Name 3 structures of the respiratory system and explain the function of each.

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Learning TargetLearning Target

•I can explain the structures and functions of the respiratory system.

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Structure and Function The human respiratory

system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.

Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration Inspiration- the process

of taking in air Expiration- the process

of blowing out air

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Objectives

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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External RespirationExternal Respiration

Air from the outside environment enters the nose or mouth during inspiration (inhalation).

The Nose

•Also called external nares•Divided into two halves by the nasal septum•Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed

•Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies

Apnea:Apnea:Lack of breathing

Hypoxia:Hypoxia:Lack of oxygen in the body

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Cyanosis:Bluish discoloration of the skin

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Indication of respiratory Indication of respiratory distress:distress:

Nasal flare

Tripoid Position

Pursed lip breathing

Use of accessory muscles

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Nasal Flare

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Pursed Lip Breathing Pursed Lip Breathing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxPRng3FRD4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxPRng3FRD4

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Tripoid Position

Assessory Muscles**HOW TO SPOT A CHILD STRUGGLING TO BREATHE*** - YouTube

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PharynxPharynx

Also known as the throat is a passageway for both air and food

Three Sections of the Pharynx

Nasopharynx -contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in the body’s immune defense

Oropharynx-back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense

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EpiglottisThe epiglottis, a movable flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx (voice box) prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing.

Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale at the same time so some food may enter the larynx and choking occurs.

Aspiration occurs when food or fluid enters the lung instead of the stomach.

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LarynxLarynx

Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the area where sounds are produced

Voice Box

Glottis

True Vocal Cords

False Vocal Cords

Posterior Portion of Tongue

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TracheaTrachea trachea

bronchi

•Also known as the windpipe

•Connects the larynx to the right and left bronchi

larynx

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Internal RespirationInternal Respiration

Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect to lung capillaries.

alveolus

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and oxygen is delivered to the body cells.

capillaries

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LungsLungs

•Consist of a right and left lobe

•Covered by a double layer of membrane that makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier. The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner layer is the visceral pleura

•The space between the two pleurae is called the pleural cavity

•Pleurisy occurs when there is friction inside the pleural cavity. Very painful

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Inhale/ExhaleThe passage of air from the external environment to the lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one inhalation and one exhalation.

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Muscles for BreathingMuscles for Breathing

The major muscles that contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity during inspiration are the:

•DiaphragmNote: The diaphragm lowers itself when it contracts during inhalation

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Lungs

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea (windpipe)Right and left bronchi

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Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Tests

Methods Used to Diagnose Respiratory Disorders:

•Auscultation

•Assessing respiratory rate

•Percussion

•Sputum analysis

Normal Adult respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations per minute.

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Pulmonary Function TestsPulmonary function tests measure the mechanics of breathing.

Peak flow meter•measures the capacity for breathing

Spirometer•a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the lungs volume and capacity

Pulse Oximetry: Measures the saturation of O2 inside the body

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Abnormalities/MassesAbnormalities such as masses and restricted blood flow within the lungs can be detected via:

•Chest x-rays•MRI•Lung scans Structures of the

respiratory system can be observed via:

•Endoscopy •Bronchoscopy

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Laboratory Tests Laboratory Tests

•Throat Cultures

•Sputum Sample

•Arterial Blood Gases

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Pathology

Inflammatory

Conditions

adenoiditisbronchitis

epiglottitis

laryngitis

laryngotracheobronchitis

pharyngitis

rhinitis pneumonitis

sinusitistonsillitis

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Breathing PatternsBreathing Patterns

eupnea

bradypnea

tachypnea

hypopnea

hyperpnea

dyspnea

apnea

orthopneaOther Conditions

•Hypoventilation

•Hyperventilation

•Hypoxemia

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Upper Respira http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Qbn1Zw5CTbA tory Infection

Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the respiratory tract.

Other Conditions:

•Croup•Diptheria

•Epistaxis•Rhinorrhea

•Pertussis•Rhinitis

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Chronic Obstructive Puhttp://s.ytimg.com/yts/img/favicon-vfldLzJxy.ico Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:

•Emphysema•Chronic Bronchitis

Asthma causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.

Normal bronchiole

Asthmatic bronchiole, showing constriction

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HemoptysisHemoptysis

Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of blood.

Cystic Fibrosis

Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.

AtelectasisCollapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung.

Pneumonia

Acute infection of the alveoli.

Pathology• TB: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious

bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may spread to other organs.

• ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood.

• Lung Cancer: Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest. Most lung cancer begins in the cells of the bronchi.

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Disorders of the PleuraDisorders of the Pleura

Pneumothorax

•Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.

Empyema•Pus in the pleural cavity.

Hemothorax

•Blood in the pleural cavity.

Pleural Effusion

•Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.

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OtorhinolaryngologistsPulmonologists are physicians that specialize in disorders and diseases of the lungs.

Surgical Removal Conditions

•Tonsillectomy •Laryngectomy

•Lobectomy

•Adenoidectomy •Pneumonectomy

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Surgical Repair

Surgical Repair

bronchoplasty

rhinoplasty

laryngoplasty

tracheoplasty

septoplasty

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Surgical IncisionsSurgical Incisions

Tracheostomy tube

•Laryngotracheotomy

•Sinusotomy

•Thoracotomy

•Tracheotomy

•Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.

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Pharmacology

Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with other system disorders.

Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:

Bronchodilators•Dilate the bronchial walls

Expectorants

•Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

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Mechanical DevicesMechanical Devices that aid in Respiration

Ventilators•Actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients who can not breathe on their own.

Nebulizers

•Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems

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Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions

Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions

Antitussive

Decongestants

Expectorants(relieves coughing)

(decreases and prevents mucus buildup)

(promotes coughing and expelling of mucus)

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Apply Your KnowledgeIdentify the following respiratory structures:

A.

B.

C.

Apply Your Knowledge Answers

• A Trachea

• B Bronchus

• C Alveoli

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Apply Your Knowledge Part 2An obstruction in which of the following would be MOST fatal?

A. BRONCHIOLE

B. TRACHEA

C. BRONCHI

Answer

B. Trachea

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Apply Your Knowledge Part 3Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six months. He recently went to his physician and received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box.

Which of the following procedures might be indicated for Mr. Davis?

A. Pharyngectomy

B. Pneumonectomy

C. Laryngectomy

AnswerAnswer: C. Laryngectomy

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Apply Your Knowledge Part 4Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for something to help her with her dry cough.

Which of the following types of medication should Melissa consider taking?

A. Expectorant

B. Antitussive

C. Antibiotic

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Answer: A. Expectorant