Bell Ringer – 10/6/14

*Pick up a map and atlas

Think about this question!

1. Explain how religion can be used to help strengthen people and an empire?

Class discussion in 2 minutes.

Bell Ringer – 10/20/14

Step 1: Refer to your notes on the Rise of Islam.

Step 2: Answer the following questions using your notes.

Q 1: What was the major disagreement in Islam after Muhammed’s death that lead to the split in the religion?

Q 2: What are the 2 sects of Islam?

Q 3: What is a caliph?

Islamic Cultural

Diffusionand

Islamic Empires

What Led to the Spread of Islam?

Islamic Empires Vocabulary1. Muhammed

2. Muslim

3. 5 Pillars

4. Koran

5. Caliph

6. Sunni

7. Shi’ite

8. Osman Bey

9. Anatolia

10. Ottoman Empire

11. Istanbul

12. Hagia Sophia

13. Sultan

14. Suleiman

15. Social Classes

16. Golden Age Accomplishments

17. Safavid Empire

18. Mughal Empire

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnDBTskOZik

The Spread of Islam. Prod.

Fabian-Baber. Fabian-Baber, 2006. Discovery Education. Web.

25 March 2012

The RISE OF ISLAM

Muhammad unified the Arabic people both politically and through the religion of Islam

4 Reasons Islam Spread:1.The Will of Allah – united Muslims2.Divide and Conquer – Byzantine and Persian

Empires were weakened from fighting one another

3.Fair Treatment – Muslim Rulers conquered fairly, non-Muslims paid a special tax but could practice freely

4.The Mighty Sword – Arabs were strong fighters

Why choose Islam?

1. Orthodox Christianity became identified with the Greek culture which was foreign to the life of Arabs

2. Zoroastrianism was associated with Persian culture

3. The Byzantine and Persian empires were considered oppressive and cruel

4. Allowed Arabs to have equal status despite wealth

Death of Muhammed in 623

• Created confusion because he had no successor

• Discussions led to his father-in-law Abu Bakr becoming the first Caliph – “deputy”

• Caliphs – heads of state, chief judge, religious leader, and military commander

• Next 3 Caliphs: Umar, Uthman, and Ali

• All were close friends of Muhammed

Split within Islam• 2 sects developed after Muhammed’s

deathSunnis Shi’ites

90% 10%

Believed caliph(leader) should be chosen by Muslim leaders

Believed caliph(leader) had to be a relative of Muhammed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KLvjs7Yrtw

MECCA

Characteristics of Islamic society

• Strong commitment to monotheistic faith, Five Pillars

• Development of overland and maritime trade and communication routes

• Facilitated the spread of new crops, trade goods and ideas

• Adopted various cultural traditions of Persians, Indians, Christians, Judaism, and Greeks

Ottoman Empire Origins• Name came from

“Osman Bey”, a Turkish leader of a western Anatolian nomadic group who began expansionistic moves in the 14th century.

• Gradually these nomads took over Anatolia and became the border between Islam and

Byzantine Christian

The Ottoman Empire1453-1918

I. The Ottomans1. Nomadic group of Turkish people.2. Originally from central Asia.3. Emerged as rulers of the Islamic world.

II. Ottoman Empire1. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire

A. Ottomans capture Constantinople under the leadership of Mehmed II (1453)

B. 6- week campaign of fighting2. Controlled trade with Europe & Asia.

A. Made it difficult for Europeans to pass.3. Conquered Egypt & North Africa.4. United Muslims under one rule.

The Fall of Constantinople:1453• Constantinople's location made it the natural

"middleman" center for both land and sea trade between the eastern Mediterranean and central Asia, possession of which would ensure immense wealth.

"

The Ottoman Capital – Constantinople now renamed

Istanbul

Hagia Sophia – Church of “Holy Wisdom” – turned

into a mosque

The Ottoman Bureaucracy

SULTANSULTAN

DivansDivans

Social / MilitaryDivans

Social / MilitaryDivans

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Local Administrators& Military

Local Administrators& Military

Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors

MuslimsMuslims JewsJews

ChristiansChristians

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdWZvq4yvLU

Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566

I. The Rule of Suleiman1. Muslim ruler from 1520-1566.2. Named the “Lawgiver” in the East

because he revised the entire legal system of the empire..

3. Established & enforced strict laws.A. Based on the Koran. B. Reconstructed the Ottoman

system of rule.C. Personally instituted legislative

changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law

Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566

II. Created a grand court and empireA. Built palaces, mosques, schools,

libraries, roads, bridges, hospitalsB. Encouraged literacy, art, scienceC. Encouraged conversion to IslamD. Non-Muslims had to pay a special

taxE. Had Coffee houses – drank coffee

and discussed political and religious issues

Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566III. Suleiman’s Social Class System

1. Citizens were organized into four districts.

A. Men of the pen, sword, negotiation & the fields.

– men of the pen” – lawyers, judges, teachers, scientist, poets, artisans

– “men of the sword” – warriors, soldiers, bodyguards (Janissaries)

– “men of negotiation” – merchants, tax collectors, traders and merchants

– “men of fields” – farmers, pig herders

2. Higher citizens special privileges.

3. Educated men held the highest rank.

The Golden Age of the Ottomans

Important advancements made in science, architecture & literature.

Muslim Inventionshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6SIcHMF9Y0

1. Hospitals/Surgery

2. Algebra

3. Bicycle

4. Toothbrush

5. Universities

6. Glasses

7. Coffee

8. Flying Machine

The Islamic Empires 1500-1800

The Islamic Empires1500-1800

• Three Islamic Empires dominate from southern Europe to Northern India from 1500-1800– Ottoman Empire (Southern Europe, Middle

East, North Africa)– Safavid Empire (Persia)– Mughal Empire (Northern India)

The Islamic Empires1500-1800

• Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals– Based on military leadership of the ruler– Devotion to Islam– Based on nomadic traditions– Power struggles within families– Indirect influence of wives and concubines

The Islamic Empires1500-1800

• Culture– Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal rulers made

their capitals centers of culture and trade• Mosques and palaces all over Istanbul,

Isfahan, and Delhi• Capitals were a reflection of the rulers’

tastes • Rulers hired architects and engineers and

incorporated elements of culture

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wac0fyrfu_8

Taj Mahal “the jewel of Muslim art in India”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIyZpEFJID4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhHpBe4FjNY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppAQDPb8DYM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBB96mj2X38

The Islamic Empires1500-1800

• Decline in the 18th century• Though these were powerful empires why did they

decline?1. Due to lack of leadership – worked well when tolerant but all

rulers not tolerant and many were corrupt

2. Religious tension between Islam and Christianity

3. Cultural conservatism - saw trade very differently from Europeans4. One reason was they spent a lot of money fighting wars - Decline

in military technology5. Resisted new developments in western technology and science6. Spent enormous sums on monumental architecture to display

power7. Power – Superficially external visible – Real power Hidden in

inner quarters