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Explain this quote in your own wordsExplain this quote in your own words

““If men were angels, no government If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external or to govern men, neither external or internal controls on government internal controls on government would be necessarywould be necessary” ”

~ Federalist No. 51~ Federalist No. 51

AGENDA AGENDA

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PowerPointPowerPoint

DebateDebate

How did the people How did the people approve the new approve the new

Constitution?Constitution?

WTP 2 Lesson 18WTP 2 Lesson 18

ObjectivesObjectives

Students will be able to:Students will be able to:

Explain why the ratification process Explain why the ratification process was important was important

Describe the arguments for and Describe the arguments for and against approving the Constitutionagainst approving the Constitution

Explain why the Federalists agreed to Explain why the Federalists agreed to a Bill of Rightsa Bill of Rights

Why did the Framers want the Why did the Framers want the people to ratify the people to ratify the

Constitution?Constitution?- Not a perfect plan of governmentNot a perfect plan of government- Fear that state legislatures might not Fear that state legislatures might not

approve of it because it provided less approve of it because it provided less power to states than Articles. power to states than Articles.

- People deciding would make the plan - People deciding would make the plan (made in secrecy) more legitimate. (made in secrecy) more legitimate.

Why did the Framers want the Why did the Framers want the people to ratify the people to ratify the

Constitution?Constitution?“ “ We The People…do ordain and We The People…do ordain and

establish this Constitution”establish this Constitution” ~ ~ Preamble of the ConstitutionPreamble of the Constitution

- According to natural rights - According to natural rights philosophy expressed here and in the philosophy expressed here and in the Declaration, people have to provide Declaration, people have to provide the “consent of the governed” in the “consent of the governed” in order for a government to be legit. order for a government to be legit.

Where in the Constitution is Where in the Constitution is ratification outlined?ratification outlined?

Article VII Article VII

““The Ratification of the Conventions of The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the between the States so ratifying the Same.”Same.”

Ratification of the Ratification of the Constitution Constitution 

DateDate StateState YesYes NoNo

1. December 7, 17871. December 7, 1787 DelawareDelaware 3030 00

2. December 12, 17872. December 12, 1787 PennsylvaniaPennsylvania 4646 2323

3. December 18, 17873. December 18, 1787 New JerseyNew Jersey 3838 00

4. January 2, 17884. January 2, 1788 GeorgiaGeorgia 2626 00

5. January 9, 17885. January 9, 1788 ConnecticutConnecticut 128128 4040

6. February 6, 17886. February 6, 1788 MassachusettsMassachusetts 187187 168168

7. April 28, 17887. April 28, 1788 MarylandMaryland 6363 1111

8. May 23, 17888. May 23, 1788 South CarolinaSouth Carolina 149149 7373

9. June 21, 17889. June 21, 1788 New HampshireNew Hampshire 5757 4747

10. June 25, 178810. June 25, 1788 VirginiaVirginia 8989 7979

11. July 26, 178811. July 26, 1788 New YorkNew York 3030 2727

12. November 21, 178912. November 21, 1789 North CarolinaNorth Carolina 194194 7777

13. May 29, 179013. May 29, 1790 Rhode IslandRhode Island 3434 3232

Who were the Federalists?Who were the Federalists?

The proponents of the Constitution took the name The proponents of the Constitution took the name "Federalists.“ emphasizing the idea of federalism "Federalists.“ emphasizing the idea of federalism provided by the document.provided by the document.

In response to the “Anti-Federalist papers” John Jay, In response to the “Anti-Federalist papers” John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison wrote Alexander Hamilton and James Madison wrote ““the Federalist Papers” the Federalist Papers” under the pen name under the pen name ““Publius” Publius” to convince the people of NY to ratify to convince the people of NY to ratify the document. the document.

Perhaps of far greater importance were the Perhaps of far greater importance were the Federalist stances of George Washington and Ben Federalist stances of George Washington and Ben Franklin, two prominent figures. Franklin, two prominent figures.

