Bell QuestionBell QuestionDefine the following terms:Define the following terms:

1.1. RotationRotation

2.2. RevolutionRevolution

3.3. PrecessionPrecession

4.4. NutationNutation

Answer the following question:Answer the following question:

5.5. What would happen if the Earth’s axis What would happen if the Earth’s axis were not tilted 23.5were not tilted 23.5. (If it were straight . (If it were straight up and down.)up and down.)

Grid System and Grid System and TimeTime

LatitudeLatitude

Distance north or south of the Distance north or south of the equator equator

Equator = 0° latitudeEquator = 0° latitude

LongitudeLongitude

Distance east or west of the Prime Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian Meridian

Prime Meridian = 0° longitude ; Prime Meridian = 0° longitude ; passes through Greenwich, Englandpasses through Greenwich, England

Greenwich, England Greenwich, England 0° Longitude (Prime Meridian)0° Longitude (Prime Meridian)

ExampleExample

What city is located at 37°S and What city is located at 37°S and 144°E?144°E?

AnswerAnswer

Melbourne, Australia Melbourne, Australia

ExampleExample

What city is located at 40°N and What city is located at 40°N and 105°W?105°W?

AnswerAnswer

Denver, Colorado Denver, Colorado

Distance Between Lines of LatitudeDistance Between Lines of Latitude

69 mi/° * Difference in Degrees of 69 mi/° * Difference in Degrees of LatitudeLatitude

ExampleExample

Calculate the number of miles Calculate the number of miles between Atlanta (33°N, 84°W) and between Atlanta (33°N, 84°W) and New York City (40°N, 74°W).New York City (40°N, 74°W).

AnswerAnswer

Diff in Latitude = 40°N - 33°N = 7°Diff in Latitude = 40°N - 33°N = 7° 69 mi/° * 7° = 69 mi/° * 7° = 483 miles483 miles

Distance ConstantDistance Constant

How many miles are there in 1° of How many miles are there in 1° of longitude at the equator given that longitude at the equator given that the circumference of the earth is the circumference of the earth is 24,860 miles and that there are 360° 24,860 miles and that there are 360° in a circle?in a circle?

24,860 mi24,860 mi = = 69 mi/°69 mi/°

360°360°

Distance Between Lines of Distance Between Lines of LongitudeLongitude

69 mi/° * Difference in Degrees of 69 mi/° * Difference in Degrees of Longitude * Cosine of Parallel Longitude * Cosine of Parallel

TraveledTraveled

ExampleExample

Calculate the number of miles Calculate the number of miles between Cairo (30°N, 31°E) and New between Cairo (30°N, 31°E) and New Delhi (28°N, 77°E). Assume travel Delhi (28°N, 77°E). Assume travel along the 29°N parallel.along the 29°N parallel.

AnswerAnswer

Diff in Longitude = 77°E - 31°E = 46°Diff in Longitude = 77°E - 31°E = 46° 69 mi/° * 46° * Cos(29°) = 69 mi/° * 46° * Cos(29°) = 2,777 mi2,777 mi

Time ZonesTime Zones

How many degree of longitude are How many degree of longitude are there in one hour (one time zone) there in one hour (one time zone) given that there are 360° in a circle given that there are 360° in a circle and 24 hours in a day?and 24 hours in a day?

360°360° = = 15°15°

24 h 24 h 1 h1 h

Time ZonesTime Zones

Standard time zones are spaced 15° Standard time zones are spaced 15° apartapart

For every 15° you move For every 15° you move westwest, , subtract one hour of timesubtract one hour of time

For every 15° you move For every 15° you move easteast, add , add one hour of timeone hour of time

ExampleExample

If it is 12 PM in Waterloo, Iowa what If it is 12 PM in Waterloo, Iowa what time is it in Springfield, time is it in Springfield, Massachusetts?Massachusetts?

AnswerAnswer

1 PM1 PM

1 hour difference, move east, so add 11 hour difference, move east, so add 1

International DatelineInternational Dateline

The 180° longitude parallel The 180° longitude parallel

International DatelineInternational Dateline

When you move west across the When you move west across the dateline, it is one day laterdateline, it is one day later

When you move east across the When you move east across the dateline, it is one day earlierdateline, it is one day earlier

The relationship between direction The relationship between direction traveled and time does not change traveled and time does not change (move west – one hour earlier; move (move west – one hour earlier; move east – one hour later)east – one hour later)

ExampleExample

If it is 1 PM in Juneau, Alaska on June If it is 1 PM in Juneau, Alaska on June 12, what time and day is it in Tokyo, 12, what time and day is it in Tokyo, Japan?Japan?

AnswerAnswer

7 AM ; June 137 AM ; June 13

Time, Distance, and Speed Time, Distance, and Speed Combination ProblemsCombination Problems

Departing Washington, DC (33°N, Departing Washington, DC (33°N, 77°W) at noon, [77°W) at noon, [at what speed] at what speed] would you have to travel in order to would you have to travel in order to land in Denver, CO (39°N, 105°W) land in Denver, CO (39°N, 105°W) precisely at noon? Assume travel precisely at noon? Assume travel along the 35°N parallel.along the 35°N parallel.

AnswerAnswer

105°W - 77°W = 28° (Diff in Long)105°W - 77°W = 28° (Diff in Long) D = 69mi/° * Cos(35°) * 28° = 1,582 miD = 69mi/° * Cos(35°) * 28° = 1,582 mi S = D/T = 1,582mi / 2h = S = D/T = 1,582mi / 2h = 791 mph791 mph