BEGINNINGS TO 1763

THEMES OF AMERICAN HISTORY xxviSTRATEGIES FOR TAKING STANDARDIZED TESTS S1

Part 1: Strategies for Studying History S2Part 2: Test-Taking Strategies and Practice S6

GEOGRAPHY HANDBOOK The Landscape of America 2Themes of Geography 4Map Basics 6Physical Geography of the United States 10Human Geography of the United States 16

CHAPTER Beginnings–1500

The World in 1500 24INTERACT WITH HISTORY What happens when different societies meet? 25

1 Societies of North America 27INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE The Iroquois Great Law of Peace 32

2 Societies of West Africa and Europe 333 Early European Explorers 39

HISTORY WORKSHOP Create and Decode a Pictograph 46

CHAPTER 1492 –1700

European Exploration of the Americas 48INTERACT WITH HISTORY Would you join a voyage of exploration? 49

1 Spain Claims an Empire 51ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Mercantilism 52

2 European Competition in North America 553 The Impact of Colonization 59

1

2

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ix

CHAPTER 1585–1732

The English Establish 13 Colonies 66INTERACT WITH HISTORY What dangers would you face as a settler? 67

1 Early Colonies Have Mixed Success 69INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Report from the New World 74

2 New England Colonies 76

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES The Mayflower Compact/The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 82

3 Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies 84

CHAPTER 1700 –1753

The Colonies Develop 90INTERACT WITH HISTORY Would you settle on a farm or in a town? 91

1 New England: Commerce and Religion 932 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities 983 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery 103

GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Differences Among the Colonies 1084 The Backcountry 110

CHAPTER 1689–1763

Beginnings of an American Identity 116INTERACT WITH HISTORY What do you have in common

with other British colonists? 117

1 Early American Culture 1192 Roots of Representative Government 125

CITIZENSHIP TODAY The Importance of Juries 1263 The French and Indian War 130

3

4

5

Pontiac

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x

1763 – 1791

CHAPTER 1763 –1776

The Road to Revolution 140INTERACT WITH HISTORY Would you join the protest? 141

1 Tighter British Control 1432 Colonial Resistance Grows 147

INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE

Fight for Representative Government! 1523 The Road to Lexington and Concord 154

LITERATURE CONNECTIONS Johnny Tremain 1584 Declaring Independence 160

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE The Declaration of Independence 166

HISTORY WORKSHOP Raise the Liberty Pole 172

CHAPTER 1776 –1783

The American Revolution 174INTERACT WITH HISTORY What would you sacrifice to win freedom? 175

1 The Early Years of the War 177CITIZENSHIP TODAY Exercising Free Speech 182

2 The War Expands 1843 The Path to Victory 190

TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME Artillery of the Revolution 1924 The Legacy of the War 195

ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Free Enterprise 198

6

7

George Washington

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CHAPTER 1776 –1791

Confederation to Constitution 202INTERACT WITH HISTORY How do you form a government? 203

1 The Confederation Era 205GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY The Northwest Territory 210

2 Creating the Constitution 2123 Ratifying the Constitution 218

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES The Federalist “Number 51”/Objections to the Constitution 222

CONSTITUTION HANDBOOK The Living Constitution 226Seven Principles of the Constitution 228

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE

The Constitution of the United States 232

CITIZENSHIP HANDBOOK 264The Role of the Citizen 264Building Citizenship Skills 268Practicing Citizenship Skills 271

8

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CHAPTER 1789 –1800

Launching a New Republic 274INTERACT WITH HISTORY What kind of person would you

choose to help you govern? 275

1 Washington’s Presidency 277ECONOMICS IN HISTORY How Banks Work 280

2 Challenges to the New Government 282CITIZENSHIP TODAY Obeying Rules and Laws 284

3 The Federalists in Charge 287

CHAPTER 1800 –1816

The Jefferson Era 294INTERACT WITH HISTORY What dangers will you face

on an expedition west? 295

1 Jefferson Takes Office 2972 The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration 302

GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Native Americans on the Explorers’ Route 308

