Bell Ringer

What invention is most valuable to your daily life? What invention do you think has done the most damage to our lives/society?

The Market Revolution

Industrial Review• More has been created in the last 250

years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history.

• The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines.

• New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)

• Increased use of metals and minerals - aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution began in England, c. 1750.

• England was the first to industrialize because– growing economy– political stability– large workforce– large natural resources of

water and coal for power• The revolution was

characterized by mass production of manufactured goods

Staffordshire, England

Origins of the American Industrial Revolution

• America had characteristics that enabled it to become an industrial powerhouse:– Had an influx of immigrants in the 1840s and

increasing population (labor and consumers)– Raw materials: cotton, coal, iron, natural waterways

(natural resources)– Economy was increasing due to British blockade and

improved transportation• Still, America struggled to compete with the

British in manufacturing. The U.S. simply couldn't produce goods as fast and cheap as the Brits.

The Father of the Factory System

• Samuel Slater was a textile worker in England. He memorized the plans of the factory, came to America, and built a factory for spinning thread at Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1791). He's known as the "Father of the Factory System."

• Slater’s thread-spinning machine created a shortage of cotton fiber .

Raw Cotton

The Cotton Gin• Eli Whitney invented the cotton

gin which separated the fiber from the seed (1793). – The machine was 50 times more

efficient than a person using only his hands.

– The cotton gin caused the South to expand its cotton producing land and increase its desire for slaves.

– The cotton gin caused the North to expand its factories for spinning and weaving cloth. • New England’s soil wasn't very

good for farming, but its quick-moving rivers drove the mills and it had quick access to the seaports.

Samuel Slater’s thread spinning machine

Increased demand for cotton

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

Increased profit in cotton farming

Increased demand for slaves

Crowning “King Cotton”

Tariffs lead to Industrialization

• Eli Whitney began mass producing guns for the US Army.– Parts had been hand

made, which meant that broken parts could not be replaced individually.

– Created "interchangeable parts“

– Industrialism flourished in the North using this method

Mass Production

• The method of production of large amounts of standardized products efficiently and cheaply.– Interchangeable parts– Machine tools– Division of labor

Changes to Business• The "limited liability

corporation" came into existence: ensured that if the company went bad, an investor could lose only what he'd invested (not everything he owned).

• This assurance caused more people to invest in business and thus for businesses to grow.

Working Conditions• A side-effect of the factory system was the

exploitation of workers. They came to be called "wage slaves."

• Conditions in a typical factory were not good… – They were unsafe. – They were unhealthy. – Hours were long and wages were low. – Child labor was common. Childhood was short and

harsh. • Unionization was illegal – seen as “criminal

conspiracy”

Women Go To Work

• Preindustrial society–Women were responsible for helping

out on farms as well as producing textiles and clothing in the home.

• Industrial society–Women were being replaced by

machines, but were needed to run and maintain the machines

– Provided greater economic independence

The LowellMill Girls

• Lowell, Mass. was well-known for employing young women to work in its textile factories.

• The women worked, bunked in dorms, were escorted to church by overseers, were able to take classes, and were carefully guarded over.

• Employees worked from 5-7 pm, for an average 73 hours per week. Each room usually had 80 women working at machines, with two male overseers managing the operation. Windows were often kept closed during the summer so that conditions for thread work remained optimal. The air, meanwhile, was filled with particles of thread and cloth

• A curfew of 10 pm was common, and men were generally not allowed inside. About 25 women lived in each boardinghouse, with up to six sharing a bedroom

• Newcomers were mentored by older women in areas such as dress, speech, behavior, and the general ways of the community. Workers often recruited their friends or relatives to the factories, creating a familial atmosphere.

Women go to Work•The home and families also changed with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. • Families also began to shrink in size. As

cities grew and factory jobs increased, an extra mouth to feed was considered to be a detriment rather than an assistant. On a farm, another child was simply another worker—not so in the city.

•The home changed from a place of work (like on the farm) to a place of rest (away from the factory). This is when the phrase "Home Sweet Home" emerged. •Although women began to work more at this time, it shouldn't be over-stated. Women were still expected to mostly be at home. .

