Beginning Latin Year III Plural audiunt audiebant audient audiant Day 2, Exercise 2: True or False: A noun is i-stem if it… Ends in –er or –or in the nominative first form and

Beginning Latin Year III Answer Key

Mother of Divine Grace School

Ojai, CA

© 2016

Revised June 2018

Item #031

cc Cover Art by Claire Yanoschik dd

ccdd

cc Chapter Art by Lisa Berquist dd

! Table&of&Contents&&&"

Lesson&I&~&Review:&Verbs&(4&tenses),&Person,&Number;&Nouns:&Stems& pg.1

Lesson&II&~&Review:&Third&Declension&Nouns,&Regular&and&I: Stem;&Cases&in&English& pg.10

Lesson&III&~&Review:&Cases&and&Translation&in&Latin;&Irregular&Verbs& pg. 1

Lesson&IV&~&Review:&Prepositions&and&Translations& pg.

Lesson&V&~&Review;&&Third&Declension&Adjectives;&Noun–Adjective&Agreement& pg.

Lesson&VI&~&Review:&More&Practice&with&Noun: Adjective&Agreement& pg.

Lesson&VII&~&Review:&All&8&parts&of&Speech;&Reflexive&Pronouns& pg.

Lesson&VIII&~&Sentence&Order,&Questions,&Conjunctions,&Interjections& pg.

Review&Lesson&A&~&Vocabulary,&&Irregular&Verbs,&&Parts&of&Speech,&Sentence&Word&Order,& pg. 1

Lesson&IX&~&Review& pg.

Lesson&X&~ Review;&Advanced&Translations& pg.

Lesson&XI&~&Working&with&Noun: Adjective&Agreement& pg.10

Lesson&XII&~&First&Declension& pg.11

Lesson&XIII&~&Nouns: Adjective&Agreement&when&Declensions&Differ& pg.1

Lesson&XIV&~&Predicate&Nominative& pg.1

Lesson&XV&~&Working&with&Nouns: Adjectives&in&Different&Declensions& pg.1

Lesson&XVI&~&Advanced&Translations&using&Phrases&with&Conjunctions& pg.1 1

Review&Lesson&B&~&Vocabulary,&&Irregular&Verbs,&Translation,&Noun: Adjective&Agreement& pg.1

Lesson&XVII&~&Practice&identifying&Declensions;&2nd&Declension& pg.1 1

Lesson&XVIII&~&Review;&More&on&Sentence&Order&

Lesson&XIX&~&Adjectives&of&the&First&and&Second&Declension& pg. 0

Lesson&XX&~&&Adjective&Review;&Verb&“to&be”&vs&Helping&Verb& pg. 1

Lesson&XXI&~&Sentence&Analysis& pg. 0

Lesson&XXII&~&Translating&Noun: Adjective&Combinations&in&Different&Declension& pg. 1

Lesson&XXIII&~&Review& pg.2

Lesson&XXIV&~&Review& pg.2

Review&Lesson&C&~&Vocabulary&Drills,&Declining&Nouns&and&Adjectives,&Conjugating&Verbs,& pg.2

pg.1

1

Lesson I �FG�

Go over these every day for 10 minutes.

VERBS

laudare to praise monére to warn

agere to act, to do audire to hear

bibere to drink cedere to yield

credere to believe currere

defendere to defend dicere

discere to learn ducere

edere to eat gerere

mittere to send munire

petere to seek ponere

regere to rule scribere

sentire to feel trahere

vincere to conquer vivere

NOUNS

arbor, arboris (f) tree Caesar, Caesaris

canis, canis (m/f)

caritas, caritatis

civis, civis (m/f)

crux, crucis

dux, ducis (m)

flumen, fluminis

homo, hominis (m)

libertas, libertatis

mare, maris

panis, panis (m)

dog

love

citizen

cross

leader

river

man

freedom, liberty

sea

bread

caput, capitis

Cicero, Ciceronis (m)

