Bell Work Tuesday 4/08 Please answer the following prompt in a complete paragraph: In order to provide for a family often parents/guardians work long hours

Bell WorkTuesday 4/08

Please answer the following prompt in a complete paragraph:

In order to provide for a family often parents/guardians work long hours or sacrifice their personal desires for the good of those they love. Tell me about someone you know/look

up to and describe what they do to care for you or your family. (Make sure to give quality examples)

Sentence Stem Ex: I really look up to my ____ because they…….

SSR + Log Tuesday 4/08

Please sit quietly with your desks cleared and have your pencil/pen

ready for SSR

SSR + Log Tuesday 4/08

Please take two minutes to discuss our SSR article with your table mates.

When you receive your SSR Meta-cognitive log please read the directions and select and circle five sentence stems to help complete

the activity

Bell WorkWednesday 4/09

Look in your book beginning on page 717 and begin reading to find the answers

• 1. What were the four factors that contributed to Britain’s Industrialization?

• 2. How did the rising population benefit the Industrial Revolution?

• 3. What American invention aided in the textile industry?

The Industrial Revolution

Chapter 25

Section 1-The Beginnings of Industrialization

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• The Industrial Revolution-– The increased output of

machine-made goods beginning in England in the mid 1700’s

• Enclosures- – Large fenced in fields in which

landowners experimented with productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop harvests


• Seed Drill-– Invented by Jethro Tull in 1701 that

allowed farmers to plant seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths.

• Crop Rotation-– Designed to rotate crops that drained

nutrients from the soil (ex. Wheat) with crops that replenish them (ex. Turnips)


• Industrialization- The process of developing the machine production of goods through the use of natural resources.– Natural Resources used for

Industrialization• Water and coal power

• Iron Ore to construct tools, machines and buildings

• Rivers for inland transportation

• Harbors for the ships to set sail


• Factors of Production-The resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required.– Ex. Land, labor and

capital (a.k.a wealth)

Improvements in Transportation

• Entrepreneur-Someone who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

• The steam engine was modified by James Watt for increased efficiency.– Ex. Robert Fulton's Clermont was

a steam ship that ferried passengers up and down the Hudson River

The Railway Age Begins

• The steam powered railroad locomotive was the driving force behind English industry after 1820

• Steam-Driven Locomotives-– 1804 Richard Trevithick won several

thousand dollars on a bet that he could haul 10 tons of iron ore nearly 10 miles with a steam engine


• The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad-– English entrepreneurs wanted a

rail line to connect the cities of Liverpool and Manchester.

– A contest was held to see which train would run on the line• George Stephenson’s Rocket won

by hauling 13 tons at nearly 24 miles per hour


• Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain-– The Four Major Effects of the Locomotive-

• Materials and finished products were cheap to transport

• The new rail lines created thousands of new jobs

• Agricultural and fishing industries saw a boost b/c of new transportation opportunities

• Travel became easier and people could now live farther from their jobs

Bell WorkThursday 4/10

Look in your book beginning on page 723

and begin reading to find the answers• 1. Why did people flock to cities and towns during the

Industrial Revolution?

• 2. What social class expanded as a result of industrialization?

• 3. What were some of the negative effects of the rapid growth of Manchester?

Section 2-Industrialization

Industrialization Changes Life

• Industrialization had positive and negative effects on the lives of Britain’s citizens – Positive Effects-• Most peoples quality of life improved

• There was a plentiful supply of jobs

– Negative Effects-• Change to machine production initially caused human

suffering

• Working conditions were often unhealthy

• Rising class tensions


• Urbanization- The building of new cities and the movement of people to these cities – Between 1800 and

1850 the number of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants grew from 22 to 47


• Living Conditions-– Due to the rapid growth of English

cities they had several problems • No development plan

• No sanitary codes

• No building codes

– They also lacked adequate• Education

• Housing

• Police Protection

Industrialization Changes Life• Typical living conditions-– People lived in dark, dirty

houses, with one family in a room

– Diseases like cholera was common due to poor removal of excrement

– A British study estimated a life span of factory workers to be 17 years compared to 38 years for those living in rural areas


• Working Conditions-– In order to be a productive as possible

companies often had their employees work 14 hour shifts, 6 days a week

– Other Issues-• Dark and dirty factories • Boilers might explode or limbs could get

caught in machines– No workman’s comp if you were injured on the job

• Mines were the most dangerous– Miners lived 10 years less than anyone else

Class Tensions Grow • Middle Class-A social class made up of

skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers –Middle Class was neither rich nor poor

– Upper middle class was made up of:• Gov. employees, doctors, lawyers, and those who

managed mines, and shops

– Lower middle class was made up of:• Tool makers, mechanical drafters, and printers

Class Tensions Grow

• Working Class-– Between 1800 and 1850

workers saw little improvement in living and working conditions

• Angry that their livelihoods were disappearing due to labor saving machines they began to destroy them out of anger

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Positive Effects of the Revolution-– Created new jobs

– Contributed to the wealth of the nation

– Technological progress was made through new inventions

– Production of consumer goods increased

– Standard of living was raised

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Long Term Effects-– Consumer goods

considered luxuries 50-60 years ago are now affordable for everyone

– Profits from industrialization creates tax revenue • These funds allow

government to raise the standard of living for city dwellers



• 1. What early industries mechanized in the United States?