3 Problems with Foreign Powers 3104 The War of 1812 314

HISTORY WORKSHOP Making Explorers’ Field Notes 320

CHAPTER 1800 –1844

National and Regional Growth 322INTERACT WITH HISTORY How will new inventions

change your country? 323

1 Early Industry and Inventions 325INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Run a Mill Town 330

2 Plantations and Slavery Spread 3323 Nationalism and Sectionalism 338

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE James Monroe, The Monroe Doctrine 344

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9

10

11

1789 – 1844

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CHAPTER 1824 –1840

The Age of Jackson 350INTERACT WITH HISTORY What qualities do you

think make a strong leader? 351

1 Politics of the People 353CITIZENSHIP TODAY Exercising the Vote 356

2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans 3583 Conflicts Over States’ Rights 363

ECONOMICS IN HISTORY How Tariffs Work 3644 Prosperity and Panic 368

CHAPTER 1810–1853

Manifest Destiny 374INTERACT WITH HISTORY What might you gain

and lose by going west? 375

1 Trails West 377INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Survive the Oregon Trail! 382

2 The Texas Revolution 3843 The War with Mexico 3904 The California Gold Rush 396

TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME Surface Mining 399

CHAPTER 1820–1860

A New Spirit of Change 404INTERACT WITH HISTORY What reforms do you think will

most benefit American society? 405

1 The Hopes of Immigrants 407CITIZENSHIP TODAY Becoming a Citizen 411

2 American Literature and Art 4133 Reforming American Society 417

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE Dorothea Dix, Report to the Massachusetts Legislature 422

4 Abolition and Women’s Rights 424GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY The Underground Railroad 430HISTORY WORKSHOP Pack Your Trunk 434

1810 – 1860

12

13

14 California gold miner

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

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CHAPTER 1846 –1861

The Nation Breaking Apart 438INTERACT WITH HISTORY How would you keep the nation together? 439

1 Growing Tensions Between North and South 441ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Trade 442

2 The Crisis Deepens 4463 Slavery Dominates Politics 450

CITIZENSHIP TODAY Debating Points of View 4534 Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession 455

CHAPTER 1861 – 1862

The Civil War Begins 462INTERACT WITH HISTORY How might a civil war be

worse than other wars? 463

1 War Erupts 465LITERATURE CONNECTIONS Across Five Aprils 470

2 Life in the Army 472TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME Ironclads 476

3 No End in Sight 477

CHAPTER 1863 –1865

The Tide of War Turns 484INTERACT WITH HISTORY What would inspire you to keep fighting? 485

1 The Emancipation Proclamation 4872 War Affects Society 4913 The North Wins 496

GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Battle of Gettysburg 4984 The Legacy of the War 504

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address (1863)/Second Inaugural Address (1865) 508

HISTORY WORKSHOP Create a Medal of Honor 512

CHAPTER 1865 –1877

Reconstruction 514INTERACT WITH HISTORY How would you rebuild the Union? 515

1 Rebuilding the Union 517INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Rebuilding Richmond 522

2 Reconstruction and Daily Life 5243 End of Reconstruction 529

xiv

17

18

16

15

1846 – Present

Abraham Lincoln

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CHAPTER EPILOGUE

The United States, 1860–1920 536INTERACT WITH HISTORY How would you solve these problems? 537

1 A Time of Growth 539CITIZENSHIP TODAY Community Service 542GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Industry in the Midwest 544

2 Life at the Turn of the Century 5463 An Era of Reform 551

ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Supply and Demand 5524 Becoming a World Power 556

CITIZENSHIP TODAY Detecting Bias in the Media 557TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME How the Panama Canal Works 559INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE

Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points 563

CHAPTER EPILOGUE

The United States Since 1919 566INTERACT WITH HISTORY How do you think the 21st century

will differ from the 20th century? 567

1 Prosperity and the Great Depression 5692 The Rise of Dictators and World War II 5743 The Cold War 5794 Life in America Since 1945 584

INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Protecting the Environment 590

HISTORIC DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT 594

C THE WAR ON TERRORISM US2

WORLD ATLAS A1

19

20

Buzz Aldrin

REFERENCE SECTIONSkillbuilder Handbook R1Facts About the States R34Presidents of the U. S. R36Gazetteer R39

Glossary R43Spanish Glossary R53Index R64Acknowledgments R84

xv

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from Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes 158from Across Five Aprils by Irene Hunt 470

Create and Decode a Pictograph 46Raise the Liberty Pole 172Making Explorers’ Field Notes 320Pack Your Trunk 434Create a Medal of Honor 512

The Iroquois Great Law of Peace 32The Mayflower Compact 82The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 82The Declaration of Independence 166The Federalist “Number 51”, James Madison 222Objections to the Constitution, George Mason 223The Constitution of the United States 232The Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe 344Report to the Massachusetts Legislature, Dorothea Dix 422The Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln 508Second Inaugural Address, Abraham Lincoln 509The Fourteen Points, Woodrow Wilson 563

Artillery of the Revolution 192Surface Mining 399Ironclads 476How the Panama Canal Works 559

Differences Among the Colonies 108The Northwest Territory 210Native Americans on the Explorers’ Route 308The Underground Railroad 430Battle of Gettysburg 498Industry in the Midwest 544

Report from the New World 74Fight for Representative Government! 152Run a Mill Town 330Survive the Oregon Trail! 382Rebuilding Richmond 522Protecting the Environment 590

xvi

Interdisciplinary CHALLENGE

GEOGRAPHY in HISTORY

Technology OF THE Time

Literature Connections

HISTORY WORKSHOP

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES

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xvii

The Importance of Juries 126Exercising Free Speech 182Obeying Rules and Laws 284Exercising the Vote 356

Becoming a Citizen 411Debating Points of View 453Community Service 542Detecting Bias in the Media 557

Deganawida 31Christopher Columbus 40Hernando Cortés 53Montezuma 53Pocahontas 72William Byrd II 105Benjamin Franklin 124Samuel Adams 150John Adams 150Thomas Jefferson 165George Washington 178John Paul Jones 189James Madison 214Alexander Hamilton 279John Marshall 300Meriwether Lewis 305William Clark 305Nat Turner 337John Quincy Adams 354Andrew Jackson 354

Jim Beckwourth 378Juan Seguín 388Sam Houston 388Horace Mann 420Dorothea Dix 420Frederick Douglass 425Elizabeth Cady Stanton 428Stephen A. Douglas 445Abraham Lincoln 466Jefferson Davis 480Clara Barton 494Ulysses S. Grant 500Robert E. Lee 500Andrew Johnson 518W. E. B. Du Bois 550Jane Addams 553Theodore Roosevelt 554Franklin Delano Roosevelt 573Dwight D. Eisenhower 578Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 585

Mercantilism 52Free Enterprise 198How Banks Work 280

How Tariffs Work 364Trade 442Supply and Demand 552

St. Augustine 57The First Thanksgiving 78The Log Cabin 85Acadians to Cajuns 133The First Flag 183Independence Hall 213Religious Freedom 221

Washington, D.C., and Benjamin Banneker 289The Star-Spangled Banner 316Political Parties 370Remember the Alamo! 386The Gettysburg Address 497Black Colleges 525

CITIZENSHIP TODAY

Economics in History

America’s HERITAGE

A M E R I C A’ S HISTORY MAKERS

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Blackbeard the Pirate 96The First Combat Submarine 188Hamilton-Burr Duel 298Adams and Jefferson 355Santa Anna’s Lost Leg 393