civitas, civitatis

dolor, doloris

fons, fontis (m)

gens, gentis

lex, legis

lux, lucis

mons, montis (m)

pastor, pastoris

to run

to say

to lead

to conduct, wage

to build

to put, to place

to write

to draw

to live

Caesar

head

Cicero

state

pain, sorrow

fountain

tribe

law

light

mountain

shepherd

2

pax, pacis peace rex, regis (m) king

sol, solis (m) sun tempus, temporis (n) time

tentatio, tentationis

veritas, veritatis

temptation

truth

urbs, urbis

virgo, virginis

city

virgin

SPECIAL INDECLINABLE* WORDS:

Prepositions

a, ab (ablative) by ad (accusative) to, towards

ante(accusative)

cum (ablative)

e, ex (ablative)

in (accusative)

post (accusative)

before

with

out of

into, onto

after

contra (accusative)

de (ablative)

in (ablative)

per (accusative)

trans (accusative)

against

from, down from

in, on

through

across

Adverbs

bene well diu for a long time

non not saepe often

* Indeclinable means they never change. They never change even an ending.

c Beginning Latin III - Lesson I d

3

Personal Endings for Verbs:

–o, or –m I –mus we

–s

–t

you (sing)

he, she, or it

–tis

–nt

you

they

Irregular Verbs:

sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt (I am, you are, he is, we are, you are, they are)

eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant (I was, you were, he was, we were, you were, they were)

ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt (I will be, you will be, he will be, we will be, you will be, they will be)

possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt (I am able, you are able, he is able, we are able, you are able, they are able)

poteram, poteras, poterat, poteramus, poteratis, poterant (I was able, you were able, he was able, we were able, you were able, they were able)

potero, poteris, poterit, poterimus, poteritis, poterunt (I will be able, you will be able, he will be able, we will be able, you will be able, they will be able)

volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt (I am willing, you are willing, he is willing, we are willing, you are willing, they are willing)

nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt (I am not willing, you are not willing, he is not willing, we are not willing, you are not willing, they are not willing)

malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt (I prefer, you prefer, he prefers, we prefer, you prefer, they prefer) (Prefer means "to be more willing")

fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt (I bear, you bear, he bears, we bear, you bear, they bear)


4

Verb Forms

3rd Present 4th Present 3rd Past 4th Past

Rego

Regis

Regit

Regimus

Regitis

Regunt

Audio

Audis

Audit

Audimus

Auditis

Audiunt

Regebam

Regebas

Regebat

Regebamus

Regebatis

Regebant

Audiebam

Audiebas

Audiebat

Audiebamus

Audiebatis

Audiebant

3rd Future Regular 4th Future Regular 3rd Future Possibles 4th Future Possibles

Regam Audiam Regam Audiam

Reges Audies Regas Audias

Reget Audiet Regat Audiat

Regemus Audiemus Regamus Audiamus

Regetis Audietis Regatis Audiatis

Regent Audient Regant Audiant

Gender Rules

Feminine nouns usually end in s-o-x

Neuter nouns usually end in l-a-n-c-e-t

Masculine nouns endin –er-r-or

Words that clearly denote a person of a particular gender are in that gender. (Ex: Cicero is masculine)


5

I-Stem Rules

Noun Declension

(INCLUDES I-STEMS)

SINGULAR CHART

Nominative = Subject = First Form

Genitive = Possessive ('s or the object of "of") = Second Form

Dative = Indirect Object (object of "for") = Stem + i

Accusative MASCULINE AND FEMININE = Direct Object or Object of some prepositions = Stem + em

Accusative NEUTER = Direct Object or Object of some prepositions = Same as Nominative Singular

Ablative = Object of some prepositions = Stem + e (Stem + i if NEUTER i-stem)

PLURAL CHART

Nominative MASCULINE AND FEMININE = Subject = Stem + ES

Nominative NEUTER = Subject = Stem + A (Stem + IA if i-stem)

Genitive = Possessive ('s or the object of "of") = Stem + UM (Stem + ium if i-stem)

Dative = Indirect Object (object of "for") = Stem + IBUS

Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some prepositions = Same as Nominative Plural

Ablative = Object of some prepositions = Stem + IBUS

A noun is i – stem if it…

Ends in –is or –es in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the

first and second form.