Other Occupations• Other opportunities for

women were in nursing, domestic service, and teaching.

• Almost always, these working women were young and single. Once they married, the expectation was that they'd stay at home and raise their family.

• School-teaching became an increasingly feminized occupation.

• Domestic service was common; 1 in 10 white families employed at least one servant.

Life After “Work”• Women would generally

leave the workforce when they got married

• “Cult of Domesticity”/ Cult of True Womanhood: a cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker.– Placed on a moral pedestal:

piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity

– Caused middle class women to focus on bettering the moral lives of others (temperance movement, child labor, etc.)

Separate Spheres Ideology• Women's physical inferiority to men was based on four

observations:– The visual evidence that women were generally physically smaller than men– The belief that women had less physical stamina than men because they seemed

to faint so much more (caused by the clothing worn by the two sexes and the amount of exercise they got).

– The knowledge that women menstruated, and therefore were believed physically incapacitated every month. Menstruation was regarded as a periodic illness inflicted upon women. It was believed that menstruation could bring on temporary insanity in women.

– Women were deemed more delicate and weak than men because the female nervous system was finer, more irritable, and more prone to overstimulation and fatigue than the male nervous system, because of the "unpredictable nature" of the female reproductive system.

• Women were deemed intellectually inferior to men based on two kinds of observations:– Women had smaller brains than men. Natural scientists measured cranial

capacity, and brain weight and correlated these with intelligence.– It was also said that the female brain was of an inferior and more primitive type

than the male brain. Much of this kind of interpretation came out of a pseudo science called phrenology: art of reading the bumps and curves and shape of the skull.

Changes for Women in Society

• Marriages were more often based on love, rather than parental “arrangement”

• The desire for romance in relationships became popular in magazines, novels, and advertisements, as well as the rise of celebrating St. Valentine’s Day.

• Families became more closely knit and affectionate

Changes for Women in Society

• Families grew smaller during this period, dropping by half during the 19th century.

• This meant more child-centered families, where children were more closely cared for, and their spirit shaped, rather than “broken”

Unions: The Struggle to Organize

• Unions unite workers to achieve three basic goals:– Better working conditions– Better hours– Better pay

• Many factory owners were against unionization because it hurt their profits.

Techniques to Stop Unionization

• “Yellow dog” contracts – oaths/contracts workers had to sign, promising not to join a union or go on strike. Got their name from a term for a coward.

• Hired detectives to go undercover and identify union organizers.

• Those found out would be fired and blacklisted as “troublemakers”, making it nearly impossible to get a job.

• Any group that went on strike were likely fired. There were thousands of immigrant “scabs” happy to work for whatever they could get.

Techniques to Stop Unionization

• If a union formed, companies often used a lockout to break it (locking the doors till the workers broke up the union; no work, no pay).

• If the union called a strike, employers would hire replacement workers that were not part of the union (known as “scabs”).

A “Wage Slave” no more!

• Conditions for adult workers improved during the 1820’s and 30’s as universal white manhood suffrage gave workers the power to vote.

• President Van Buren set a 10-hour work day for government employees.

• Commonwealth v. Hunt – legalized labor unions.

Improving Working Conditions

• Conditions for adult workers improved during the 1820's and 30's as universal white manhood suffrage gave workers the power of the vote. – Goals were the 10-hour workday, higher wages, better

conditions, public education, and humane imprisonment for debt.

– The results were only fair, at best. Any group that went on strike to achieve these goals were likely fired. There were always more immigrants happy to work for whatever they could get. These substitute workers were called "scabs."

• In 1840, President Van Buren did set a 10-hour work day for federal employees.

Midwest Farming• Corn was the main crop. Hogs

and whiskey were also large products in the Allegheny Mountains. • Major Inventions• John Deere steel plow. It enabled

farmers to cut into the fertile but hard Midwestern soil.

• Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical mower-reaper (for harvesting wheat)

• The Midwestern farmers now had a problem—how to get their crops to the markets (cities) back in the East.

• Industrialization brought about a dramatic rise in the standard of living for all Americans.

