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Bell-Ringer Pick up Reformation and Enlightenment and turn to page 159. We will be reading “And Yet, it Does Move!” about Galileo and answering the discussion questions at the end as a class! . Chapter 22, Section 2 “The Enlightenment in Europe”. Two Views on Government - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Bell-Ringer
Pick up Reformation and Enlightenment and turn to page 159. We will be reading “And Yet, it Does Move!” about Galileo and answering the discussion questions at the end as a class!
Chapter 22, Section 2
“The Enlightenment in Europe”
I. Two Views on Government A. Enlightenment
1. new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and
the power of individuals to solve problems B. Hobbes’s Social Contract
1. Thomas Hobbes a. published Leviathan
1. believed humans were naturally selfish and wicked
2. government was needed to keep order
b. social contract 1. to avoid miserable life, people
must hand over their rights to a strong ruler in
exchange for law and order 2. such government was an
absolute monarchy
Thomas Hobbes
C. Locke’s Natural Rights 1. John Locke
a. people learn from experience and improve themselves
b. favored idea of self-government c. all people are born free and equal with
3 natural rights 1. life, liberty, and property
d. purpose of government is to protect these rights
e. foundation of modern democracy
John Locke
II. The Philosophes Advocate Reason A. Philosophes
1. social critics of this period 2. believed people could apply reason to all
aspects of life 3. 5 concepts formed the core of their beliefs
a. reason: truth could be discovered through logical thinking
b. nature: what was natural was also good and reasonable
c. happiness: urged people to seek well-being on earth
d. progress: society and humankind could improve
e. liberty: called for liberties English won in Glorious
Revolution and Bill of Rights
B. Voltaire Combats Intolerance 1. Voltaire
a. often used satire against opponents b. targeted clergy, aristocracy, and
government c. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom
of religious belief, and freedom of speech
d. “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the
death your right to say it.”
Voltaire
C. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers 1. Baron de Montesquieu
a. published On the Spirit of Laws 1. separation of powers would
keep any individual or group from gaining total control
of the gov’t b. “Power should be a check to power.”
1. checks and balances 2. became basis for U.S.
Constitution
D. Rousseau: Champion of Freedom 1. Jean Jacques Rousseau
a. civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
b. A good government was a direct-democracy
c. published The Social Contract 1. agreement among free
individuals to create society and a government
2. all people were equal; nobility titles should be abolished
E. Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice 1. Beccaria
a. believed laws preserved social order b. advocated speedy trial c. torture should never be used d. capital punishment should be
abolished
Becceria
III. Women and the Enlightenment A. Mary Astell
1. published A Serious Proposal to the Ladiesa. addressed lack of educational
opportunities for women b. unequal relationship between men &
women in marriage B. Mary Wollstonecraft
1. published A Vindication of the Rights of Women
a. women needed educ. to become virtuous & useful
b. urged women to enter male-dominated jobs Mary Wollstonecraft
IV. Legacy of the Enlightenment A. Belief in Progress
1. growth of scientific knowledge quickened 2. argued for end to slavery & greater social
equality B. More Secular Outlook
1. mysteries of the universe can be explained mathematically
2. rid religious faith of superstition & fear 3. promote tolerance of all religions
C. Importance of the Individual 1. use individual ability to determine right or
wrong 2. gov’t was formed by individuals to promote
their welfare
Major Ideas and Thinkers of the Enlightenment
Thinker Idea ImpactLocke Natural Rights – Life, Liberty,
PropertyFundamental to the Declaration of Independence
Montesquieu Separation of power France, U.S., and Latin American nations use separation of powers in new constitutions
Voltaire Freedom of thought and expression
Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship
Beccaria Abolishment of torture Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights; torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe & the Americas
Voltaire Religious freedom Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce persecution
Wollstonecraft Women’s equality Women’s rights groups in Europe & North America
Daily Essential Questions
1. What are the natural rights with which people are born with, according to John Locke?
2. Who were the philosophes and what did they advocate?
3. What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?
Major Ideas and Thinkers of the Enlightenment
Thinker Idea ImpactLocke Natural Rights – ___________
_________________________Fundamental to the _____________ ______________________________
Montesquieu _________________________ ______________________________ nations use separation of powers in new constitutions
Voltaire Freedom of _______________ ________________________
Guaranteed in __________________ ________ & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; _______ ______________________________
Beccaria Abolishment of _______________
Guaranteed in _________________; torture ________________________ in nations of Europe & the Americas
Voltaire _________________________ Guaranteed in __________________ _______ & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs _____________________
Wollstonecraft _________________________ ______________________________ in Europe & North America