Gifts on Poe’s Grave 416Preston Brooks’s Cane 449Deadlier Than Bullets 474Wilmer McLean 503

Literature: Phillis Wheatley 162World History: Eyewitness to Revolution 285World History: Toussaint L’Ouverture 303Literature: “Civil Disobedience” 415

World History: Expanding Slavery 443Math: Costs of the Civil War 505Literature: Walt Whitman 506

African Heritage 35Native American View

of Columbus 42The Lumbee and the

Lost Colonists 70Backcountry Sports Today 112Patriots’ Day 157Battle Tactics 191Preserving the Constitution 217The President’s Cabinet 278

The Supreme Court Today 301Cherokee People Today 359Levi’s Blue Jeans 398The Underground Railroad 426Third-Party Candidates 451African Americans in

the Military 490African Americans in Congress 530The Flu Epidemic 562U.S.S. Arizona Memorial 576

School of Athens by Raphael 37The Trial of George Jacobs, August 5, 1692

by T. H. Matteson 81An Overseer Doing His Duty by Benjamin

Henry Latrobe 106Interior of an 18th-century one-room

schoolhouse (anonymous drawing) 121The Declaration of Independence, 4 July

1776 by John Trumbull 164Signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 by

Benjamin West 196Late 18th-century engraving of the

Hamilton campaign 220

Cinque-Têtes, or the Paris Monster: Political cartoon of 1798 on the XYZ Affair 290

The Trail of Tears by Robert Lindneux 361The Battle of the Alamo

by Frederick C. Yohn 387White Swallow (advertisement) 397Kindred Spirits by Asher Durand 414The Tragic Prelude by John Steuart Curry 454Photograph by Mathew Brady 502His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood 520Construction of a Dam by William Gropper 572

HISTORY through ART

Now and then

Connections TO

STRANGE but True

Kachina Dances 29Names and Occupations 100The School of Manners 122Women and Protest 148Camp Life in Winter 186Spirituals 335

Dinner on the Trail 380Immigrant Culture 410Drill Sessions 473Inflation in the South 493The “Television War” 581

daily life

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Chapter 1Solveig Turpin, quoted in In Search of Ancient

North America 27al-Bakri, quoted in The Horizon History of Africa 33Christopher Columbus, letter to King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella 41Christopher Columbus, quoted in Columbus and

the Age of Discovery 42

Chapter 2Antonio Pigafetta, quoted in The Discoverers 52Henry Hudson, quoted in Discoverers of America 55Huamán Poma, Letter to a King 59Olaudah Equiano, quoted in Great Slave Narratives 61Bernardino de Sahagún, quoted in Seeds of Change 63Bernal Díaz del Castillo, from The Conquest

of New Spain 65

Chapter 3John White, The New World 69William Bradford, quoted in The Pilgrim Reader 76John Winthrop, “Model of Christian Charity” 78Peter Stuyvesant, quoted in Peter Stuyvesant

and His New York 84

Chapter 4Peleg Folger, quoted in The Sea-Hunters 93An observer in 1713, quoted in A History

of American Life 97Elizabeth Ashbridge, Some Account . . . of the

Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge 98Peter Kalm, quoted in America at 1750 100George Mason, quoted in Common Landscape

of America 103Edward Kimber, quoted in White over Black 107John Fontaine, quoted in Colonial Virginia 110A visitor to the Backcountry, quoted in A History

of American Life 112William Byrd, from Secret History of the

Dividing Line 115

Chapter 5Sarah Kemble Knight, The Journal of Madam

Knight 119Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of

an Angry God” 123Increase Mather, quoted in The Last American

Puritan 125Magna Carta, translated in A Documentary

History of England 126New-York Weekly Journal, quoted in

Colonial America, 1607–1763 129George Washington, “Journey to the French

Commandant” 132Major General Jeffrey Amherst, quoted in

The Conspiracy of Pontiac 135Journal of Pontiac’s Conspiracy, 1763 137

Chapter 6James Otis, Jr., quoted in James Otis: The Pre-

Revolutionist by J. C. Ridpath 143William Pitt, quoted in Patriots by A. J. Langguth 146John Dickinson, quoted in A New Age Now