• Despite these improvements, the uneven division of income between the working class and the wealthy caused resentment among workers.

• In the cities of the 1800's, poor people lived in the oldest part of the city, near the downtown district. The middle class lived farther out in neat row houses or new apartment buildings. Beyond them, lived the rich. They lived in large homes with big lawns which had lots of trees.

Living Conditions of the Social Classes

Lower Class Living• The poor families struggled

to survive in crowded slums. The buildings they lived in were called tenements. They often had no windows, heat or inside bathrooms, and as many as 10 people slept in one small room.

• Outbreaks of cholera and typhoid were common. More than half of all babies died before their first birthday.

• Cities had not sewers and garbage was thrown into the street.

Middle Class Living• The middle class included

doctors, lawyers, and skilled crafts people. They lived just outside the inner city in row houses, or new apartment buildings. These homes often had a patch of lawn. In these neighborhoods, disease was kept under control.

• Many of the middle class joined clubs, bowling leagues and charity groups. It gave them a sense of community.

Upper Class Living

• The very rich built mansions in the most prime parts of the city. For example, in Chicago, 200 millionaires lived along the exclusive lakefront, and in New York City, huge houses dotted Fifth Avenue, which was on the city's outskirts.

• The rich lived like royalty. They filled their homes with priceless art and gave lavish parties.

BUILDING AMERICA’S INFRASTRUCTURE

Roads, canals, and steamboats, oh my!

Roadways

• The future growth and the economic backbone of the western states was dependent on transportation.

• The Lancaster Turnpike (a hard-surfaced highway) ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA.

No Irish Need ApplyI'm a decent boy just landedFrom the town of Ballyfad;I want a situation, yes,And want it very bad.I have seen employment

advertised,"It's just the thing," says I,"But the dirty spalpeen ended

wit 'No Irish Need Apply.' “"Whoa," says I, "that's an insult,But to get the place I'll try, So I went to see the blackguardWith his "No Irish Need Apply. Some do count it a misfortuneTo be christened Pat or Dan,But to me it is an honorTo be born an Irishman.I started out to find the house,I got it mighty soon;There I found the old chap

seated,He was reading the Tribune.I told him what I came for,When he in a rage did fly,"No!" he says, "You are a Paddy,And no Irish need apply.“

Then I gets my dander risingAnd I'd like to black his eye To tell an Irish gentleman "No Irish

Need Apply.“I couldn't stand it longerSo a hold of him I took And gave him such a weltingAs he'd get at Donnybrook.He hollered, "Milia murther,“And to get away did try,And swore he'd never write again"No Irish Need Apply.“Well he made a big apology,I told him then goodbye,Saying, "When next you want a

beating,Write `No Irish Need Apply.' "

Steamboat• Robert Fulton is

credited with building the first steamboat, the Clermont (1807). This invention radically changed the transportation structure– Rivers were now two-

way streets, not one-way.

– The South and especially the West would draw the benefits of the steamboat.

Erie Canal• It was headed by NY

governor Dewitt Clinton and built using only state money.

• Mockingly called “Clinton’s Big Ditch”

• Effects:– Shipping costs from the

West to the East dropped 20 times ($100 became only $5).

– The canal effectively stole most of the trade from the Mississippi River.

– "Western" cities boomed, like Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago

Erie Canal• A three-man team with

mules could build a mile in a year.

• Mostly built by poor immigrants

• The men who planned and oversaw construction were novices, both as surveyors and as engineers.

• When the canal reached Montezuma Marsh (west of Syracuse), over 1,000 workers died of swamp fever and construction stopped.

Erie CanalI've got a mule, her name is Sal, 

15 miles on the Erie CanalShe's a good old worker and a good old pal, 15 miles on the Erie Canal

We've hauled some barges in our dayfilled with lumber, coal and hayAnd we know every inch of the way from Albany to Buffalo.

Chorus:Low bridge, everybody downLow bridge for we're coming to a townAnd you'll always know your neighbor, you'll always know your palIf you've ever navigated on the Erie Canal.

