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Bell Ringer
Turn to p. 570 and read the quotation by John Lewis.
Could you have endured what the lunch-counter protesters did without running away or defending yourself? What motivated Lewis to suffer the abuse?
Chapter 19; Section
2The Struggle Intensifies
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 - 1968
sit-in
Form of protest in which protesters seat
themselves and refuse to move; sometimes used by civil rights demonstrators as a means of peaceful
protest.
Freedom Ride
Civil rights protest in which a racially mixed
group of protesters challenged racially
segregated bus terminals.
Albany Movement
Year-long campaign of protest marches
started in October 1961 by a group of black Americans in Albany, Georgia.
Main Idea
The tactics of nonviolent protest, including sit-ins
and boycotts, challenged segregation
and brought change, but also generated violent
confrontation.
We Shall Overcome 4:52 minutes
Sit Ins Challenge Segregation
CORE created the sit-in in 1943 to desegregate Jack Spratt Coffee House (Chicago)
-popular form of protest in 1960s
-tactic worked because business owners were forced to decide between customers or lose business
Sit Ins, cont.
arrest was considered a “badge of honor” from a sit-in
-1961: 70,000 students participated
3,600 arrested
Signs like this one were clear indications of
how institutionaliz
ed segregation was in the
South.
Q: Why was the sit-in often a successful tactic?
It forced business owners to decide between serving the protesters or
risking a disruption of business
John Salter, jr., Joan Trumpauer and Anne Moody (l to r) held a sit-in at a Jackson, Mississippi lunch counter in May 1963. A hostile crowd responded by pouring food
on the three activists.
Boynton v. Virginia declared in 1960 that bus station waiting rooms and restaurants serving interstate travelers could not be segregated
CORE and SNCC carried out Freedom Rides in 1961 --Goal was to test southern states to see if they would obey the new laws
The Freedom Rides
Violence Greets the Riders
May 4, 1961 – first ride – 13 riders
--7 blacks; 6 whites
--some hostility at first
--by second week, riders were severely beaten, a bus was burned
--considered stopping but knew that the movement must continue
A “Freedom Bus” in flames, six miles southwest of Anniston, Alabama. May 14, 1961
Q: How did the federal government respond to the bus firebombing?
Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal
marshals to protect the Freedom Riders and
pressured the Interstate Commerce Commission to issue a ruling prohibiting
segregation in all interstate transportation.
The Justice Department sued local communities that did
not comply.
Q: How many states did the
Freedom Riders pass through?
What kind of opposition did
they face?
A: Six states; beatings and a
firebombing
The Albany Movement
October 1961; a group of black Americans in Albany, GA began a year-long campaign of protest marches
-called for desegregation of bus terminals
-MLK, Jr. tried to help
-movement fizzled by 1962 because police chief Laurie Pritchett kept rights violations out of the public eye
Integration at “Ole Miss”
September 1962
-James Meredith (black USAF vet) wanted to transfer from Jackson State College to the all-white University of Mississippi (“Ole Miss”)
Supreme Court upheld Meredith’s claim that he was denied admission because of his race
--Governor refused and blocked him
--Angry white protesters rioted
-- Marshalls called in; tear gas fired
--2 killed; hundreds injured
--JFK sent army troops
Chief U.S. Marshal James McShane, left, and an unidentified marshal at right escort James Meredith, center with briefcase, to the University of Mississippi
campus in Oxford, Mississippi, on October 2, 1962. Meredith, was the first black student to attend the University of Mississippi after integration
Clash in Birmingham
Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth; head of Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (Birmingham, AL)
-invited MLK, Jr. to city in April 1963
*Boycotts and church integration planned
*Police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor stated he had “plenty of room in the jail.”
Birmingham CrisisMLK, Jr. arrested
wrote letter from jail defending his tactics after being criticized
released on bail after one week
decided to allow children to join
over 900 children arrested
high-pressure fire hoses used against marchers
violently trained police dogs brought out to attack
protesters beaten and taken to jail
Q: How did local police often treat non-violent protesters?
With violence.
The Nation WatchesTV cameras showed the scenes
Q: How did the Birmingham crisis end?
City facilities were desegregated, fairer hiring practices were
instituted and an interracial committee
was established to help with
communication
