Bell Ringer

• If Jared makes $200 a week working on cars, but he spends $25 a week on uniforms, how much money will he accumulate in one year if he saves all of his money after uniforms?

Bell Ringer Answer

• $200 * 52 weeks = $10,400• $25 * 52 weeks = $1,300• $10,400 - $1,300 = $9,100

• Jared would make $9,100 in wages for the year after he expensed his uniforms.

Weekly Agenda

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Today’s Agenda

• Bell Ringer / Attendance – 5 minutes• Discuss Fibers and Fabrics – 15 minutes• Fibers and Fabrics Activity – 50 minutes

Learning Targets

• Discuss the fiber properties that determine appropriate use and quality of fabrics.

• Identify the main manufactured fibers.• Explain the importance of fabric in fashion.

Key Terms

• Fabrics• Fibers• Yarns• Natural Fibers• Filament• Manufactured Fibers• Denier

Fabrics and Fibers

• Fabrics long pieces of cloth.

Characteristics of Fibers

• The basic building blocks for all fabrics are fibers.• Fibers thin, hairlike strands that are the basic units

used to make fabrics and textile products.• Different fibers have specific properties that affect the

characteristics of fabric, such as:– Appearance– Strength– Absorbency– Warmth– Shrinkage– Price

Types of Fibers and Yarns

• Fibers are spun into yard, and the yarn in used to make fabric.

• Yarn uninterrupted threads of textile fibers that are ready to be turned into fabrics.– The different fibers can all be categorized as either

natural or manufactured fibers.• NATURAL plant or animal fibers• MANUFACTURED synthetic or cellulosic fibers

– Synthetic composed of chemical compounds derived from petroleum or natural gas.

– Cellulosic made from plants combined with chemicals

Natural Fibers

• Natural fibers are a main product in the fashion industry.

• Natural Fibers textile fibers made from plans or animals.– Cellulosic Fibers – derived from the cell walls of

certain plants. (Cotton and Linen)– Protein Fibers – derived from animals and insects.

(Wool and Silk)

Characteristics of Natural Fibers

• Natural fibers are usually more absorbent and cause a garment to be more comfortable or cooler to wear.

• Natural fibers tend to wrinkle more and shrink when washed.

Cotton

• Most important textile fiber used by the fashion industry.

• It comes from the bolls, or seed pods, of cotton plants.

• The United States is one of the major producers.

• Grows primarily in warm climates.

Cotton

Advantages• Comfortable• Absorbent• Good color retention• Dyes and prints well• Washable• Strong• Drapes well• Easy to handle and sew• Inexpensive

Disadvantages• Shrinks to hot water• Wrinkles easily• Weakened by perspiration

and sun• Burns easily• Affected by mildew

Cotton – End Uses

• Cotton is made into a wide range of wearing apparel such as blouses, shirts, dresses, children’s wear, skirts, pants, socks, underwear, and outerwear.

• Also used from home furnishings, such as curtains, draperies, bedspreads, comforters, throws, sheets, towels, tablecloths, table mats, and napkins.

Assignment:

• Using your note-taking guide and the internet, research information on Natural and Manufactured Fibers.– You will need to describe each fiber and then list

several advantages and disadvantages of each fiber.

Linen (Flax)

• Made from fibers found inside the woody stem of a flax plant – a grass that has the appearance of a tall, slender reed.

• Oldest-known cellulosic fiber and dates back to the Stone Age.

Linen (Flax)

Advantages• Strong• Comfortable• Hand-washable or dry-

cleanable• Absorbent• Dyes and prints well• Resists dirt and stains• Durable• Withstands high heat• Lint-free

Disadvantages• Wrinkles easily• Can be expensive• Shrinks• Burns easily• Affected by mildew and

perspiration• Ravels• Difficult to remove creases• Shines if ironed

Linen (Flax) – End Uses

• Used for apparel such as dresses, suits, skirts, jackets, blouses, shirts, and handkerchiefs.

• Used to manufacture home furnishing, such as upholstery, draperies, table linens, sheets, and dish towels.

Wool

• Comes from sheared or shaved hair of sheep or lambs.• Most commonly used animal fiber.• Australia is the main producer, with the United States as

one of the major users.• In order to cut the cost of wool, recycled wool is used.– Products must be labeled as either virgin (new wool) or

recycled (reclaimed wool).• Wool can also be used to describe camel, alpaca, llama,

or vicuna.

