BEHAVIORS VERBAL AND PHYSICAL AIA Programs 13 Baseline Behavior DETERMINE BASELINE ILLUSTRATORS, MANIPULATORS, AND SPEECH . Anderson Investigative Associates

Slide 1 BEHAVIORAL BASELINES AND

VERBAL AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIORS

Mark A. AndersonDirector of Training

Anderson Investigative Associateswww.AndersonInvestigative.com

[email protected]

Anderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 2 Contact Information

Mark A. Anderson

Director of Training and Development, AIA

Special Agent, DOJ/OIG, Inspector General Criminal Investigator

Academy

Detailed to FLETC/DHS, originally in Behavioral Science Division

for last three years

Former Special Agent, DOJ, FBI, NRC, and as a Deputy Inspector

General and Director of Internal Audit in NYS. (30 plus years)

Director of Security, Pyramid Corporation

Contact Information

(912) 882-5857 ~ Office(912) 571-6686 ~ [email protected]

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Slide 3 AIA Programs

Programs for Interviewers

Advanced Interviewing and Interrogation

Employee Misconduct Investigations

Subject Elimination Interviews

Recorded Interviews

Sworn Statements

Custom Designed programs

See our website for prospective courses and program information

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Slide 4 Topics Covered Today

• Determine baseline illustrators, manipulators, and speech.

• Establish a behavioral baseline with biographical data and rapport.

• Identify verbal cues of deception.

• Identify non verbal cues of deception, including eye accessing cues.


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Slide 5

Where do they learn these things?Anderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 6 How good are we at reading

body language?

• Let’s look at non-verbals on their own

• Then let’s assess our ability with non-verbals and verbals together.


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Slide 7 We need to listen well- in silence


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Slide 8 Which worked better?

• As trained interviewers we are only about 51% accurate at reading non-verbals.

• Combined with verbals we are in the 80% range with good listening.

• We must optimize our ability to observe and read behavior in interviews.


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Slide 9 Is Room Setup Important?

Ideal set up

Obstacles Desks

Conference Tables

Low Sofas

What Else?

Clothing?

Don’t downplay the significance!

Does this make you uncomfortable?


W

I

S

Door

Room Dynamics

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Slide 10 Note taking and listening

• Secondary interviewer should take notes

• Don’t write while interviewee is talking

– Lose ability to observe non-verbals

– Decreases ability to actively listen

• Listen to answer, seek to understand, record

• Don’t interrupt narrative responses

– Interviewee will truncate answers

– By listening, earn the right to talk


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Slide 11 J. Solari DATE/TIME

Case number: 123456

S/Doe, John p. 1

J. Solari DATE/TIMECase number: 123456S/Doe, John p. 1

W left for JAX with a

friend in the morning.

What time?

Friend

name?

11Anderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 12 We Must Establish Baseline Behavior

“You can’t know what someone looks or sounds like when they are lying if you first don’t know what they look or sound like when they are telling the truth.”


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Slide 13

Baseline Behavior

DETERMINE BASELINE ILLUSTRATORS, MANIPULATORS, AND SPEECH.


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Slide 14 Baseline Behavior

“Meharabian Rule”

• Dr. Albert Meharabian, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at UCLA

Communication– 55% non-verbal (body language, facial expressions)

– 38% voice (volume, tone, pitch, cadence)

– 7% words used


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Slide 15 Baseline Behavior (non-verbal)

• Illustrators

– Talking with hands

–Must match what person is saying verbally• Emotions

• Reinforcement of words

–Usually will indicate honesty• Look for baseline changes though

– Retracted hands

– Overly exaggerated hand movement


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• Manipulators

–Using hands to perform a task when speaking• This behavior cannot be controlled

• Nervous tension is released through manipulators

• Poker players pick up tells on other players

• Never tell an interviewee you know they are lying based on a manipulator you have read


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• Manipulators

–Unlike Illustrators, Manipulators do not match the spoken words

– Timing• Behavior will be noticed within seconds after question

or even during question

• Behavior must be on-time to be considered relevant


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Slide 18 Baseline Behavior (non-verbal)• Manipulators

Grooming Gestures

Stroking mustache

Stroking goatee or chin

Scratching/combing head/hair with fingers

Lint picking from clothes

Wiping sleeve or pant leg

Inspecting or picking fingernails


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Slide 19 Baseline Behavior (non-verbal)• Manipulators

Other Manipulators

Twirling hair

Finger drumming

Popping knuckles

Scratching body

Pulling arm hair

Covering mouth when answering

Touching ear

Covering eyes

Rubbing eyebrows/forehead

Playing with pens, pencils, or other itemsAnderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 20 Listen and watch, manipulators

Anderson Investigative AssociatesThe Event The Conference

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Slide 21 Baseline Behavior (verbal)

• Voice – looking for changes from baseline

– Fast/Slow

– Loud/Soft

– Inflections

– Tone• Tone is about 38% of communication


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• Words

–Contractions: “I don’t know” vs. “I do not know”• Non-use could indicate deception (60% who use are

truthful)

– Tense (past vs. present)• “I loved her” vs. “I love her”


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• Words

Key Indicator Words

Sometimes Maybe

If Pretty much

Usually Hope

Could Typically

Should Think

About Not really

Honestly

Example – use of key indicator words Anderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 24 Baseline Behavior (verbal)Response Latency

◦ Time from interviewer’s last word to interviewee’s first word

Truthful responses: .5 seconds

Untruthful response: 1.5 seconds

◦ Straightforward question should not produce a delayed response

“Did you look at child pornography on your computer?”


