Bell Ringer!!!Bell Ringer!!!

What is your favorite pizza topping?What is your favorite pizza topping?

At a “get-together” how do you At a “get-together” how do you compromise so everyone gets compromise so everyone gets something that they like on the something that they like on the pizza????pizza????

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation First governing document of the United First governing document of the United

StatesStates

RatifiedRatified (approved) by all 13 States in 1781 (approved) by all 13 States in 1781

Established a Established a ConfederationConfederation Group of independent States, mainly only came Group of independent States, mainly only came

together for protection together for protection Each state kept its sovereignty (independence) Each state kept its sovereignty (independence)

and most powerand most power ““firm league of friendship” between the statesfirm league of friendship” between the states

Unicameral vs. BicameralUnicameral vs. Bicameral

UnicameralUnicameral

1 house legislature1 house legislature Quicker decision Quicker decision

makingmaking Less debate on issuesLess debate on issues

BicameralBicameral

2 house legislature2 house legislature Both houses must agree Both houses must agree

before laws passedbefore laws passed More opinions and More opinions and

compromise necessarycompromise necessary

The Articles of Confederation (ContThe Articles of Confederation (Cont)) The entire Federal Government made up of a The entire Federal Government made up of a

UnicameralUnicameral Congress Congress No President or King in charge No President or King in charge Each of 13 states got 1 voteEach of 13 states got 1 vote

• 9 out of 13 necessary for approval9 out of 13 necessary for approval

POWERS of the Federal Government:POWERS of the Federal Government: Could make war and peaceCould make war and peace Make treatiesMake treaties Borrow moneyBorrow money Establish post officesEstablish post offices Build Army & Navy by asking states for troopsBuild Army & Navy by asking states for troops

****All powers not listed were given to the states********All powers not listed were given to the states****

Obligations of the StatesObligations of the States

Each state agreed to:Each state agreed to: Treat citizens of other states fairlyTreat citizens of other states fairly Surrender fugitives wanted in other statesSurrender fugitives wanted in other states Allow travel between statesAllow travel between states

States free to do whatever else they wantedStates free to do whatever else they wanted

Weaknesses of the ArticlesWeaknesses of the Articles Congress could not tax to raise moneyCongress could not tax to raise money

Had to borrow or ask states for $$$Had to borrow or ask states for $$$ Couldn’t raise $$$ to pay for Revolutionary WarCouldn’t raise $$$ to pay for Revolutionary War

Congress couldn’t regulate trade between statesCongress couldn’t regulate trade between states States could use their own currencyStates could use their own currency

Congress could not enforce their own lawsCongress could not enforce their own laws

Congress = 1 vote per state (no matter how big or Congress = 1 vote per state (no matter how big or small)small)

No Executive branch = no power to enforce laws No Executive branch = no power to enforce laws States could ignore laws that they did not care forStates could ignore laws that they did not care for

Weaknesses of the ArticlesWeaknesses of the Articles 9 out of 13 states had to agree to pass a law9 out of 13 states had to agree to pass a law

ALL 13 States had to agree to Amend ALL 13 States had to agree to Amend (change) the Articles(change) the Articles

No national court system existedNo national court system existed

Shays Rebellion (1787)Shays Rebellion (1787) – Armed attack by – Armed attack by farmers/former soldiers on Federal weapons farmers/former soldiers on Federal weapons arsenalarsenal Stopped quickly, but prime example of problems the Stopped quickly, but prime example of problems the

U.S. faced under the ArticlesU.S. faced under the Articles

Quick Quiz…..Quick Quiz…..

Solving the ProblemsSolving the Problems Summer of 1787: 12 of 13 States (except Rhode Summer of 1787: 12 of 13 States (except Rhode

Island) sent delegates to convention in Island) sent delegates to convention in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

Original goal was to meet and amend Articles of Original goal was to meet and amend Articles of Confederation to give national govt more powerConfederation to give national govt more power 55 men, G. Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison55 men, G. Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison

As summer progressed, agreed to eliminate As summer progressed, agreed to eliminate Articles of Confed. and draft a new Articles of Confed. and draft a new ConstitutionConstitution Constitution: American governing document Constitution: American governing document

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan

RepresentationRepresentation Bicameral Legislative Branch/Congress : How Bicameral Legislative Branch/Congress : How

many reps each state gets in the House of many reps each state gets in the House of Representatives and Senate based on Representatives and Senate based on populationpopulation

