Bell RingerBell Ringer

On your On your response boardresponse board, write , write out the chemical equation for out the chemical equation for

Cellular Respiration.Cellular Respiration.Be sure to use the formula for a Be sure to use the formula for a

simple carbohydrate, not glucose.simple carbohydrate, not glucose.

Rewind: Did I fully understand what we learned up to this point?

What begins the process of cellular respiration in ALL living things? ___________

When cells do NOT have oxygen available they enter what pathway? ___________

When cells DO HAVE oxygen available they enter what pathway?_____________

Glycolysis

Fermentation

Aerobic respiration

CautionCaution::

We have discussed “We have discussed “focusingfocusing” before ” before in class…. It is to your advantage to in class…. It is to your advantage to take your time on the next 19 slides take your time on the next 19 slides and be careful to “digest” or and be careful to “digest” or fully fully understand understand what you are learning. what you are learning. Take a moment to discuss with a lab Take a moment to discuss with a lab partner to make sure you both partner to make sure you both understand before moving on!understand before moving on!

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

• (not "breathing" respiration, but rather how a cell (not "breathing" respiration, but rather how a cell uses oxygen to break down glucose or food for uses oxygen to break down glucose or food for energy)energy)

• Involves a cell using Involves a cell using oxygenoxygen molecules molecules to break down food to release to break down food to release energyenergy..

• For Prokaryotes, takes place in For Prokaryotes, takes place in cytosolcytosol• For Eukaryotes, takes place in For Eukaryotes, takes place in

mitochondrial matrixmitochondrial matrix, which contains , which contains coenzyme A to catalyze the following coenzyme A to catalyze the following reactions:reactions:

Mitochondria• Do you see the difference between inner

mitochondria membranes (called the cristae) and the fluid or matrix?

• Label both of these on the mitochondria at the bottom of the note sheet now!

The Kreb’s Cycle:The Kreb’s Cycle:(Also Known as the (Also Known as the Citric Acid Citric Acid

CycleCycle)) A series of biochemical A series of biochemical

reactions that convert reactions that convert pyruvatepyruvate into into Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide and and Water.Water.

Step 1Step 1

Pyruvate releases a Pyruvate releases a COCO22 molecule to form a two molecule to form a two carbon compound.carbon compound.

Circle pyruvate and the carbon dioxide Circle pyruvate and the carbon dioxide being released on the diagram at the being released on the diagram at the bottom of the note sheet nowbottom of the note sheet now

Step 2Step 2

An enzyme attaches this 2 An enzyme attaches this 2 carbon compound to a (4-C) carbon compound to a (4-C) compound making a compound making a 6 6 carbon carbon compound called Citric Acid.compound called Citric Acid.

Circle citric acid on the diagram nowCircle citric acid on the diagram now

Step 3Step 3

This 6 carbon compound This 6 carbon compound releases another releases another COCO22. Each . Each time this happens, energy is time this happens, energy is released forming an electron released forming an electron carrier carrier NADHNADH..

Circle all 3 of the carbon dioxides being Circle all 3 of the carbon dioxides being released on the diagram nowreleased on the diagram now

Step 4Step 4 The remaining 4 carbon The remaining 4 carbon

compound is converted to the 4 compound is converted to the 4 carbon compound that began the carbon compound that began the cycle when 1 ATP is formed cycle when 1 ATP is formed along with along with FADHFADH22 and and NADHNADH (electron carriers which WILL BE (electron carriers which WILL BE USED in a final phase of respiration.)USED in a final phase of respiration.)

Circle this 4 carbon compound that keeps Circle this 4 carbon compound that keeps the Kreb’s cycle operating as a “cycle” on the Kreb’s cycle operating as a “cycle” on the diagram nowthe diagram now

For each turn of the Kreb’s cycle For each turn of the Kreb’s cycle 11 ATP, ATP, 33 NADH and NADH and 1 1 FADHFADH22 are are formed.formed.

For every glucose molecule, ___ For every glucose molecule, ___ pyruvic acid molecules were pyruvic acid molecules were formed during formed during glycolysisglycolysis. So, for . So, for every glucose molecule, the Kreb's every glucose molecule, the Kreb's cycle will turn ______ times thus cycle will turn ______ times thus producing ______ ATP's.producing ______ ATP's.

Review this on the diagram at the bottom of the page now!Review this on the diagram at the bottom of the page now!

ConclusionConclusion:

2

2

2

Electron TransportElectron Transport The second stage of aerobic respiration The second stage of aerobic respiration

where where mostmost of the energy transfer from of the energy transfer from glucoseglucose to to ATPATP actually occurs. actually occurs. Takes place in the inner Takes place in the inner mitochondrial mitochondrial

organelle membranesorganelle membranes ElectronsElectrons pass through a series of molecules pass through a series of molecules

called the electron transport chain.called the electron transport chain.

Summary Picture Page 213

Phase 1Phase 1 every time a Hydrogen atom is every time a Hydrogen atom is

released, high energy released, high energy electronselectrons enter a enter a transport chain in the transport chain in the mitochondrialmitochondrial membranes similar to the transport membranes similar to the transport chain in the thylakoid membranes.chain in the thylakoid membranes.

Circle moving electrons in the picture now.

Phase 2Phase 2 as these moving e- lose energy, a as these moving e- lose energy, a

concentration gradient of concentration gradient of protonsprotons builds up across the inner builds up across the inner mitochondrial membrane. mitochondrial membrane. Circle the protons

that build up INSIDE the mitochondria membrane

Phase 3Phase 3 this concentration gradient of this concentration gradient of

protons (H+) drives the protons (H+) drives the synthesis of synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosisATP by chemiosmosis

(a phosphate is added to ADP to (a phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP)make ATP) Circle the ADP

becoming ATP now

Phase 4Phase 4 Where do these moving e- end up? As Where do these moving e- end up? As

the protons move into the the protons move into the mitochondrial matrix, and the electrons mitochondrial matrix, and the electrons move out of the transport chain . . . move out of the transport chain . . . they combine with they combine with OxygenOxygen (the final (the final electron acceptor) electron acceptor) to form to form waterwater:: (that’s (that’s why we call this Aerobic respiration!)why we call this Aerobic respiration!)

OO22 + 4 e- + 4 H+ + 4 e- + 4 H+ 2 H 2 H2200

Energy Produced:Energy Produced: For every glucose molecule, For every glucose molecule,

glycolysis produces glycolysis produces 22 ATP. The ATP. The Kreb's cycle produces Kreb's cycle produces 22 ATP, and ATP, and the electron transport chain the electron transport chain produces produces 3434 ATP. ATP.

That gives a total of ____ATP when That gives a total of ____ATP when ____________ is available to the ____________ is available to the cell during aerobic respiration.cell during aerobic respiration.

• Summary Rewind: Did I fully understand what we just learned?

• Do you see the “biochemical pathway” that exists between the two processes we have covered in chapter 9 in the diagram below?

Summary Rewind: Did I fully understand what we just learned?

You WILL have to write the following equation on the next test:

C6H12O6 +6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy

The equation looks opposite the photosynthesis equation but it is NOT an actual reversal since it occurs in different places in the cell and through different biochemical pathways.

Which pathways are more efficient at producing energy from glucose: anaerobic or aerobic?

Homework:Homework:

Return your laptop to the correct slot Return your laptop to the correct slot nownow

Complete the Complete the “Electron Transport in “Electron Transport in the Mitochondria”the Mitochondria” coloring page & coloring page & questions now.questions now.