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Slide 25

Baseline Behavior

ESTABLISH A BASELINE WITH BIOGRAPHICAL DATA AND RAPPORT.


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• Biographical Data

–Go over personal data to establish baseline

• Records checks

• If you know personal info

–Ask about information you already possess to test for truthfulness and baseline


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Slide 27 Baseline Behavior • Rapport

– Proper rapport will help establish a baseline

– We learned early that rapport is to build trust and get the interviewee to want to talk with us• Also look for behavior norms both verbally and non-verbally

– Active listening and behavior observation is critical!


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Slide 28


One of the most important skills that an Interviewer can develop is the

ability to correctly assess nonverbal behaviors exhibited by suspects

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Slide 29 What causes these indicators?STRESS...

• Causes confusion

• Confusion causes mistakes

• Mistakes exhibit themselves nonverbally and verbally.


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Slide 30 NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS

Stress Response

“Fight or Flight”

Adrenaline dump Increased heart rate Increased blood

pressure Rapid breathing Need to urinate


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Slide 31 NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR

Sweating begins

Stomach upset

Pupils dilate

Dry mouth, throat clearing

Voice changes

Piloerection(Goosebumps)


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Slide 32 BODY MOVEMENT

• Shifting of torso

• Position in chair

• Chair movement


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Slide 33 TRUTHFUL PEOPLE...

USUALLY

sit upright and appear comfortable

are frontally aligned

lean forward and seem attentive

make smooth changes in posture


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Slide 34 DECEPTIVE PEOPLE...

May

• sit slouched in chair

• seem rigid

• have erratic changes in posture

• retract feet

• not sit frontally aligned

• use supportive gestures and barriers


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Slide 35 DECEPTIVE PEOPLE...May also

use grooming gestureshand wringing

scratch, stroke, pick, pull at face, hands, or clothes

clear throat, sigh, yawn, shuffle, tap

• ALL THESE RELIEVE TENSION AND STRESS!!


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Slide 36 Physiological Indicators of Stress

• Clearing throat, coughing

• Licking lips, swallowing

• Yawning

• Shuffling/tapping feet

• Touching face/head

• Smoking


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Slide 37 SUCCESSFULLY READING PEOPLE

• Look at the big picture.

• Don’t rely on a single behavior or response.

• Look for changes from the baseline.Anderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 38

Baseline Behavior

IDENTIFY VERBAL CUES TO TRUTH VS. DECEPTION.


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Slide 39 Truthful Verbal Responses Are...

• Spontaneous

• Sincere

• Direct

• Concerned and helpful

• uses pronouns like “I”

or “my” to show commitment


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Slide 40 Truthful Verbal Denials Are...

• Spontaneous

• Direct

• Strong


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Slide 41 Types of Deception• Deception by concealment is one of the easiest for

the subject, as he or she doesn’t have to do anything. Everything they tell the investigator is the truth, it’s just not the whole truth.

• Deception by equivocation happens when a subject simply answers a question without actually answering the question. This is also known as “dodging the issue”.

• Deception by falsification is the most difficult type of deception for an interviewee to pull off. It requires creating fiction and it’s hard work. It’s also easier to make mistakes when inventing facts.


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Slide 42 Deceptive Responses Are...

• Guarded

• Insincere

• Evasive

• Appear unconcerned

• Sometimes lacking pronouns such as “I” or “my”

• No ownership

• Protecting themselves Anderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 43 Deceptive Denials

• Hesitation

• Repeats question

• Weak tone of voice

• Uses generalized responses (usually, generally, that’s about it)

• “To be honest….”

• Qualifiers (at this point in time, as far as I can remember)

• Overemphasis: “I swear to God!” “I swear on my Mother’s grave!”

• Spoken rapidly as if rushing through a lie.


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Slide 44

Ten Signs of Verbal Deception

• Lack of self-reference

• Verb tense

• Answering questions with questions

• Equivocation

• Oaths

• Euphemisms

• Alluding to actions

• Lack of Detail

• Narrative balance

• Mean Length of Utterance


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Slide 45 Listen to the words……

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Slide 46 Paul Buttafuoco (16 year old son of Joey and Mary Jo Buttafuoco -infamous for being part of a sordid Long Island love triangle) was arrested for allegedly shoplifting from Macy’s. Joey B., the father:

“I am sure that my son, who is a good boy, is innocent of an unusual event that could never have happened.”