Begins by Page Smith 148George Hewes, quoted in A Retrospect

of the Boston Tea-Party 151Patrick Henry, quoted in Patriots by A. J. Langguth 156Abigail Adams, quoted in Abigail Adams:

Witness to a Revolution by Natalie S. Bober 160Thomas Paine, Common Sense 163Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration

of Independence 165

Chapter 7Thomas Paine, The American Crisis 180Benjamin Franklin, letter to his daughter Sally 184Marquis de Lafayette, quoted in Valley Forge:

Pinnacle of Courage 186James P. Collins, quoted in The Spirit of Seventy-Six 193

xix

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

These, with the pictures, busts [sculptures of the head and shoulders],and prints (of which copies upon copies are spread everywhere), havemade your father’s face as well known as that of the moon.

Benjamin Franklin,letter to his daughter Sally

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

The land is the finest forcultivation that I ever in my life set foot upon, and it alsoabounds in trees of everydescription.

Henry Hudson, quoted inDiscoverers of America

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Joseph Plumb Martin, quoted in The Revolutionaries 195

Elizabeth Freeman, quoted in Notable Black American Women 199

Thomas Paine, The American Crisis 201

Chapter 8Felix Walker, quoted in The Life and Adventures

of Daniel Boone 205Edmund Randolph, quoted in Edmund Randolph:

A Biography 212James Madison, The Federalist “Number 51” 214John Dickinson, quoted in Mr. Madison’s

Constitution 215Samuel Huntington, quoted in Original Meanings 218Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist “Number 1” 219The Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, 1786 225

Chapter 9Charles Thomson, quoted in Washington’s Papers,

Library of Congress 277Little Turtle, quoted in The Life and Times

of Little Turtle 282Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander

Hamilton 285George Washington, Farewell Address 287Abigail Adams, letter of January 5, 1790 293

Chapter 10James Callender, quoted in American Aurora 297Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address 299Meriwether Lewis, quoted in Undaunted Courage 306Stephen Decatur, 1816 310Tecumseh, quoted in Tecumseh and the Quest

for Indian Leadership 312Dolley Madison, from a letter sent to her sister 314Francis Scott Key, Star-Spangled Banner 316

Chapter 11Samuel Slater, quoted in Samuel Slater: Father

of American Manufactures 325“Letters from Susan,” quoted in the Lowell

Offering 326Robert Fulton, quoted in Robert Fulton and the

“Clermont” 328Catherine Beale, quoted in Slave Testimony 332Wes Brady, quoted in Remembering Slavery 335Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of

Frederick Douglass 336

Nat Turner, quoted in Nat Turner by Terry Bisson 337Henry Clay, quoted in The Annals of America 338Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) 340Thomas Cobb, quoted in Henry Clay: Statesman

for the Union 342“Low Bridge, Everybody Down” 347

Chapter 12Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of

Washington Society 353Daniel Webster, Correspondence 356Anonymous traveler, quoted in the Advocate 358John G. Burnett, quoted in The Native Americans,

edited by Betty and Ian Ballantine 361John C. Calhoun, quoted in John C. Calhoun:

American Portrait by Margaret L. Coit 363Daniel Webster, a speech in the U.S. Senate,

January 26, 1830 366Nicholas Biddle, from a letter to Henry Clay,

August 1, 1832 368Andrew Jackson, veto message, July 10, 1832 369

Chapter 13Jim Clyman, quoted in The West by

Geoffrey C. Ward 377Catherine Sager, quoted in The West by

Geoffrey C. Ward 380William Travis, “To the People of Texas and all

the Americans in the World” 387John O’Sullivan, United States Magazine and

Democratic Review 391Frederick Douglass, The North Star,

January 21, 1848 393Marching Song 393Louise Clappe, quoted in Frontier Women 398

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

I overtook many sloops andschooners, beating to thewindward, and parted withthem as if they had been atanchor. The power ofpropelling boats by steam isnow fully proved.Robert Fulton,quoted in Robert Fulton andthe “Clermont”