Ends in –s or –x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.

Ends in –al, –ar, or –e in the nominative first form (neuter nouns).


6

Begin today with a review of your vocabulary and grammar. It will take a few weeks to get command of it all, so our first few weeks will be exercises that review this content.

Day 1, Exercise 1: Matching

o you (plural)

s we

t I

mus you (singular)

tis he, she, it

nt they

Day 1, Exercise 2: Do a complete synopsis of the verb "regere".

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles

1st Singular rego regebam regam regam

2nd Singular regis regebas reges regas

3rd Singular regit regebat reget regat

1st Plural regimus regebamus regemus regamus

2nd Plural regitis regebatis regetis regatis

3rd Plural regunt regebant regent regant

A verb that loves its "i" will keep it, but otherwise it copycats the -ere verbs. It doesn't have to change the "e" to "i" for the present, because it is already an "i." However, it adds the "e" for the past and future, so it can be just like the third conjugation -ere words, but it doesn't lose its "i." It loves its "i." The future possible changes the "e" of the regular to an "a."


7

Day 2, Exercise 1: Do a complete synopsis of the verb "audire":

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles

1st Singular audio audiebam audiam audiam

2nd Singular audis audiebas audies audias

3rd Singular audit audiebat audiet audiat

1st Plural audimus audiebamus audiemus audiamus

2nd Plural auditis audiebatis audietis audiatis

3rd Plural audiunt audiebant audient audiant

Day 2, Exercise 2: True or False:

A noun is i-stem if it…

Ends in –er or –or in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the first and second form.

True

True

False

False Ends in –s or –x in the nominative first form and has a stem that

ends in two consonants.

Ends in –al, –ar, or –e in the nominative first form (masculine nouns). True False

Match the correct associations: 1st Person Plural he, she, it

2nd Person Singular you (sing)

3rd Person Plural I

2nd Person Plural they

1st Person Singular we

3rd Person Singular you (plural)


8

Day 3, Exercise 1: Find the stem of the following words:

scribere scribe

lux, lucis luc

urbs, urbis urb

civis, civis civ

trahere trahe

pastor, pastoris pastor

audire audi


9

Day 3, Exercise 2: Complete the chart for a regular word.

Gender Case Singular Plural

M/F First Form

Stem + es Nominative = Subject

N Stem + a

All Genitive = Possessive Second Form Stem + um

All Dative = Indirect Object Stem + i Stem + ibus

M/F

some prepositions

Stem + em Same as nom.

N Same as nom.

All Ablative = Object of some prepositions Stem + e Stem + ibus

Complete the chartfor ani-stemword.


M/ F Nominative = Subject First Form

Stem + es

N Stem + ia

All Genitive = Possessive Second Form Stem + ium


M/F Accusative = Direct Object or Object of

some prepositions


N Same as nom.

M/F Ablative = Object of some prepositions

Stem + e Stem + ibus

N Stem + i

Accusative = Direct Object or Object of


10

Lesson II FG�


VERBS




credere to believe currere to run

defendere to defend dicere to say

discere to learn ducere to lead

edere to eat gerere to conduct, wage

mittere to send munire to build

petere to seek ponere to put, to place

regere to rule scribere to write

sentire to feel trahere to draw

vincere to conquer vivere to live

NOUNS

arbor, arboris (f)

canis, canis (m/f)

caritas, caritatis

civis, civis (m/f)

crux, crucis

dux, ducis (m)