Who were the Anti-Who were the Anti-Federalists?Federalists?

Many prominent Americans were called “anti-federalists” Many prominent Americans were called “anti-federalists” because they opposed “federalists”. because they opposed “federalists”.

""The Anti-Federalist PapersThe Anti-Federalist Papers” written by people using ” written by people using pseudonyms "The Federal Farmer," "Cato," "Brutus," and pseudonyms "The Federal Farmer," "Cato," "Brutus," and "Cincinnatus“"Cincinnatus“

Prominent Anti-federalistsProminent Anti-federalistsGeorge MasonGeorge MasonEdmund RandolphEdmund RandolphElbridge GerryElbridge GerryJohn HancockJohn HancockSamuel AdamsSamuel AdamsRichard Henry LeeRichard Henry LeePatrick Henry Patrick Henry Mercy Otis WarrenMercy Otis Warren

What were the Anti-Federalists What were the Anti-Federalists objections to the Constitution?objections to the Constitution?

- Mistrusted strong central Mistrusted strong central governmentgovernment

- Feared it created a government too Feared it created a government too strong for the people to control that strong for the people to control that would threaten natural rights.would threaten natural rights.

- State constitutions included bills of State constitutions included bills of rights, often before the plan of rights, often before the plan of government. government.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?““Congress may, even in time of peace, raise an Congress may, even in time of peace, raise an

army of 100,000 men…[force people to house army of 100,000 men…[force people to house them]…in order to serve as “necessary and them]…in order to serve as “necessary and proper” instruments in executing their decrees.”proper” instruments in executing their decrees.”

The Anti-Federalist concern about housing soldiers The Anti-Federalist concern about housing soldiers is addressed in the 3rd Amendment.is addressed in the 3rd Amendment.

““[To enforce its laws] Congress can call all the [To enforce its laws] Congress can call all the militia of as many states as they think proper, and militia of as many states as they think proper, and keep them in actual service, without pay, as long keep them in actual service, without pay, as long as they please, subject to the utmost rigor of as they please, subject to the utmost rigor of military discipline, corporal punishment, and military discipline, corporal punishment, and death itself not excepted.”death itself not excepted.”

Anti-federalists were afraid that the government Anti-federalists were afraid that the government would have the power to use militias to enforce would have the power to use militias to enforce unpopular laws. unpopular laws.

When the governor of Arkansas refused to When the governor of Arkansas refused to implement school desegregation, President implement school desegregation, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops and federalized Eisenhower sent in federal troops and federalized the Arkansas National Guard to enforce the ruling. the Arkansas National Guard to enforce the ruling.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Congress may levy and collect Congress may levy and collect capitation to what amount they shall capitation to what amount they shall think proper; of which the poorest think proper; of which the poorest taxable in the state must pay as taxable in the state must pay as much as the richest.”much as the richest.”

Congress could impose a flat tax of Congress could impose a flat tax of their choosing on everyone, rich or their choosing on everyone, rich or poor. Congress chose to establish poor. Congress chose to establish income tax with the 16th income tax with the 16th Amendment.Amendment.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Congress may, under the sanction of that clause in Congress may, under the sanction of that clause in the constitution which empowers them to regulate the constitution which empowers them to regulate commerce, authorize the importation of slaves, commerce, authorize the importation of slaves, even into those states where this iniquitous trade is even into those states where this iniquitous trade is or may be prohibited by their laws or constitutions.”or may be prohibited by their laws or constitutions.”