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Chapter 14Gjert Hovland, letter to Torjuls Maeland,

April 22, 1835 407Charles Dickens, quoted in To Seek America 410Washington Irving, “Rip Van Winkle” 413Henry David Thoreau, Walden 415Anne Newport Royall, Letters from Alabama 417Harriet Hanson, quoted in A People’s History of

the United States 418Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, “The Slave Mother” 424Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and

Resolutions, 1848 428Sojourner Truth, quoted by Marius Robinson,

convention secretary 429Philip Younger, quoted in A North-Side View

of Slavery 433

Chapter 15Alexis de Tocqueville, Journey to America 441Daniel Webster, quoted in The Annals of America 445Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 446Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 447Detroit Tribune, quoted in The Origins of the

Republican Party 450Abraham Lincoln, Springfield, Illinois,

June 16, 1858 452Murat Halstead, Caucuses of 1860 455Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address 459

Chapter 16Emma Holmes, The Diary of Emma

Holmes 1861–1866 465Major Peter Vredenburgh, Jr., quoted in Upon

the Tented Field 472William Keesy, quoted in The Civil War

Infantryman 474General George McClellan, quoted in Civil War

Journal: The Leaders 477John B. Gordon, quoted in Voices of the Civil War 481Robert E. Lee, quoted in The Annals of America 483

Chapter 17Frederick Douglass, quoted in Battle Cry

of Freedom 487Abraham Lincoln, from the Emancipation

Proclamation 488Agnes, quoted in Reminiscences of Peace and War 491Union officer, quoted in The Civil War 494Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, quoted in

The Civil War 496Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs 503

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was held in the hand instead of a sceptre [staff of authority], the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.

Washington Irving,“Rip Van Winkle”

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

The determination of ourslaveholding President toprosecute the war, and theprobability of his success inwringing from the people menand money to carry it on, is madeevident,...None seem willing totake their stand for peace at allrisks; and all seem willing that thewar should be carried on in someform or other.Frederick Douglass,The North Star, January 21, 1848 A VOICE FROM

THE PAST

“A house divided against itself cannotstand.” I believe this governmentcannot endure, permanently half slaveand half free. I do not expect theUnion to be dissolved—I do not expectthe house to fall—but I do expect itwill cease to be divided. It will becomeall one thing, or all the other. Abraham Lincoln,Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858

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Booker T. Washington, quoted in his autobiography, Up from Slavery 505

Walt Whitman, This Dust Was Once the Man 506Bruce Catton, from Reflections on the Civil War 511

Chapter 18Thaddeus Stevens, quoted in The Era of

Reconstruction by Kenneth Stampp 517George Julian, quoted in Grand Inquests 521Mill and Jule, quoted in We Are Your Sisters 524Bayley Wyat, quoted in Reconstruction:

America’s Unfinished Revolution 526Robert B. Elliott, quoted in The Glorious Failure 529Joseph Rainey, quoted in The Trouble They Seen 530

Chapter 19 EpilogueNat Love, The Life and Adventures of Nat Love 539Abigail Scott Duniway, in her autobiography,

Path Breaking 546Nellie Bly, quoted in Nellie Bly: Daredevil,

Reporter, Feminist 551

William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold” speech, July 8, 1896 553

A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1805 556

Woodrow Wilson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1913 565

Chapter 20 EpilogueLouis Armstrong, quoted in Louis: The Louis

Armstrong Story by Sandford Brown 569Franklin D. Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4,

1933 572Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union speech,

January 6, 1941 576George C. Marshall, speech at Harvard University,

June 5, 1947 579Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” 585Ken Burns, quoted in America West 593

