Bell Ringer

Why do you think man went from nomadic to permenant settlers?

How Civilizations began

The Dawn of History-Archaeological evidence has led scientists to believe that the earliest people lived in East Africa. Later, their descendants migrated north and east into Europe and Asia.-Historians call the earliest period of human history the Old Stone Age, or Paleolithic Age. This long period dates from the time of the first stone toolmakers to about 10,000 B.C.

Nomadic People-Paleolithic people were nomads, moving from place to place as they followed animals and ripening fruit. They traveled in bands numbering about 20 or 30 people. The men hunted or fished, while the women gathered berries, fruit, nuts, and wild grain.-Over time, Paleolithic people developed tools like digging sticks, spears, and axes out of stone, bone, or wood to adapt to their environment.

"Neolithic Revolution"

• in the Southern Levant • The Natufians were hunter-gatherers• Origins of Agriculture• Farming Communities• Natufians were secondary foragers and

possibly, the earliest farmers.

THE EMERGENCE OF THENATUFIAN CULTURE

• 13,000 or 12,800 B.P.• Some archeologist, historians believe that the

The emergence of the Natufian culture• around was a major turning point in the

history of the Near East.

Important Natufian sites

• Mt. Carmel,

• Ain Mallaha (Eynan),

• Hayonim Cave,

• Wadi Hammeh,

• Nahal Oren,

• Rosh Zin,

• Rosh Horesha, • Wadi Judayid, • Beidha,• Jericho,• Skhul Cave, • Abu Hureyra

Natufian Artifacts

Early Challenges-Prehistoric people faced several ice ages. Thick glaciers, or sheets of ice, spread across parts of the world.-To endure the cold, Paleolithic people invented clothing and built fires for warmth and cooking.

Early Religion and Art-Cave paintings in France, Spain, and northern Africa, as well as small stone statues suggest that early people believed in a spiritual world.-Toward the end of the Old Stone Age, some people began burying their dead with great care, suggesting a belief in life after death.

The First Farmers-About 11,000 years ago, nomadic bands learned how to farm as well as domesticate, or tame, animals. These major breakthroughs allowed them to remain in one place, opening the door for permanent villages and cities. This change from nomadic to settled farming ushered in the New Stone Age, or Neolithic Age.-The Neolithic agricultural revolution enabled people to become food producers for the first time, leading to a growth in population, which in turn led to more interaction among human communities.

Changing Ways of Life-In settled farming communities, the status of women declined as men came to dominate family, economic, and political life.-Heads of families, probably older men, formed a council of elders who were responsible for making important decisions. In time, a village chief may have emerged.-As resources became scarce, warfare increased, and some men became powerful warriors.-New technologies and ideas emerged, and such advances paved the way for the emergence of civilizations.

“The Neolithic Revolution”

• What do you think is the most important technological development ever to occur in human history?

Sedentary peoples

• Some people believe that the greatest advancement in human history was… the domestication of plants.

• Food extraction V. food Production•

Benefits and Negatives of both?

“Food Extraction”• "hunting and gathering"

"food production"• Agriculture and Pastoralism

The Neolithic Revolution

• First in the so-called "Fertile Crescent" or Mesopotamia in what is now modern Iraq.

• occurred later in China,• The Americas and • Parts of Africa and New

Guinea.

Pastoralism

• Ten to twelve thousand years ago when agriculture emerged, the herding of domesticated or partially domesticated animals emerged.

• Pastoralism has much more in common culturally with hunting and gathering ways of life since it is necessity to move the herds continually in search of fresh pastures

What are the names of some early hominids?

• Most archaeologists believe humans began in East Africa.

• hominids—human, humanlike creatures that walk on two feet

Hominids

• Homo habilis (“man of skill”) appeared about 2.5 million years ago used stone tools to cut meat, crack open bones

• Homo erectus (“upright man”) appeared about 1.6 million years ago

• Homo sapiens (“wise man”) may have developed into our species.

Modern Humans

• Homo sapiens buried dead, made cave paintings, made sharper tools

• later farmed, developed writing, built complex villages

• Cro-Magnons were physically modern Homo sapiens

• first appeared about 35,000 years ago migrated from North Africa to Europe and Asia

Lucy

• Lucy was an adult female of about 25

• Finding Lucy – YouTube• How 'Lucy' Got Her Name - YouTube