flumen, fluminis

homo, hominis (m)


mare, maris

panis, panis (m)

tree

dog

love

citizen

cross

leader

river

man

freedom, liberty

sea

bread

Caesar, Caesaris

caput, capitis


civitas, civitatis

dolor, doloris

fons, fontis (m)

gens, gentis

lex, legis

lux, lucis

mons, montis (m)

pastor, pastoris

Caesar

head

Cicero

state

pain, sorrow

fountain

tribe

law

light

mountain

shepherd

11




veritas, veritatis

temptation

truth

urbs, urbis

virgo, virginis

city

virgin


Prepositions


ante (accusative)

cum (ablative)

e, ex (ablative)

in (accusative)

post (accusative)

before

with

out of

into, onto

after

contra (accusative)

de (ablative)

in (ablative)

per (accusative)

trans (accusative)

against

from, down from

in, on

through

across

Adverbs


non not saepe often


c Beginning Latin III - Lesson II d

12



–s

–t

you (sing)

he, she, or it

–tis

–nt

you

they

Irregular Verbs:












13

Verb Forms


Rego

Regis

Regit

Regimus

Regitis

Regunt

Audio

Audis

Audit

Audimus

Auditis

Audiunt

Regebam

Regebas

Regebat

Regebamus

Regebatis

Regebant

Audiebam

Audiebas

Audiebat

Audiebamus

Audiebatis

Audiebant








Gender Rules



Masculine nouns end in –er-r-or



14

I-Stem Rules

Noun Declension

(INCLUDES I-STEMS)

SINGULAR CHART







PLURAL CHART











Ends in –al, -ar, or –e in the nominative first form (neuter nouns).


15

Begin today with a review of your vocabulary and grammar. It will take a few weeks to get command of it all, so our first few weeks will be exercises that review this content.

Day 1, Exercise 1: Do a complete synopsis of the verb 'bibere'.

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles

1st Singular bibo bibebam bibam bibam

2nd Singular bibis bibebas bibes bibas

3rd Singular bibit bibebat bibet bibat

1st Plural bibimus bibebamus bibemus bibamus

2nd Plural bibitis bibebatis bibetis bibatis

3rd Plural bibunt bibebant bibent bibant

A verb that loves its "i" will keep it, but otherwise it copycats the -ere verbs. It doesn’t haveto change the "e" to "i" for the present, because it is already an "i." However, it adds the "e" for the past and future, so it can be just like the third conjugation -ere words, but it doesn't lose its "i." It loves its "i." The future possible changes the "e" of the regular to an "a."


16

Do a complete synopsis of the verb "venire":

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles

1st Singular venio veniebam veniam veniam

2nd Singular venis veniebas venies venias

3rd Singular venit veniebat veniet veniat

1st Plural venimus veniebamus veniemus veniamus

2nd Plural venitis veniebatis venietis veniatis

3rd Plural veniunt veniebant venient veniant



M/F

First Form Stem + es

Nominative = Subject N Stem + a

All Genitive = Possessive Second Form Stem + um


M/F Accusative = Direct Object or Object of

some prepositions


N Same as nom.

All Ablative = Object of some prepositions Stem + e Stem + ibus


17

Complete the chartfor ani-stemword.


M/F

Nominative = Subject First Form

Stem + es

N Stem + ia

All Genitive = Possessive Second Form Stem + ium


M/F Stem + em

Same as Nom. some prepositions N Same as nom.

M/F Stem + e

Stem + ibus Ablative = Object of some prepositions N Stem + i

Day 2, Exercise 1: Fill in the following chart(s):

Which rule tells you "caput, capitis" is neuter? L-A-N-C-E-T

Is it i-stem? m Yes l No

If yes, which rule? ________________________________________________

Case Singular Plural

Nominative caput capita

Genitive capitis capitum

Dative capiti capitibus

Accusative caput capita

Ablative capite capitibus

Accusative = Direct Object or Object of


18

Which rule tells you "dux, ducis" is masculine? It names a male person.

