Bell Work

Imagine you have been hired to oversee the maintenance of a forest.1. How would you evaluate the health of the forest?

2. What actions would you take to keep the forest healthy?

3. What might be a threat to the health of the forest?

5 minutes Bell Work

10 minutes Review

30 minutes Primary Succession

5 minutes Mini-break

30 minutes Secondary Succession

5 minutes Succession Video

5 minutes Exit Ticket

Today’s Schedule

Review

Ecology

Ecology

BiosphereBiosphere

Biotic Factor

Biotic Factor

Abiotic Factor

Abiotic Factor

PopulationPopulation

Biological CommunityBiological Community

Ecosystem

EcosystemBiomeBiome

HabitatHabitat

NicheNichePredationPredation

SymbiosisSymbiosis

MutualismMutualism

Commensalism

Commensalism

omnivoreomnivore

Food webFood web

Food webFood web

Ecological Succession In 1988 large

areas of Yellowstone Park burned to the ground.

How do you think the park looked the following spring?

Ecological Succession The “dead” forest

began to change New plant growth

began

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Ecosystems tend to

change with time until a stable system is formed.

The stable system that will form depends on climatic limitations.

Ecological Succession The replacement of

one community by another until a stable stage is reached is called ecological succession.

Climax Community The final stage of

succession is called the climax community.

The climax community in New York State is an oak-hickory forest or a maple-beech forest.

SuccessionGradual development of

a community of organisms over time

Takes place in all communities

Takes place over time

Succession occurs BECAUSE Each community

changes the conditions so that they are more favorable to other organisms that replace them.

For example, some types of trees need a lot of sun and their saplings cannot grow under the shade of their own species.

They will be replaced by the types of trees whose saplings can grow in shade of other trees.

Primary Succession Primary succession

occurs where there was no previous community, such as on bare rock or sand.

Primary succession begins with pioneer organisms.

Pioneer Organisms Pioneer organisms

can tolerate extreme conditions: hot and cold; dry and wet.

Moss, dune grass, and lichens are pioneer organisms.

Lichens Lichens are algae and

fungus growing together in a mutualistic relationship. Algae make the food; fungus anchor and capture water.

Pioneer organisms Soil is produced over

hundreds of years by pioneer organisms.

These organisms break apart rock, add humus as they die and decompose, and hold water

This allows other organisms to grow there.

Primary Succession Example: volcanic eruption There is no soil in this area, usually just

bare rock

Steps in Primary Succession1. After an volcanic

eruption, lava covers the land and hardens into rock

Primary Succession2. Lichens begin to form on rocks

Acids from the lichens begin to break down the rock

These pieces of broken rock and the remains of dead lichens start forming soil

3. Pioneer species appear- first organisms to grow in a succession

example-lichens

Primary Succession3. After many years

The soil is deep enough for mosses to grow Mosses replace lichens Tiny organisms like insects live the in the

lichens and mosses Their remains add to the soil

Primary Succession4. After hundreds or even thousand of years

The soil may be deep enough to support a forest

The final stage of succession is the climax community

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession Changes that takes place after an environment

is disrupted in some way (the soil must remain intact)

Disruption may be

from fire, farming,

wind, foresting

Secondary Succession The community

begins again where the former community was disrupted.

Soil is already present.

Steps of Secondary Succession

1. fast growing grasses and non-woody plants appear

Secondary Succession2. Larger shrubs move in

Secondary Succession3. Fast growing trees (such as pines) move in

4. These are followed by slower-growing hardwood trees

Secondary Succession5. animals begin moving back in the ecosystemSuccession ends with a climax community

Secondary Succession

Exit Ticket 2