Wool

Advantages• Warm• Lightweight• Wrinkle-resistant• Absorbent• Dyes well• Comfortable• Durable• Creases well• Easy to tailor• Recyclable

Disadvantages• Affected by moths• Shrinks with heat and

moisture• Needs special care, dry

cleaning• Absorbs odors• Scratchy on skin• Weakens when wet• Harmed by bleach,

perspiration.

Wood – End Uses

• Make apparel such as sweaters, coats, suits, jackets, pants, skirts, socks, and scarves.

• Used for home furnishings such as carpets, draperies, upholstery, and blankets.

Silk

• Silkworms spin cocoons, which are protective silk envelopes wrapped around the silkworm in its early stage of growth.

• Cocoons are used to make silk fiber, the only natural-filament fiber.– Filament a very long, fine, continuous thread.– A silk cocoon can produce 600 to 2000 meters of

continuous fiber.• It can take as many as 500 cocoons to create the

fabric to make one blouse.

Silk

Advantages• Soft• Drapes well• Dyes and prints well• Very strong• Lightweight• Resists soil, mildew, and

moths• Comfortable• Absorbent

Disadvantages• Expensive• Needs special care, dry

cleaning• Stains with water• Yellows with age• Weakened by perspiration,

sun, and soap• Attacked by insects,

silverfish.

Silk – End Uses

• Apparel made from silk includes evening gowns, wedding gowns, lingerie, blouses, scarves, dresses, neckties, and suits for men and women.

• Also used to make curtains, draperies, and decorative pillows.

Leather / Suede

• Leather a touch flexible material, made by preserving animal hides, or skins, through a process called tanning.– Primary source for leather is cattle. Other sources,

include sheep, goat, pig, and reptile.• Suede leather that has a rough or ‘nappy’ finish.

Surface is processed.• Some leather producers are now blending

synthetic fibers (Lycra) with leather to enhance its appearance and performance.

Leather / Suede

Advantages• Durable• Strong• Flexible• Comfortable• Warm

Disadvantages• Scarce• Expensive

Leather / Suede – End Uses

• Apparel includes coats, jackets, shoes, handbags, gloves, hats, and belts.

• Home furnishings include upholstery and decorative pillows.

Fur

• Fur is the soft, hairy coat of an animal.• A number of consumer groups advocate

discontinuing the use of fur products, which have resulted in the production of faux, or imitation, fur.

Fur

Advantages• Durable• Soft• Flexible• Warm

Disadvantages• Scarce• Expensive

Fur – End Uses

• Fur is used to make apparel such as coats, jackets, hats, belts, and coats.

• Fur is also used for bed throws, rugs, or stuffed animals.

Manufactured Fibers

• Manufactured Fibers fibers created by a manufacturing process of any substance that is not a fiber.– Cellulosic -> from the regenerated fibrous

substance in plants.– Noncellulosic -> from petrochemical products.

• Fibers generally cost less and tend to be stronger and more durable.

Rayon

• The original manufactured fiber. – First manufactured in 1894, commercial

production began in 1910 by the American Viscose Company.

• Rayon is composed of regenerated cellulose, which is derived from wood pulp, cotton linters, or other vegetable matter.

Rayon

Advantages• Soft and comfortable• Drapes well• Durable• Highly absorbent• Dyes and prints well• No static of pilling problems• Inexpensive• Colorfast• May be washable

Disadvantages• Wrinkles easily unless

treated• Low resiliency• Heat sensitive• Susceptible to mildew• Stretches• Weakens when wet• Fabric shrinks if washed• May need dry cleaning.

Rayon – End Uses

• Used to make apparel such as blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, slacks, sport shirts, sportswear, suits, and neckties.

• Home furnishings made with rayon include bedspreads, blankets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slipcovers, tablecloths, and upholstery.

Acetate

• First produced in 1924 by Celanese Corporation.

• A cellulosic fiber made from wood pulp or cotton linters.

• Used by designers for its luxurious feel and draping qualities.

