study microbes in the deep sea

Trieste (1960) The bathyscaphe,

Trieste, descends to 10,915 meters into Marianas Trench

Deepest depth in the ocean

4 hours and 48 minutes at a descent rate of 0.9 meters per second (3.0 ft/s

Submersibles Factors of manned sub:

– Risk to human life– High cost of the systems required– Relatively short time that can be spent making observations

Advantages of ROVs (remotely operated vehicles)– No risk to humans– Can make computer-assisted maps (based on sonar)– Stay down in water for a long time

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles – Programmed to carry out specific data gatherings missions

of long durations without human life

A.U.V.s vs. R.O.V.s

Living under the sea

Jacques Cousteau- began designing and testing the underwater living chamber in the 1950s

In the 1970s teams lived undersea chambers for up to 60 days

May be placed on ocean floor or suspended

Can respond and equalize to any pressure

Aquarius

•The only under sea laboratory dedicated to studying marine life.

•Located 20 meters under water with a 17 by 34 living space for scientists.

Terms & Equipment

Secchi disk- Determines how transparency of

the water Core Sampler- takes samples of core

sediments Hydrometer- Determines the density of the water Dredge- scoops up marine life Alvin- famous submarine that

explored deep sea