Is it i-stem? mYes lNo

If yes, which rule? ________________________________________________


Nominative dux duces

Genitive ducis ducum

Dative duci ducibus

Accusative ducem duces

Ablative duce ducibus

Which rule tells you "panis, panis" is masculine? The vocabulary list notes it as an exception.

Is it i-stem? lYes mNo

This is the rule:


Nominative panis panes

Genitive panis panium

Dative pani panibus

Accusative panem panes

Ablative pane panibus

Ends in –is or –es in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the first and second form.


19

Day 2, Exercise 2: Fill in the chart.

Word Regular/IStem Gender Case Number

urbium i–Stem Fem Genitive Plural

lege Regular Fem Ablative Singular

capitis Regular Neut Genitive Singular

pastori Regular Masc Dative Singular

Day 3, Exercise 1: Give the meaning of the following indeclinables:

non not diu for a long time

saepe often bene well

in (ablative) in, on in (accusative) into, onto

ad (accusative) to, toward trans (accusative) across

per (accusative) through contra (accusative) against

ante (accusative) before post (accusative) after

a, ab (ablative) by cum (ablative) with

e, ex (ablative) out of de (ablative) from, down from


20

Day 3, Exercise 2: Circle the nominative/subjects, box the genitive/possessives, underline the accusative/direct objects, and dash underline thedatives/indirect objects (objects of for). Put parentheses around prepositions and their objects and label the prepositions with a "p". Also, make sure tounderline the objects of accusative prepositions.

Before doing this exercises let’s go over this in more detail.

Look at your list of prepositions in the vocabulary section. First, put "p" above the prepositions you find in the below sentences. (See my "p" above"through" and "by" in the example sentence.)

Next find the object of the prepositions. It’s the next real word. Make sure you put the parentheses around the whole phrase. See below. I found the object of "through" whichwas "road". I put a set of parentheses around "through the road". I crossed out "the", ofcourse. I did the same things for "by" the "house". ("House" is the object of "by".)

Finally, Iook at the vocabulary list to see if those prepositions took the accusative or the ablative. In my example, I saw that "through" took an accusative object. I saw that "by" tookan ablative object. So, I underlined the object of "through" but not the object of "by".

Did you notice that I underlined the object when it was accusative, but not ablative? Look at the word "road" below. Notice I underlined it with a single underline. I also usesingle underlines for accusative/direct objects.

I use single underlines for accusative/direct objects and accusative/objects of prepositions.

I use a single underline for all accusatives. p p

Example: The man's cat ran (through the road)(by the house).

Here are your sentences:

1. The girl sang a song (for the feast.) Note: parenthesis are optional around "for the feast". - - - - - -

p

2. Sara walked (into a gymnasium).

3. The man is calling the manager.

4. M ark earned money.

5. Sam wants p

Hershey’s candy (from the store).


21

Lesson III FG�


VERBS













NOUNS

arbor, arboris (f)

canis, canis (m/f)

caritas, caritatis

civis, civis (m/f)

crux, crucis

dux, ducis (m)

flumen, fluminis

homo, hominis (m)


mare, maris

panis, panis (m)

tree

dog

love

citizen

cross

leader

river

man

freedom, liberty

sea

bread

Caesar, Caesaris

caput, capitis


civitas, civitatis

dolor, doloris

fons, fontis (m)

gens, gentis

lex, legis

lux, lucis

mons, montis (m)

pastor, pastoris

Caesar

head

Cicero

state

pain, sorrow

fountain

tribe

law

light

mountain

shepherd

22




veritas, veritatis

temptation

truth

urbs, urbis

virgo, virginis

city

virgin


Prepositions


ante (accusative)

cum (ablative)

e, ex (ablative)

in (accusative)

post (accusative)

before

with

out of

into, onto

after

contra (accusative)

de (ablative)

in (ablative)

per (accusative)

trans(accusative)

against

from, down from

in, on

through

across

Adverbs


non not saepe often


c Beginning Latin III - Lesson III d

23



–s

–t

you (sing)

he, she, or it

–tis

–nt

you

they

Irregular Verbs:












