Behavioral BiologyBehavioral Biology

Chapter 51Chapter 51

http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?action=view&link=Animations/People&image=sleeping.gif&img=&tt=

•Behavior – what an animal does and why they do it.

•Has proximate (immediate responses) and ultimate (evolutionary reasons) causes.

•Innate behavior – present at birth.

•Behavior – what an animal does and why they do it.

•Has proximate (immediate responses) and ultimate (evolutionary reasons) causes.

•Innate behavior – present at birth.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greifreflex.JPG/180px-Greifreflex.JPG

Human grasp reflex – innate behavior

•Fixed action pattern (FAP) – These

•Triggered by a stimulus.

•Fixed action pattern (FAP) – These

•Triggered by a stimulus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern

These chicks peck at red spot on mothers beak to stimulate regurgitating reflex.

•Optimal foraging theory – foraging is balance between cost and reward.

•Animals expend the least amount of energy to get the most food.

•Optimal foraging theory – foraging is balance between cost and reward.

•Animals expend the least amount of energy to get the most food.

http://www.cquest.utoronto.ca/cgi-bio150/foraging/book.cgi?from=intro*section2&book=optimal&page=models

Hummingbirds must constantly eatin order to keep up with demand.

LearningLearning•Modification of behavior because of specific experiences.

•Different from maturation (change due to development in neuromuscular system)

•If stimulus is overused, habituation occurs. (no response)

•Modification of behavior because of specific experiences.

•Different from maturation (change due to development in neuromuscular system)

•If stimulus is overused, habituation occurs. (no response)

http://www.jolyon.co.uk/illustrations/vision/jpg_8.1_habituation.htm

• AImprinting – learning limited to specific period in animal’s life (sensitive period)

•Seen in songbird’s song – bird must learn song during sensitive period or it won’t learn it.

• AImprinting – learning limited to specific period in animal’s life (sensitive period)

•Seen in songbird’s song – bird must learn song during sensitive period or it won’t learn it.

http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/zentall/images/defaul5.jpg

• BAssociative learning – associating one stimulus for another.

• 1Classical conditioning – one stimulus gives reward or punishment (Pavlov’s dogs)

• 2Operant conditioning – trial and error learning

• BAssociative learning – associating one stimulus for another.

• 1Classical conditioning – one stimulus gives reward or punishment (Pavlov’s dogs)

• 2Operant conditioning – trial and error learning

http://www.geocities.com/skews_me_too/img/pavlovdog.jpg

http://www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/Overheads/OperantCond.jpg

• CPlay – no external goal, but has goal-directed behaviors.

•Could be for exercise or for practice (i.e. play fighting)

• CPlay – no external goal, but has goal-directed behaviors.

•Could be for exercise or for practice (i.e. play fighting)

http://www.milwaukeedogparks.org/images/9-28%20crop%20Talih%20%20Henley%20001.jpg

CognitionCognition•Ability of animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by receptors.

• 1Kinesis and taxis – kinesis – change in activity due to stimulus; taxis – movement towards/away from stimulus.

•Ability of animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by receptors.

• 1Kinesis and taxis – kinesis – change in activity due to stimulus; taxis – movement towards/away from stimulus.

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/entfacts/trees/ef406sow.gif

Sowbugs exhibit kinesis – they are more active in dry areas, less in humid areas. This ensures they will always be in wet areas.

Before adding light After adding light

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taxes.html

The organisms exhibit positive phototaxis and orient towards the light.

• 2Landmarks – more complex; ability to use objects as memory tools.

• 3Cognitive maps – code of spatial relationships among objects.

• Blue jays can remember thousands of storage areas for food.

• 2Landmarks – more complex; ability to use objects as memory tools.

• 3Cognitive maps – code of spatial relationships among objects.

• Blue jays can remember thousands of storage areas for food.

http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co09202003/Art/Jay.jpg

•Cognition studied through migration (movement over long distances)

•Cognition studied through migration (movement over long distances)

http://www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/Avian-migration-Swans.jpg

Social behaviorSocial behavior• Any interaction between 2 + animals, usually the same species.

• 1Agnostic behavior – involves threatening/submissive behavior – winner earns something (mate, food)

• Involves rituals, reconciliation behavior.

• Any interaction between 2 + animals, usually the same species.

• 1Agnostic behavior – involves threatening/submissive behavior – winner earns something (mate, food)

• Involves rituals, reconciliation behavior.

http://www.worldbook.com/features/birds/html/how_familylife.html

Ritual behavior in birds

• 2Dominance hierarchy – pecking order from top-ranked to bottom.

• 3Territoriality – defends territories for mating, feeding, etc.

• 2Dominance hierarchy – pecking order from top-ranked to bottom.

• 3Territoriality – defends territories for mating, feeding, etc.

http://alaskabeartours.com/images3/big/fight2.jpg

Dominance hierarchy in bears

Mating behaviorsMating behaviors

• 1Courtship – behavior patterns leading to mating.

• Amount of time proportional to parental investments (amount of time needed to produce/raise young)

• http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=322_1185412350

• 1Courtship – behavior patterns leading to mating.

• Amount of time proportional to parental investments (amount of time needed to produce/raise young)

• http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=322_1185412350

http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan141l.jpg

• 2Mating systems – vary in species.

• APromiscuous – no strong relationships.

• BMonogamous – one male/one female.

• 2Mating systems – vary in species.

• APromiscuous – no strong relationships.

• BMonogamous – one male/one female.

http://www.picturethisgallery.com/Artists/Larson,%20Judy/Alpha%20dogs.jpg

• CPolygamous – more than one partner; polygyny – 1 male/<1 female; polyandry – 1 female/<1 male

• CPolygamous – more than one partner; polygyny – 1 male/<1 female; polyandry – 1 female/<1 male

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070718001620.htm

New evidence shows that this fox, oncethought to be monogamous, may exhibitpolyandry.

• DSignals – behavior that causes change in behavior in other animal.

• 1Phermones – chemical signals emitted from animals.

• DSignals – behavior that causes change in behavior in other animal.

• 1Phermones – chemical signals emitted from animals.

http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/bgr0004l.jpg

• Altruism – reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient.

• Leads to inclusive fitness – total effect an individual has on passing on genes by producing offspring and helping to raise close relatives.

• Altruism – reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient.

• Leads to inclusive fitness – total effect an individual has on passing on genes by producing offspring and helping to raise close relatives.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/9/9d/Monkeysgrooming.jpg

• Kin selection – form of altruism specific to families.

• Weakens with hereditary distance.

• Reciprocal altruism – altruism outside of family (seen rarely; i.e. humans)

• Kin selection – form of altruism specific to families.

• Weakens with hereditary distance.

• Reciprocal altruism – altruism outside of family (seen rarely; i.e. humans)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=yRLfRRNoZzI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=yC6JM8oZzwI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=Vr7i1j7QtGY

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=yRLfRRNoZzI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=yC6JM8oZzwI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=Vr7i1j7QtGY