Acetate

Advantages• Luxurious appearance• Crisp (texture) soft hand• Wide range of colors; dyes

and prints well• Drapes well• Resists shrinkage, moths,

and mildews,• Low moisture absorbency,

relatively fast drying• No pilling, little static

Disadvantages• Requires dry cleaning• Weak• Heat sensitive• Poor abrasion resistance• Dissolved by nail polish

remover.

Acetate – End Uses

• Apparel made with acetate includes blouses, dresses, linings, lingerie, scarves, and shirts.

• Home furnishings include draperies, upholstery, curtains, and bedspreads.

Nylon

• Nylon was invented in 1938 and created a revolution in the fiber industry and open the door to production of more modern materials.

• Nylon was the first synthetic fiber.– Made completely from petrochemicals in an

experimental laboratory.

Nylon

Advantages• Lightweight• Exceptional strength• Abrasion resistant• Easy to wash• Resists shrinkage and

wrinkles• Resilient, pleat retentive

Disadvantages• Static and pilling• Poor resistance to sunlight• Low absorbency• Picks up oils and dyes in

wash• Heat sensitive

Nylon

• Used to make swimwear, intimate apparel, foundation garments, hosiery, blouses, dresses, sportswear, pants, jackets, skirts, raincoats, ski and snow apparel.

• Also used for carpets, rugs, curtains, draperies, bedspreads, luggage, backpacks, vests, umbrellas, sleeping bags, and tents.

Acrylic

• First manufactured in the United States in 1950.

• Acrylic was used from blankets and sweaters because it resembles wool.

Acrylic

Advantages• Lightweight, soft, warm, wool-

like hand• Dyes to bright colors• Machine washable, quick

drying• Resilient, retains shape, resists

shrinkage and wrinkles• Wool-like, cotton-like, or

blended appearance• Excellent pleat retention• Resists moths, oil, chemicals

Disadvantages• Low absorbency• Develops static• Pilling• Heat sensitive• Weak• Dissolved by nail polish

remover

Acrylic – End Uses

• Acrylic is used for sweaters, socks, fleece, sportswear, lingerie, scarves, and neckties.

• Acrylic is also used for blankets, throws, awnings, outdoor furniture, and rugs.

Polyester

• Synthetic fiber developed in the 1950’s.• The most widely sold synthetic fiber in the

world.

Polyester

Advantages• Strong• Crisp, but soft hand• Resists stretching and shrinkage• Washable or dry-cleanable• Quick drying• Resists wrinkles• Resistant to most chemicals• Colorfast• Durable• Dyes well

Disadvantages• Holds oily stains• Difficult to remove stains• Static and pilling problems

Polyester – End Uses

• Used to make permanent-press fabrics, fiber-fill insulation, and apparel such as dresses, blouses, jackets, suits, shirts, pants, rainwear, lingerie, and children’s wear.

• Polyester is also used to make craft and gift-wrapping ribbons because of its strength and ability to prevent fraying.

• When mixed with recycled plastic bottoms, polyester can product fleece.

Spandex

• Developed in 1959, when chemists were trying to create a rubber like substance.

• Spandex can stretch over 500% without breaking.

Spandex

Advantages• Lightweight• Retains original shape• Abrasion resistant• Stronger than rubber• Soft, smooth supple• No static

Disadvantages• Whites yellow with age• Heat sensitive• Harmed by bleached• Nonabsorbent

Spandex – End Uses

• Spandex is used for bathing suits, foundation garments, ski pants, slacks, hosiery, socks, belts, exercise and dance wear.

Microfibers

• One of the new trends in fashion.• Developed in 1989.• Made from extra-fine fibers and provide a

superior hand, a gentle drape, and incredible softness.

• 2x’s finer than silk, 3x’s finer than cotton, 8x’s finer than wool, and 100x’s finer than human hair.

• Have a quality and appearance of expensive silk.

Microfibers

Advantages• Extremely drapeable• Very soft, luxurious hand• Washable or dry cleanable• Shrink-resistant• Strong• Insulates against wind, rain,

and cold

Disadvantages• Heat Sensitive

Microfibers – End Use

• Microfiber is used to make hosiery, blouses, dresses, sportswear, ties, scarves, menswear, intimate apparel, active wear, outerwear, and rainwear.

• Microfiber is also used for curtains, draperies, upholstery, sheets, towels, and blankets.