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Behavior
HAS 3150
Do People Choose?
Leading Causes of Death - 1900
• Pneumonia and influenza
• Tuberculosis
• Diarrhea
• Disease of the heart
• Intracranial lesions
• Nephritis
• All accidents
Leading Causes of Death - 1996
• Diseases of the heart
• Malignant neoplasms
• Cerebrovascular
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
• Unintentional injuries
• Pneumonia and influenza
• Diabetes
Actual Causes of Death in 1990• Tobacco (19%)• Diet/activity patterns (14%)• Alcohol (5%)• Microbial agents (4%)• Toxic agents (3%)• Firearms (2%)• Sexual behavior (1%)• Motor vehicles (1%)• Illicit use of drugs (<1%)
Purpose of the YRBSS
• Focus the nation on behaviors among youth causing the most important health problems
• Assess how risk behaviors change over time
• Provide comparable data
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
• Monitors six categories of health-risk behaviors among high school students– behaviors leading to injuries– tobacco use– alcohol and other drug use– sexual behaviors– unhealthy dietary behaviors– physical inactivity
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
• Survey conducted by CDC
• National survey, state survey, 16 local surveys -- summary
Leading Causes of Death – Utah Youth
Leading Causes of Death—Utah Adults
Smoking
82% of adults started as teens50% were regular smokers before 18
Smoking
82% of adults started as teens50% were regular smokers before 18
Advertising
Camel’s share before “Joe Camel”0.5%
After “Joe Camel”32.8%
Advertising
Camel’s share before “Joe Camel”0.5%
After “Joe Camel”32.8%
Advertising
Industry spends $100/second
Advertising
Industry spends $100/second
Mind mapping
Substance Abuse
PeerGroup
Maladaptivecoping
SpiritualitySociety
Biological
Modeling
geneticPain
Bodymodification Depression
Glamour
Movies
Media
Guilt
Boredom
EscapeEsteem
Coverpain
Stress
Acceptance Pressure
Groupthink
Resiliency
Resiliency Process
Comfort Zone Comfort Zone
Recovery with loss
ResilientReintegration
Disruption
Spirit Core and expressions
INTUITION CHILD-LIKENATURE
MORALITY NOBILITY
LOVE
Creativity
Wisdom
Self-worth
Confidence Purpose oflife
Helpfulness
Humor
Affect/Emotion
Path of Shadows
Feelings
Act out
Guilt
Act Out
Shadows to Spirit
Feelings
Act out
Guilt
Act Out
Success
Confidence
Esteem
Success
STAGES OF CHANGE MODEL(Transtheoretical Model)
Adaptation of Presentation by Dr. Brad Neiger,Assistant Professor of Health Education, BYU
Basic Tenets of Behavior Change
• Behavior change represents a reciprocal web of biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors.
• People must believe that they can change.
• People change over time and they can learn and grow From unsuccessful attempts at change.
Basic Tenets of Behavior Change
• Positive impacts from change can be more influential than the temporary satisfaction derived from the “problem behavior”.
• People modify behavior most effectively when they see “change” in the context of factors that matter the most to them.
•Pre-contemplation•Contemplation•Preparation•Action•Maintenance
(Transtheoretical Model)
�There is no intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future (within six months)
�Unaware or denial of problem behavior.�Hallmark-resistance to becoming more informed.�Feel coerced into changing. When participate do so because of
pressure from others.�Tend to be defensive about habits or behaviors.
Not a ghostly chance for change
Õ Aware that a problem exists; seriously thinking about overcoming it, but not yet committed to taking action.
Õ Considering changing behavior in the next six months.
Õ Knowing where you want to go but not quite ready to do so.
Õ Serious consideration of how to resolve the “problem” is the central element of contemplation.
Õ Can remain stuck in contemplation for long periods.
I wanna get out of this place!
� Individuals intend to take action in the next month and have unsuccessfully taken action in the past year.
�Have a plan for action, but can also have a fair amount of anxiety about change.
�Often report some small behavior changes (looking at labels, buying stress management tapes, low fat ice cream instead of regular ice cream).
�Although may have made minor or subtle changes they have not reached a criterion for effective action such as a goal to quit smoking or to
exercise three times a week.
I’m starting to move now!
�Individuals modify their behavior or environment in order to change.�Movement in the correct direction is not preparation,
it is action!�Objectives are those recommended by respected
health agencies. It is not just any improvement, it is a high standard.�Stage can last from one day to six months.�This stage is the most demanding.
�Remaining free of the addictive or problem behavior for more than six months.
�This is the stage in which people work to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained during the first six months.
PROGRESSION THROUGH THE STAGES OF CHANGE
LIFE CYCLE
Precontemplation Contemplation
Contemplation Preparation
Preparation Action
Action Maintenance
HEALTH BELIEF
MODEL
Perceived threat of disease "X"
Likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action
Individual Perceptions Modifying Factors Likelihood of Action(Factors in perception of illness) (Factors in probability of
appropriate action)
Past utilization of medical servicesPerceived benefits of preventive action minus Perceived barriers to preventive action
Demographic variables (age, sex, race, religion,)variables (personality, socialclass, peer and reference group pressure, etc.)Structural variables (knowledge about the disease, prior contact with the disease, etc.)
Cues to ActionMass media campaignsAdvice from othersReminder postcard from physician or dentistIllness of family member/friendNewspaper or magazine article
Importance of the threat to the individualPerceived susceptibility to disease "X"Perceived seriousness (severity) of disease "
Consumer Behavior - problem recognition
• Motivation• Attitudes• Lifestyle• Learning
• Perception• Social class• Reference group• Culture
Consumer Behavior
• Internal search
• External search
• Alternative evaluation
• Purchase
• Post-purchase evaluation
• Influencing decisions
Four Ps of Marketing
• Product
• Price
• Place/Access
• Promotion
• Partners
Psychosocial Factors
• Minority Populations– Major disparities– Lower SES
• Stress and Social Support• Psychological Models
– Health Belief Model– Locus of Control– Self-efficacy
Psychosocial Factors
• Ecological Model– Intrapersonal– Interpersonal– Institutional– Community– Public Policy