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Slide 47

In “Dear Abby,” a response to a survey

regarding marriage fidelity:

“Married 66 years. I am 83 and have never cheated; my

husband is 89 and says he can’t remember.”


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Slide 48

House Speaker Newt Gingrich on issue of

what he said of first lady Hillary Rodham

Clinton:

“I never said - I never said - to the best of my knowledge, I

never said what you just said”


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Slide 49 Mrs. Buttafuoco, in response to

allegations her husband had sex with an

underage actress Amy Fischer:

“I choose to believe, based on the person that I know and the person

that I live with and the person that I spent many, many years with, and the person whose bed I share, that

he did not.”


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Slide 50 CAUTIONS WHEN EVALUATING

VERBALS

• CULTURE

• CHANGE

• CONTEXT

• CLUSTERSAnderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 51 CULTURE


What behaviors are normal for a particular culture?

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Slide 52 CHANGE


Are changes due to:

• Interviewer’s questions?

• Or, normal behavior pattern?

• MUST get a baseline to know!

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Slide 53 CONTEXT


Why did change occur?

Deceptive most often within 1-5 seconds after question

Consider environment, illness, hunger, fatigue etc.

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Slide 54 CLUSTERS


• Two or more nonverbal behaviors displayed within one to five seconds after a stressful or “key” question.

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Slide 55 THE TRUTH…?

• False face must hide what the false heart doth know.

(MacBeth)

• Watch out for the man whose stomach doesn’t move when he laughs.

(Chinese proverb)


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Slide 56 MORE TRUTH…

• He that has eyes to see and ears to hear, may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips; betrayal oozes out of every pore.

(Sigmund Freud)


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Slide 57 Successfully Reading People

• Look at the big picture.

• Don’t rely on a single behavior or response.

• Look for changes from the baseline.


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Slide 58 Active Listening Process

• Remain Neutral

• Ask the Question

• Look Interested

• Concentrate on the Response

• Ensure UnderstandingAnderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 59 We need to listen well


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Slide 60

Baseline Behavior

IDENTIFY EYE ACCESSING CUES.


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Slide 61 EYE CONTACT/MOVEMENT

• Eyes are the window to the soul

• Normal eye contact is maintained 30-60%

• Blink rate (13-15bpm)


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Slide 62 SAN PAKU

• Japanese

• 3 whites

• Stress may cause the eyelids to rise exposing the whites

Anderson Investigative AssociatesIf your thinking it, it is the Runaway Bride

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• Eye Accessing Cues

–Baseline established through interviewee’s eye movement for recalling information or a real event

– Look for opposites when conducting interview


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• Studies have shown:

Up for visual recall

Over for audio recall

Down for feelings


EMOTIONAL FEELINGS INTERNAL DIALOGUE

AUDIO RECALLAUDIO CREATE

VISUAL CREATE VISUAL RECALL

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71% Up/Left for recall

21% Up/Right for recall

3% Defocused for recall

5% No baseline for recall

• 77% of left handed Up/Left for recall

• Bio and Rapport Inconsistencies


EMOTIONAL FEELINGS INTERNAL DIALOGUE

AUDIO RECALLAUDIO CREATE

VISUAL CREATE VISUAL RECALL

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–Be cautious when reading eye accessing cues• It’s not truth and lie, but recall and create

• A person can look to their recall side and still be lying

• Left handed people are not opposite of right handed

–Use bio and rapport to establish a good recall baseline• Camouflage these questions so they appear natural


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Slide 67

Baseline Behavior

STUDENT EXERCISE


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Slide 68

Listen and watchAnderson Investigative Associates

The Event The Conference

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Slide 69 Summary

• Determine baseline illustrators, manipulators, and speech.

• Establish a baseline with biographical data and rapport.

• Identify non-verbal cues of deception.

• Identify verbal cues of deception.

• Identify eye accessing cues. Anderson Investigative Associates

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Slide 70 Anderson Investigative Associates


Let’s Keep In Touch:

Website www.Andersoninvestigative.com

Facebook Anderson Investigative Associates

LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/mark-a-anderson-

a46a1658

Twitter Mark A. Anderson@AIA_training

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Slide 71 Questions

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Slide 72 BEHAVIORAL BASELINES AND

VERBAL AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIORS

Mark A. AndersonDirector of Training

Anderson Investigative Associateswww.AndersonInvestigative.com

[email protected]


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Documents

BEHAVIORS VERBAL AND PHYSICAL AIA Programs 13 Baseline Behavior DETERMINE BASELINE ILLUSTRATORS, MANIPULATORS, AND SPEECH . Anderson Investigative Associates