Early Map, 1570 45Surveyor’s Compass 89Political Cartoon: “Poor Old England Endeavoring

to Reclaim His Wicked Children” 171Political Cartoon: “Ograbme, or, The American

Snapping Turtle” 319Political Cartoon: “King Andrew the First” 373Photograph of miner 403The Last Moments of John Brown by

Thomas Hovenden 461

Visual Primary Sources for Assessment

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,“I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

This dust was once the man,Gentle, plain, just and resolute, underwhose cautious hand,Against the foulest crime in historyknown in any land or age,Was saved the Union of these States.

Walt Whitman, This Dust Was Oncethe Man

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Geography HandbookRegions of the United States 2–3The Town of Boston, 1722 4The War of 1812 7Maps of Hemispheres 8Maps of Projections 9Land and Resources 11Climate 12Destruction of Original Forests 17Americans on the Move, 1970s 18Major League Sports in Southeast Cities 20California: Cross section at 38° N 21

Unit 1North America, 1500 30West African Empires, 800–1500 34Exploration Leads to New Sea Routes, 1487–1504 41Columbus’s First Voyage, 1492 45Hudson’s Voyages 55European Exploration of the Americas, 1500–1550 56Spain’s American Empire, 1700 60The Columbian Exchange 62Native American Tribes 68Early English Settlements, 1585–1607 71New England Settlements, 1620–1636 79The 13 English Colonies, 1732 86Four Colonial Regions 92The New England Colonies, 1750 94Triangular Trade, 1750 95The Middle Colonies, 1750 99The Southern Colonies, 1750 104Differences Among the Colonies 109Backcountry, 1750 111Claims in North America, 1750 115French and Indian War, 1754–1763 132European Claims in North America,

1754 and after 1763 134French Explorers on the Mississippi 137

Unit 2The Revolution Begins, 1775 156United States and Britain, 1776 171War in the Middle States, 1776–1777 179War in the North, 1777 181War on the Frontier, 1778 187War in the South, 1778–1781 193Postwar Boundaries, 1783 197Battle of Yorktown, 1781 201Western Land Claims, 1781 207The Land Ordinance of 1785 210Ratification in Middle States, 1790 225Electoral College (2000 Census) 240

Unit 3The Trans-Appalachian West, 1791–1795 283Plan for Washington, D.C. 289United States, 1800 and 1816 296The Louisiana Purchase and Explorations,

1804–1807 304

Native Americans on the Explorers’ Route 308The War of 1812 315The Cotton Kingdom, 1840 334Major Canals, 1840 339U.S. Boundary Settlements, 1818 and 1819 341The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821 342Independence in Latin America, 1830 347

Unit 4Removal of Native Americans, 1820–1840 360United States, 1810 and 1853 376Trails West, 1850 379The Oregon Trail 382Texas Territory 385The Texas Revolution, 1836 389Oregon, 1846 391The War with Mexico, 1846–1847 392Growth of the United States, 1783–1853 394Settlement of Texas 403Immigration and Settlement, 1820–1860 409The Underground Railroad 431

Unit 5Free and Slave States and Territories,

1820–1854 448The Election of 1860 457Secession, 1861 461The States Choose Sides, 1861 467The Civil War, 1861–1862 478Anaconda Plan, 1861 483Battle of Gettysburg 498–499The Civil War, 1863–1865 501Siege of Vicksburg, 1863 511Election of 1876 535The Western Front, 1914–1918 561World War II in Europe and Asia, 1942–1945 577Cold War Hot Spots, 1945–1990 593

The War on TerrorismFlight Path of the Hijacked Airliners,

September 11, 2001 US3Selected Terrorist Attacks Around the

World Since 1972 US6The War Against Terrorism, Afghanistan 2001 US11

Rand McNally AtlasWorld Political A2World Physical A4U.S. Political A6U.S. Physical A8North America Physical A10South America Physical A11Africa Physical A12Australia and Oceania Physical A13Europe Physical A14Asia Physical A16Pacific Island Groups A18U.S. Territorial Growth A20