24

Verb Forms


Rego

Regis

Regit

Regimus

Regitis

Regunt

Audio

Audis

Audit

Audimus

Auditis

Audiunt

Regebam

Regebas

Regebat

Regebamus

Regebatis

Regebant

Audiebam

Audiebas

Audiebat

Audiebamus

Audiebatis

Audiebant








Gender Rules






25

I-Stem Rules

Noun Declension

(INCLUDES I-STEMS)

SINGULAR CHART







PLURAL CHART













26

Begin today with a review of your vocabulary and grammar. It will take a few weeks to get

command of it all, so our first few weeks will be exercises that review this content.

Day 1, Exercise 1: Do a complete synopsis of the verb "venire":

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles 1st Singular venio veniebam veniam veniam

2nd Singular venis veniebas venies venias

3rd Singular venit veniebat veniet veniat

1st Plural venimus veniebamus veniemus veniamus

2nd Plural venitis veniebatis venietis veniatis

3rd Plural veniunt veniebant venient veniant

Do a complete synopsis of the verb "credere":

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles 1st Singular credo credebam credam credam

2nd Singular credis credebas credes credas

3rd Singular credit credebat credet credat

1st Plural credimus credabamus credemus credamus

2nd Plural creditis credebatis credetis credatis

3rd Plural credunt credebant credent credant


27

Day 1, Exercise 2: Translate

A. I may feel.

B. You (plural) will draw.

C. We were learning.

D. You (singular) rule.

E. She was saying.

Sentiam

Trahetis

Discebamus

Regis

Dicebat

Day 2, Exercise 1: Translate following these steps:

A. NA urbs, urbis mittere NA rex, regis NA NA homo,hominis

B. urb mitte reg homin

The cities may send the kings of the men.

C. Urbes mittant reges hominum.

Step 1: Please circle the subject, box the possessives and underline the direct objects. Use a dashed line under the indirect object. Cross out the words, "the,""a," or "an." Put parentheses (around prepositional phrases using accusatives orablatives). Make sure you write "p" above the preposition and underline theobject of the preposition once if it is accusative and do nothing if the object is ablative.

Step 2: Write the Latin word you would use on Line A above the word. Remember that there is no Latin word for "of," "for," "the," "a," or "an".

Step 3: Write the stem of the words (which need the stem form) on line B.

Step 4: Add the correct endings to complete the translation on line C.


28

Day 2, Exercise 2: Match the correct associations:

Subject

Possessive

Neuter Words

Feminine Words

Indirect Objects/objects of "for"

Direct Objects

Masculine Words

L-A-N-C-E-T

ER-R-OR

Genitive

Accusative

Dative

Nominative

S-O-X

Rules (fill in the blanks):

The -ire verbs love their i. They also copycat the -ere verbs.

In the present tense, for -ere verbs, you change the "e" of the stem to i.

In the future tense regular, for -ere verbs, you leave the stem alone.

In the future tense possible, for -ere verbs, you change e to a.

In the past tense, for -ere verbs, you add - ba to the stem and then add the ending.

