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Bellringer
If Democracy were represented by a star, what would the five points stand for?
Using your notes pick the 5 key ideas of democracy.
Draw a picture of the star on the top of your homework.
ObjectivesDistinguish between
Power, Authority and Legitimacy
Discuss the usefulness of typologies and understand the common ways of categorizing and diff erentiating countries.
Understand minimal conditions for democracy as set out in the text.
TODAY WE WILL …
Power Authority
Constitutional?Legitimacy
Rational/ Legal Common law Code Law
Charismatic
Traditional
Sovereignty: No one else can tell me what to do Supranational
Organizations UN EU NATO WTO OPEC IMF NAFTA African Union ECOWAS
POWER, AUTHORITY, LEGITIMACY, SOVEREIGNTY
Nation – a group of people who share common cultural traits (ethnicity, language, religion)Nationalism - a sense of self identification enabling them to be distinguished from other groups of people
State – a political unit (think “Country”) International recognition of, permanent population,
governing institutions. These political units are separated by legal borders. Every “state” has the right to make laws for the territory
within the boundaries, Sovereign State
NATION VS. STATE
NationsArabsLatino JewsPalestiniansScottishQuebecoisKurdsKoreansProtestants
States IranMexico Israel
UKCanada IraqSouth KoreaUSA
NATION VS. STATE
A political unit that has legal boundaries that is also made of one united nation
Can you think of any that exist?How do you create a nation-state?
ONE language, ONE religion, ONE leader, national pride, symbols, etc.
Fragmentation: Polarization of religion apparent in world politics by the
early 21st century
NATION-STATE?
States are sovereign and have institutions Formal Institutions: Stable, long lasting, turn political ideas into
policy Legislative: makes the laws (see Presidential vs Parliamentary systems) Executive: Carry out the laws of the state
Head of State vs Head of Government Bureaucracy: agencies that generally implement government policy, discretionary power. Military
Judicial: Defend democratic principles of a country, rules constitutionally of laws and decide guilt and innocence of lawbreakers.
Linkage Institutions: connect government to citizens Political Parties Elections Media Interest Groups
Regimes: The Rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power are referred to collectively as regimes. They endure beyond individual government and leaders.
STATES & REGIMES
Q1: What is the difference between Comparative Government and International Relations?
Centripetal GLOBALIZATION
Forces that tie people of the world together
The integration of social, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations
Supranational organizations
CentrifugalFRAGMENTATION
Forces that tear people of the world apart
Separatist movements- loyalties based on ethnicity, language, religion, or cultural identity
Devolution- Scottish independence?
(Q2) GLOBALIZATION? FRAGMENTATION?
“Advanced” democracy – high level of economic development, open elections (Britain, US)
Communist/Post-Communist – system that limits freedoms to divide wealth equally (Russia, China)
Less developed countries (LDC), newly industrializing countries (NIC) – rapid growth, political instability (Mexico, Iran, Nigeria)
(Q5) COMPARATIVE METHODUSED TO BE….THREE WORLD APPROACH:
COLD WAR – 1ST, 2ND, 3RD WORLDS
We will use…Consolidated (liberal) Democracy:
Established and stable democracy. Relatively consistent adherence to the core democratic principles.
Transitional (illiberal) Democracy: Countries that have moved from an authoritarian government to a democratic one.
Authoritarian: power depends on coercive force.
TYPOLOGY WE’LL USE
Causal Theory
If X happens, then Y will result.
Factors :X Independent variable
Outcome: Y Dependent variable
Beware “Causation” vs “Correlation”
Middle Level Theory
Failure of “rational choice theory”, universal claims and case studies
The focus is on institutions, policies or events to find themes
(Q4) COMPARISON THEORIES
There has been some debate as to whether economic growth causes democracy or merely correlates with democracy. What do you think?
Use the terms “correlation” and “causation” in your discussion of the prompt.
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
Regime, “System of Government” Patterns of method of access to leaders Characteristics of actors admitted to or excluded from
access to public offi ce Rules in binding policymaking Institutionalization through formalized constitution or
traditionRulers (Government)
People who occupy specialized authority roles and can give legitimate commands to others
Attain Power and are accountable ? How do rulers come to power and what are the practices
that hold them accountable?Change in Regime is a change in the system of
government, Change in Government means a change in the leader.