• 2. Why did Belgium lead Europe in Industrializing?

• 3. How did the Industrial Revolution shift the balance of power in the world?

Section 3-Industrialization Spreads

Industrial Development in the United States

• During the War of 1812 the British blockade forced the U.S. to develop their own industry

• Luckily the U.S. had the same resources that allowed Britain to industrialize – Fast flowing rivers

– Deposits of coal and iron ore

– Supply of laborers


• U.S. industrialization began in the textile industry – Britain wouldn’t let mechanics, tool makers, or

engineers leave the country

• 1813-Francis Cabot Lowell and four other investors opened up a factory that mechanized every stage of cloth manufacturing – Young women began to work in these factories

earning more money and finding independence


• Later Industrial Expansion-– The U.S. largely agricultural

until after the Civil War ended in 1865

• Technological Boom-– Light bulb and the telephone

met the demands of a booming population


The Rise of Corporations-

• Stock- Certain rights of ownership sold to help entrepreneurs open or expands their business

• Corporation-A business owned by stock holders who share in it’s profits but are not personally responsible for it’s debts

Continental Europe Industrializes

• European businessmen yearned to replicate the “British miracle” of rapidly manufacturing goods

• The Napoleonic Wars had halted trade, interrupted communication and caused inflation in Europe

• Continental Europe’s industrialization began in Belgium

Continental Europe Industrializes

• Germany Industrializes-– Germany was politically divided

– Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered industrialization

– Around 1835 Germany began to copy the Britain by importing British equipment and engineers• They also sent their kids to England

to learn industrial management

Impact of Industrialization

• The Rise of Global Inequality – Global trade was strengthened but

the gap between the industrialized and unindustrialized widened • This led to the increased colonization of

smaller countries for natural resources

– Due to imperialism European economies were based on industry while Asian and African economies were still based on agriculture



• 1.What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws of economics?

• 2. What kind of society did early socialists want?

• 3. Why did workers join together to form unions?

Section 4-Reforming the Industrial World

The Philosophies of Industrialization

• Laissez-faire-An economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions with out (gov.) interference – French for “let people do as they please”

• Capitalism-An economic system where the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested to make a personal profit


• Adam Smith-Professor at the University of Glasgow (Scotland) wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776– His book defended the

idea of a free economy, saying “economic liberty guaranteed economic progress”


• Adam Smith’s Three Natural Laws of Economics– The Law of Self-Interest

• People work for their own good

– The Law of Competition• Competition forces people to make a

better product

– The Law of Supply and Demand• Maximum amount of goods will be

produced at the lowest possible price to meet the needs of the people

The Rise of Socialism

• Utilitarianism-The theory that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility and usefulness

• Socialism- An economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

Marxism: Radical Socialism

• Marxism-Radical form of socialism introduced by Karl Marx in a 23 page packet called “The Communist Manifesto” – Felt the Industrial Revolution

enriched the wealthy and improvised the poor. • He felt the workers would overthrow the

owners

• Marx felt communism was the “complete form of socialism”

Labor Unions and Reform Law

• Unions- Voluntary labor associations in which workers joined together to press for reforms

• Strikes- A collective refusal to work– Workers will usually strike

until their demands for the improvement of working conditions or higher wages is met

Labor Unions and Reform Law

• Laws that Reformed Working Conditions in England – Factory Act of 1833

• Made it illegal to hire kids under 9 to work in the factory – Kids 9-12 couldn’t work more than 8 hours a day – Kids 13-17 couldn’t work more than 12 hours a day

– Mines Act 1842-• Women and children could no longer work underground

in the mines

– Ten Hours Act of 1847-• Limited the work day of women and children in factories

to 10 hours

The Reform Movement Spreads

• The Abolition of Slavery-– The British abolished slavery

in 1833

– The American’s abolished slavery 1865

– Puerto Rico abolished slavery 1873

– Brazil abolished slavery 1888

Documents

Bell Work Tuesday 4/08 Please answer the following prompt in a complete paragraph: In order to provide for a family often parents/guardians work long hours