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ChartsCause and Effect: Causes of Exploration 38Slaves Imported to the Americas, 1601–1810 65Cause and Effect: King Philip’s War, 1675–1676 80Colonial Social Ranks 120Colonial Government 128Cause and Effect: Growing Conflict Between

Britain and America 155U.S. Government, 1776–1787 208The Great Compromise 216Federalists and Antifederalists 219Federalism 229Goals of the Preamble 232Federal Office Terms and Requirements 234Federalism 246Process for Amending the Constitution 247The Five Freedoms 250Reconstruction Amendments 255Responsibilities of a Citizen 267The First Political Parties 288Financial Problems, 1789–1791 293Effects: Exploration of the West, 1804–1807 307

Causes of the War of 1812 313The Effects of the War 317Cause and Effect: U.S. Expansion, 1846–1853 400Resources, 1860 468Cause and Effect: The Civil War, 1861–1865 507Reconstruction: Civil Rights Amendments and Laws 533Cause and Effect: The Cold War, 1945–1991 582The American People 589

Impressment of U.S. Citizens

Interference with American

shipping

British supportof Native-Americanresistance

WAR

Causes of the War of 1812

CONNECTIONS TO MATH

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

AmericansHessiansBritish

Nu

mb

er

of

death

s*

Military Deaths in the American Revolution

American Deaths

Sources: World Book Encyclopedia; An Outline History of the American Revolution

* These figures are estimates.No figures available for French deaths.

10,000 died in camp(of starvation, exposure, or disease)

8,500 died in British prisons

7,200 died in battle

GraphsPopulation of the Colonies 89The Middle Colonies, 1750 101U.S. Slave Population 104Choosing Sides 177Military Deaths in the American Revolution 197Foreign Trade, 1800–1812 319Voter Participation, 1824 & 1828 Elections 373Sources of Immigration, 1820–1860 409

Immigration to the United States, 1821–1860 409School Enrollment, 1840–1870 433Costs of the Civil War 505U.S. Immigration, 1841–1900 543Election of 1912 565International Terrorist Attacks US8Casualties of Terrorism in the U.S. 1995–2000 US9

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Time LinesChapter 1 25Chapter 2 49Chapter 3 67Chapter 4 91Chapter 5 117Chapter 6 141Chapter 7 175Chapter 8 203Amendments 260Chapter 9 275Chapter 10 295

Chapter 11 323Chapter 12 351Chapter 13 375Chapter 14 405Chapter 15 439Chapter 16 463Chapter 17 485Chapter 18 515Chapter 19 Epilogue 537Chapter 20 Epilogue 567Steps to World War II, 1920–1939 575

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InfographicsThe Rise and Decline of Feudalism 36Bostonians Paying the Taxman 146How a Bill Becomes a Law 236The Elastic Clause 238Roles of the President 242Judicial Review 244Checks and Balances 245Steps in the Naturalization

Process 265Problem-Solving and

Decision-Making Process 269The Talented Jefferson 299New England Textile Mill 327

The Cotton Gin 333Changes in Ideas About Democracy

—Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Democracy 357

Push–Pull Factors of Immigration 408Reformers’ Hall of Fame 427The Sharecropper Cycle of Poverty 527Celebrities of the 1920s 570Destruction in New York City US4How the Debris Is Removed US5The Corporate Structure of

Terror Inc. US10Airport Security Tightens Up US13

The Rise and Decline of Feudalism

Then many peasants ran away to towns, where they

could live more freely. Feudalism declined.

Trade continued to grow.

In feudalism, nobles offered to protect peasants

from invaders. In return, the peasants farmed

the nobles’ lands.

Feudalism made people feel safe enough to travel.

Trade increased and towns grew.

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