CONGRESS CAN ALLOW THE IMPORTATION OF CONGRESS CAN ALLOW THE IMPORTATION OF SLAVES INTO STATES WHICH FORBID ITSLAVES INTO STATES WHICH FORBID IT

The Congress banned the importation of slaves as The Congress banned the importation of slaves as soon as it was constitutionally able to do so, in soon as it was constitutionally able to do so, in 1808. No state was required to allow slaves 1808. No state was required to allow slaves contrary to their own laws or constitutions, until the contrary to their own laws or constitutions, until the Dred ScottDred Scott case illustrates that this concern was case illustrates that this concern was real.real.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Congress may…impose so heavy a stamp duty on Congress may…impose so heavy a stamp duty on newspapers and other periodical publications, as newspapers and other periodical publications, as shall effectually prevent all necessary information shall effectually prevent all necessary information to the people through these useful channels of to the people through these useful channels of intelligence.”intelligence.”

CONGRESS COULD TAX NEWSPAPERS SO MUCH CONGRESS COULD TAX NEWSPAPERS SO MUCH THAT NO ONE WOULD BE ABLE TO AFFORD TO THAT NO ONE WOULD BE ABLE TO AFFORD TO READ THEM AND STAY INFORMED AS VOTERSREAD THEM AND STAY INFORMED AS VOTERS

This was a real concern, especially considering the This was a real concern, especially considering the Stamp Act that the British has imposed on the Stamp Act that the British has imposed on the colonies. The 1st Amendment protects freedom of colonies. The 1st Amendment protects freedom of speech and press. speech and press.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Congress may, by imposing a duty on foreigners Congress may, by imposing a duty on foreigners coming into the country…also that of our own coming into the country…also that of our own citizens to any other country.”citizens to any other country.”

CONGRESS CAN PREVENT IMMIGRATION TO AND CONGRESS CAN PREVENT IMMIGRATION TO AND EMMIGRATION FROM THE US.EMMIGRATION FROM THE US.

Congress could effectively close the borders to Congress could effectively close the borders to immigration, and as a matter of policy has strictly immigration, and as a matter of policy has strictly regulated the immigration of people from certain regulated the immigration of people from certain countries for centuries — limitations that continue countries for centuries — limitations that continue today.today.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Congress may withhold, as long as they Congress may withhold, as long as they think proper, all information respecting think proper, all information respecting their proceedings from the people.”their proceedings from the people.”

The Constitution requires that the Congress The Constitution requires that the Congress keep journals and publish them "from time keep journals and publish them "from time to time." The definition of "time to time" to time." The definition of "time to time" might have allowed the publication of might have allowed the publication of journals to be delayed for a long time, but journals to be delayed for a long time, but today, with the Internet, "time to time" today, with the Internet, "time to time" means no more than 24 hours.means no more than 24 hours.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Congress may order the elections to be held in the Congress may order the elections to be held in the middle of winter, at the city of Philadelphia; by middle of winter, at the city of Philadelphia; by which means the inhabitants of nine-tenths of the which means the inhabitants of nine-tenths of the state will be effectually deprived of the exercise of state will be effectually deprived of the exercise of their right of suffrage.”their right of suffrage.”

CONGRESS DECIDES WHEN & WHERE WE GET TO CONGRESS DECIDES WHEN & WHERE WE GET TO ELECT THEM, THIS WILL KEEP PEOPLE FROM ELECT THEM, THIS WILL KEEP PEOPLE FROM VOTINGVOTING

Congress does have the power to alter state plans for Congress does have the power to alter state plans for time, place, and manner of election, though it has time, place, and manner of election, though it has set a national date for elections. It is still possible set a national date for elections. It is still possible that the Congress could exercise this power.that the Congress could exercise this power.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Trial by a jury of the vicinage is Trial by a jury of the vicinage is not secured by the constitution. not secured by the constitution. A crime committed at Fort A crime committed at Fort Pitt(sburgh) may be tried by a Pitt(sburgh) may be tried by a jury of the citizens of jury of the citizens of Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

These concerns were addressed These concerns were addressed by the 6th and 7th Amendments.by the 6th and 7th Amendments.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““Congress may, if they shall think it for the Congress may, if they shall think it for the "general welfare," establish an uniformity in "general welfare," establish an uniformity in religion throughout the United States. Such religion throughout the United States. Such establishments have been thought establishments have been thought necessary, and have accordingly taken necessary, and have accordingly taken place in almost all the other countries in the place in almost all the other countries in the world, and will no doubt be thought equally world, and will no doubt be thought equally necessary in this.”necessary in this.”