REGIME VS. RULERS (GOVERNMENT)
REGIME: The rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power. Institutions and practices.
Democratic
Consolidated/liberal/substantive Transitional/illiberal/procedural
Authoritarian Military Regimes
Communist Regimes Totalitarian Regimes
REGIME TYPES:(POWER, LEGIT, AUTHORITY)
Authoritarian Regimes: A system of rule in which power depends not on popular legitimacy but on the coercive force of the political authorities.
Hence, there are few personal and group freedoms.
Also characterized by near absolute power in the executive branch and few, if any, legislative and judicial controls.
Totalitarian RegimesA polit ical system in which the state attempts to exercise total control over all aspects of public and private l i fe, including the economy, culture, education, and social organizations, through an integrated system of ideological, economic, and polit ical control.
Totalitarian states are said to rely largely on terror as a means to exercise power.
Term has been applied to both communist party-states including Stalinist Russia and Maoist China and fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany.
REGIME TYPES:(POWER, LEGIT, AUTHORITY)
Difference between REGIME CHANGE & CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT
In groups create a poster that explains each of the key points of the article:1. Public Realm & Citizens2. Competition& Elections3. Majority Rule 4. Cooperation & Civil Society5. Representatives6. Principles7. Diff erences in democracies 1-68. Diff erences in democracies 7-119. What Democracy is Not
WHAT DEMOCRACY IS…
Public Realm and Citizens Making collective norms and choices- binding on society backed by state coercion
Liberal : private sector Social-Democratic: public sector
Restrictions of citizenship now open to all native born adults Competition, Elections & Representatives
“Classic”: citizens decisions direct democracies/ consensus Elections manage factions “Electoralism” X elections do not define democracy alone! Representatives: how are they chosen and held accountable for their actions. Larger bureaucracies change # of people who make decisions based on functional
but not territorial constituencies. Majority Rule
Governing body that makes decisions by combining votes of more than half of those eligible and present.
Majority rule to protect minority rights Bill of Rights, federalism, neocorporatism
Civi l Society, Competition & Cooperation Civil Society cooperation and deliberation via autonomous groups, citizens
deliberate among themselves Competition among factions, Range and modes of competition Actors make collective decisions, cooperate to compete
DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES
Elected winners will not act in a way to bar competitors for next election
Democracy institutionalizes “normal” limited political uncertainty
Constitutional guarantees of property, privacy and expression
Most eff ective Competition among interest groups Cooperation within civil societies
DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES
1. Control is vested in elected offi cials2. Frequent and fair elections3. Suff rage rights include almost all adults4. Right to expression without fear of punishment5. Available alternative sources of information6. Right to form relatively independent associations
or organizations (parties & interest groups)+ offi cials can use powers without pressure from civil society+ self-governing, act independently of other states.
DEMOCRATIC PROCEDURES
Civil Liberties Rule of Law Neutrality of the Judiciary / independence Open Civil Society
Voluntary organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests. Advocacy groups, social networks, media
Civilian Control of the Military Democratic Consolidation: The movement
towards a creation of a stable political system that is supported by all parts of the society.
In a consolidated democracy all institutions and many people participate, so that democracy penetrates political parties, the judiciary and the bureaucracy.
LIBERAL/ CONSOLIDATED DEMOCRACIES
Elections without civil liberties and civil rightsNo independent judiciary
Weak rule of law, accountabilitySmall/ weak civil society
Interest groups Media
Large-scale disenfranchisement, probably on ethnic/ racial grounds
BUT There are regular competitive elections
Candidates may be recruited by parties, restricted by election committees
Political systems similar: constitution, executive, legislative and judicial branches Branches may be fused
WHAT DISTINGUISHES AN ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY?
Read each statement and decide which regime(s) has the characteristic. • Liberal Democracy• I lliberal Democracy• Authoritarian
Describe a change that an illiberal democracy could make to become a liberal democracy.
What does this chart say about democratization?
REGIME ATTRIBUTE GUIDE