Behaviour in animals.pptx

7/30/2019 Behaviour in animals.pptx

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Behaviour in animals


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Animal communication

Making sounds (snake hissing signal presenceof predator)

Producing chemicals (pheromones)-Moths do

this to attract a mate By giving signals or displays (peacock show

their feathers)

Through body language and facial expressions(Chimpanzee grinning= fear, These are speciesspecific)


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Courting behaviour

(sexual reproduction is the outcome)

Males attract females and then females select aparticular mate from a number of possibilities.

Females choice is guided by the males displayswhich will probably indicate the health of themale. Females will choose them because theythink they have good genes and this will increasethe chances of their young surviving.

Monogamous species- both parents involved inlooking after the offspring

Polygamous species- males do not usually takerole as a parent.


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Parental care

Involves, feeding, protecting and helping

offspring interact with others. This behaviour

helps the offspring to survive

Takes time and effort

If care increase chance of offspring surviving

then parents indirectly benefit because their

genes pass from one generation to the next


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Human communication

Body language, gestures and facial expressionhumans have alsodeveloped sophisticated methods of communication based onlanguage which enables us to pass on knowledge to other humansincluding emotions and complex ideas

Humans have a voice box which amplifies sounds produced by air

passing through the vocal chords and a brain which can interpretthe sounds

Fossils indicate speech came before written communication

Writing systems are based on pictures and on an alphabet of letters

Humans are self aware-we know we exist. Self awareness allows us

to have an idea of what others may be thinking. Mirror test is a testfor self awareness. Other self-aware animals include Chimpanzees,Oragnutans and dolphins


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Family society

Humans impact on environment increased when peopleshifted from a nomadic, hunting gathering way of life to amore settled lifestyle based on permanent communities

Farming, clearing tropical rainforest, building on greenfield

sites and mining. Hunter gathers are nomadic and hunt for food; following

the seasonal rains and migration of animals

Bushmen have better: communication, keep tools, use fireto cook, meet other large groups for social gatherings and

travel large distances Farming and domesticating animals allowed us to settle

Hunting for bush meat, civil war and clearing the foreststhreatens the survival of the great apes in the wild


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Behaviour; how an animal responds to a

stimulus

Conditioning; Process where animals learn to

associate a desired outcome with a stimulus

that is not directly linked to the possibilities of

the outcome

Classical conditioning; animal learns without

trying

Operant conditioning; Animal learns to do

something by being rewarded (or punished)


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Habituation; Getting used to a stimulus that

you avoided. Believed to be the simplest type

of learning. Animal stops responding to a

stimulus that has no effect on it; it has learnt

to ignore it.

Form of learning that allows animals not to

waste time and energy responding to a stimuli

which might be alarming to begin with, butnot harmful (birds on a scarecrow)


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Imprinting

Form of learning that is not easily changed-bonding (when an animal becomes attached toits owner, much easier to train, attachment

reinforced by food and the owners company. Itoccurs during a sensitive period of the animalslife (when young)imprinting improves chancesof young animals surviving beyond early days of

life because they follow their parents and parentsmean a source of food, protection from predatorsand even shelter.


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Domestication; The process of bringing

animals under human control. Animals

become tame People use pets for

Companionship

Protection

Reducing stress Assist with work

Status

Benefits of using animals:

Easier to handle Less likely to injure each other

Provide food

Allow settlements to develop


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Problems with using animals

Cruel

Takes them out of their natural environment

Harms and hurts them (medicine testing)However

Intensively farming chicken means more food at

cheaper more affordable prices, if they were notfarmed like this then food prices would rise and

this would effect the poorer population


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Anthropomorphism

The way we describe animals, plants, and

objects as having human characteristics

Anthromorphic; giving animals/non-human

objects human characteristics e.g.. Cartoon

animal speaking


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Behaviour Explanation

Carnivores spend relatively little

time eating

Meat contains lots of amino acids

so they can eat less

Carnivores have developed

excellent abilities to detect pray

Eyes at front of the head to judge

distances well

Good hearing and sense of smell

Powerful legs to chase prey

Sharp teeth for catching andeating prey

Sharp claws so they can catch and

hold their prey

Some carnivores hunt in packs Cooperate, surround prey making

it easier to catch

Share what they catch

Some species hunts alone Do not have to share food, except

when feeding close family

members (tigers and foxes hunt

alone)


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Behaviour Explanation

Herbivores spend a lot of time eating So they can get enough of the nutrients

(particularly amino acids) needed

Plants do contain them but not a lot

Vertebrate herbivores often feed in large

groups called herds

Successful evolutionary strategy. Weak

ones killed, herd as a whole survives.

Vertebrate herbivores are constantly on

the move in large groups

Because they eat so much they need to

move to new areas where there is food

Herbivores are good at avoiding

predators

Tend to have strong legs to run

Camouflaged (like zebra, stripes confuse

predator)

Eyes are on the side of their head giving

them a wide field of visionMany have pointed horns and/or

powerful hooves to fight off predators

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Behaviour in animals.pptx