StructureStructure 3 branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial3 branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial

Congress would choose the Executive and CourtCongress would choose the Executive and Court Gave power to a true national governmentGave power to a true national government

Virginia Plan (Cont)Virginia Plan (Cont)

Powers of the GovernmentPowers of the Government Congress keeps powers from the Articles Congress keeps powers from the Articles

of Confederation, but also…of Confederation, but also…1.1. Veto State laws interfering with National Laws, by Veto State laws interfering with National Laws, by

force if necessaryforce if necessary

2.2. Admit new states to the UnionAdmit new states to the Union

The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey Plan RepresentationRepresentation

Unicameral Congress, one vote per stateUnicameral Congress, one vote per state

StructureStructure Legislature: Unicameral CongressLegislature: Unicameral Congress One vote per state similar to the Articles of One vote per state similar to the Articles of

ConfederationConfederation Plural Executive (think several Presidents)Plural Executive (think several Presidents) Single Supreme CourtSingle Supreme Court

The New Jersey Plan (Cont)The New Jersey Plan (Cont)

Powers of CongressPowers of Congress Similar to those in the Articles of ConfederationSimilar to those in the Articles of Confederation Limited power to taxLimited power to tax Limited power to regulate trade between StatesLimited power to regulate trade between States

Small StatesSmall States Same voting power as large states since each state Same voting power as large states since each state

receives the same amount of votesreceives the same amount of votes

The Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise Suggested by ConnecticutSuggested by Connecticut

What parts of the Virginia Plan did it use?What parts of the Virginia Plan did it use? Congress would be BicameralCongress would be Bicameral House of Representatives based on populationHouse of Representatives based on population Federal Government is superior to the statesFederal Government is superior to the states

What parts of the New Jersey Plan did it What parts of the New Jersey Plan did it use?use? Each state equally represented in the SENATE (2 Each state equally represented in the SENATE (2

per state)per state)

The Three-Fifths CompromiseThe Three-Fifths Compromise

RepresentationRepresentation Should House of Representatives be based on population, Should House of Representatives be based on population,

including slaves?including slaves? Northerners said no, African Americans made up 25-45% of Northerners said no, African Americans made up 25-45% of

Southern population.Southern population.

Slaves counted for…Slaves counted for… "all other persons" in the country are worth 3/5 of a vote "all other persons" in the country are worth 3/5 of a vote

toward population (could also be taxed by Federal toward population (could also be taxed by Federal Government)Government)

Commerce and Slave Trade CompromiseCommerce and Slave Trade Compromise

Limits on CongressLimits on Congress Banned from TAXING EXPORTS (tobacco, etc…) & said Banned from TAXING EXPORTS (tobacco, etc…) & said

that Congress could not make laws about Slave Trade for 20 that Congress could not make laws about Slave Trade for 20 yearsyears

Commerce and Slave Trade CompromiseCommerce and Slave Trade Compromise

Limits on CongressLimits on Congress Banned from touched Slave Trade for 20 yearsBanned from touched Slave Trade for 20 years

• Importing of Slaves into the CountryImporting of Slaves into the Country

FederalistsFederalists vs. vs. Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists Supported ratifying the Supported ratifying the

ConstitutionConstitution

Bill of rights not necessary, not Bill of rights not necessary, not possible to list all of people’s possible to list all of people’s rightsrights

Believed power was divided up Believed power was divided up so that nobody could gain too so that nobody could gain too much powermuch power

Said that size of U.S. meant that Said that size of U.S. meant that no one faction (group with no one faction (group with common ideas) could take powercommon ideas) could take power

Did not support the ConstitutionDid not support the Constitution

Said Constitution needed Bill of Said Constitution needed Bill of RightsRights

Feared states would lose power Feared states would lose power = return of a king = return of a king

Feared taxing power of Federal Feared taxing power of Federal

GovtGovt

Said U.S. was too big for a Said U.S. was too big for a federal govt (republic) to controlfederal govt (republic) to control

Government would have to rule Government would have to rule by force to make all people obeyby force to make all people obey

Should the new Constitution be ratified or not…

FederalistsFederalists

James MadisonJames Madison

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

Anti – FederalistsAnti – Federalists

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry

John HancockJohn Hancock