CONGRESS CAN FORCE YOU TO WORSHIP CONGRESS CAN FORCE YOU TO WORSHIP WHOMEVER THEY WANTWHOMEVER THEY WANT

This concern was addressed by the 1st This concern was addressed by the 1st Amendment.Amendment.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

““No state can encourage its own No state can encourage its own manufactures either by prohibiting or manufactures either by prohibiting or even laying a duty on the even laying a duty on the importation of foreign articles.”importation of foreign articles.”

This is true — but importers would This is true — but importers would have had to contend with thirteen have had to contend with thirteen different sets of regulations, which is different sets of regulations, which is the way things worked under the the way things worked under the Articles of Confederation. Articles of Confederation.

What were some Anti-What were some Anti-Federalist concerns and were Federalist concerns and were

they valid?they valid?

Why did the Federalists agree Why did the Federalists agree to add the bill of rights to the to add the bill of rights to the

Constitution? Constitution? To get support for ratification, To get support for ratification,

Federalists agreed to include the 1Federalists agreed to include the 1stst ten amendments to the Constitution. ten amendments to the Constitution.

Exit Card, on same sheet as Exit Card, on same sheet as Bell RingerBell Ringer

1. Explain why the ratification process 1. Explain why the ratification process was important was important

2. Describe a argument for and against 2. Describe a argument for and against approving the Constitutionapproving the Constitution

3. Explain why the Federalists agreed 3. Explain why the Federalists agreed to a Bill of Rightsto a Bill of Rights

DEBATE: Would our class ratify DEBATE: Would our class ratify the new constitution?the new constitution?

Using the arguments on pgs. 160-161, Using the arguments on pgs. 160-161, your group will answeryour group will answer

1.1. Does the National Government Does the National Government have too much power?have too much power?

2.2. Does the Constitution provide for Does the Constitution provide for republican government?republican government?

3.3. Does the Constitution need to have Does the Constitution need to have a bill of rights?a bill of rights?

DEBATE: Would our class ratify DEBATE: Would our class ratify the new constitution?the new constitution?

Anti-federalistsAnti-federalists1.1. AllenAllen2.2. BrienBrien 3.3. Gauvin Gauvin 4.4. KentonKenton5.5. MorinMorin6.6. Nooth Nooth 7.7. PershaPersha8.8. SargentSargent9.9. Willey Willey

FederalistsFederalists1.1. BowenBowen2.2. CollinsCollins 3.3. FieldsFields 4.4. GreerGreer5.5. MartinMartin6.6. MayhewMayhew7.7. ParkerParker8.8. StewartStewart9.9. WescomWescom

DEBATE: Would our class ratify DEBATE: Would our class ratify the new constitution?the new constitution?

Anti-FederalistAnti-FederalistQ1 StatementQ1 StatementQ1 RebuttalQ1 RebuttalQ2 Statement Q2 Statement Q2 RebuttalQ2 RebuttalQ3 StatementQ3 StatementQ3 RebuttalQ3 Rebuttal

FederalistFederalistQ1 StatementQ1 StatementQ1 RebuttalQ1 RebuttalQ2 Statement Q2 Statement Q2 RebuttalQ2 RebuttalQ3 StatementQ3 StatementQ3 RebuttalQ3 Rebuttal

For each question, each side is responsible for a two-minute For each question, each side is responsible for a two-minute argument and a rebuttal (response) to the argument. Individuals argument and a rebuttal (response) to the argument. Individuals should be assigned to each task. should be assigned to each task.