We better get along on our way ol'gal, 15 miles on the Erie Canal'Cause you bet your life I'd never part with Sal, 15 miles on the Erie Canal.

Git up there mule, here comes a lock,We'll make Rome about 6 o'clockOne more trip and back we'll go, right back home to Buffalo.

I’ve Been Working On The Railroad

• The railroad engine was known as the “iron horse”

• By the 1860's there were 30,000 miles of track.

• ¾ of railroad tracks were in the North.

• Early Railroads were unreliable– Embers started fires to nearby

haystacks, brakes were poor, and arrival/departure times weren’t accurate

• Later railroads provided a safe method of transportation for both goods and passengers.

Paddy Works on the RailwayIn eighteen hundred and forty-one

My corduroy britches I put onMy corduroy britchesI put onTo work upon the railway, the railwayI'm weary of the railwayPoor Paddy works on the railway

I was wearing corduroy britchesDigging ditches, pulling switchesDodging pitchesI was working on the railway

In eighteen hundred and forty-three

I broke the shovel across me knee I went to work for the company and work upon the railway

In eighteen hundred and forty-four I landed on Columbia’s shore My belly was empty me hands were raw With working on the railway, the railway I'm sick to my guts of the railway Poor paddy works on the railway

In eighteen hundred and forty-sixI made my trade to carrying bricksI made my trade to carrying bricksFor working on the railwayI'm weary of the railwayPoor Paddy works on the railway

I was wearing corduroy britchesDigging ditches, pulling switchesDodging pitchesI was working on the railway

In eighteen hundred and forty-sevenPoor Paddy was thinking of going to HeavenIf he left one kid, well he left elevenTo work upon the railway, the railwayI'm weary of the railwayPoor Paddy works on the railway

I was wearing corduroy britchesDigging ditches, pulling switchesDodging pitchesI was working on the railway

Well John Henry was a little baby Sittin' on his daddy's knee He picked up a hammer and a little piece of steel And cried, "Hammer's gonna be death of me, Lord, Lord Hammer's gonna be the death of me"

Now the captain he said to John Henry "I'm gonna bring that steam drill around

I'm gonna bring that steam drillout on these tracks I'm gonna knock thatsteel on down, God, God I'm gonna knock that steel on down"

John Henry told his captain "Lord a man ain't noth' but a man But before I let that steam drill beat me down I'm gonna die with a hammer in my hand, Lord, Lord I'll die with a hammer in my hand"

John Henry driving on the right side That steam drill driving on the left Says, "Fore I let your steam drill beat me down I'm gonna hammer myself to death, Lord, Lord, I'll hammer my fool self to death"

Well captain said to John Henry "What is that storm I hear?" John Henry said, "That ain't no storm captain That's just my hammer in the air, Lord, Lord That's just my hammer in the air"

John Henry said to his shaker "Shaker, why don't you sing? Cause I'm swingin' thirty pounds from my hips on down Yeah, listen to my cold steel ring, Lord Lord Listen to my cold steel ring"

John Henry he hammered in the mountains His hammer was striking fire But he worked so hard; it broke his heart John Henry laid down his hammer and died, Lord, Lord John Henry laid down his hammer and died

Well every, every Monday morning When a blue bird he began to sing You could hear John Henry from a mile or more You could hear John Henry's hammer ring, Lord, Lord You can hear John Henry's hammer ring

Other Milestones• Cable laid between

Newfoundland and Ireland allowed nearly instantaneous communication with Europe

• Americans began to build "clipper ships" to haul cargo to foreign nations, notably China.

• The Pony Express could travel 2,000 miles in 10 days. It lasted only 2 years before being replaced by the trans-continental telegraph wire.

Connection Leads to Disconnection

• The "transportation revolution" wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation, and it did. Roads, canals, and steamboats linked the nation. The South was largely left to use its rivers.

• The notion of "division of labor" emerged—each section of the U.S. specialized in its own thing. The North: manufacturing, the South: cotton for export, and the West: grain and livestock.

• Legal issues usually sided with businesses, rather than workers.

• Rags-to-riches stories were rare, but you had a better chance of it than back in Europe.

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