Day 3, Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks:

Word Meaning

1st Singular Malo I prefer

2nd Singular Mavis You prefer

3rd Singular Mavult He, she, it prefers

1st Plural Malumus We prefer

2nd Plural Mavultis You (pl) prefer

3rd Plural Malunt They prefer


29

Word Meaning

1st Singular Fero I bear

2nd Singular Fers You bear

3rd Singular Fert He, She, It bears

1st Plural Ferimus We bear

2nd Plural Fertis You bear

3rd Plural Ferunt They bear

Word Meaning

1st Singular Sum I am

2nd Singular Es You are

3rd Singular Est He, She, It is

1st Plural Sumus We are

2nd Plural Estis You are

3rd Plural Sunt They are


30

Word Meaning

1st Singular Nolo I am not willing

2nd Singular Non vis You are not willing

3rd Singular Non vult He, she, it is not willing

1st Plural Nolumus We are not willing

2nd Plural Non vultis You (pl) are not willing

3rd Plural Nolunt They are not willing

Word Meaning

1st Singular Potero I will be able

2nd Singular Poteris You will be able

3rd Singular Poterit He, She, It will be able

1st Plural Poterimus We will be able

2nd Plural Poteritis You will be able

3rd Plural Poterunt They will be able


31

Word Meaning

1st Singular Volo I am wiling

2nd Singular Vis You are willing

3rd Singular Vult He, She, It is willing

1st Plural Volumus We are willing

2nd Plural Vultis You (pl) are willing

3rd Plural Volunt They are willing

Word Meaning

1st Singular Eram I was

2nd Singular Eras You were

3rd Singular Erat He, She, It was

1st Plural Eramus We were

2nd Plural Eratis You (pl) were

3rd Plural Erant They were


32

Word Meaning

1st Singular Possum I am able

2nd Singular Potes You are able

3rd Singular Potest He, She, It is able

1st Plural Possumus We are able

2nd Plural Potestis You are able

3rd Plural Possunt They are able

Word Meaning

1st Singular Ero I will be

2nd Singular Eris You will be

3rd Singular Erit He, She, It will be

1st Plural Erimus We will be

2nd Plural Eritis You will be

3rd Plural Erunt They will be


33

Word Meaning

1st Singular Poteram I was able

2nd Singular Poteras You were able

3rd Singular Poterat He, She, It was able

1st Plural Poteramus We were able

2nd Plural Poteratis You were able

3rd Plural Poterant They were able

Day 3, Exercise 2: Decline the following nouns by completing the chart:

Word: caritas, caritatis Is it i-stem? mYes lNo

If yes, which rule:

Gender: mMasculine l�Feminine mNeuter


Nominative caritas caritates

Genitive caritatis caritatum

Dative caritati caritatibus

Accusative caritatem caritates

Ablative caritate caritatibus


34

Is it i-stem? l Yes mNo Word: mare, maris

If yes, which rule: al-ar -e

Gender: mMasculine mFeminine l Neuter


Nominative mare maria

Genitive maris marium

Dative mari maribus

Accusative mare maria

Ablative mari maribus


35

Lesson IV FG�


VERBS













NOUNS

arbor, arboris (f)

canis, canis (m/f)

caritas, caritatis

civis, civis (m/f)

crux, crucis

dux, ducis (m)

flumen, fluminis

homo, hominis (m)


mare, maris

panis, panis (m)

tree

dog

love

citizen

cross

leader

river

man

freedom, liberty

sea

bread

Caesar, Caesaris

caput, capitis


civitas, civitatis

dolor, doloris

fons, fontis (m)

gens, gentis

lex, legis

lux, lucis

mons, montis (m)

pastor, pastoris

Caesar

head

Cicero

state

pain, sorrow

fountain

tribe

law

light

mountain

shepherd

36




veritas, veritatis

temptation

truth

urbs, urbis

virgo, virginis

city

virgin


by to, towards

Prepositions

a, ab (ablative)

ante (accusative)

cum (ablative)

e, ex (ablative)

in (accusative)

before

with

out of

into, onto

after

ad (accusative)

contra (accusative)

de (ablative)

in (ablative)

per (accusative)

trans (accusative)

against

from, down from

in, on

through

across post (accusative)

Adverbs

bene well diu

non not saepe

for a long time

often


c Beginning Latin III - Lesson IV d

37



–s

–t

you (sing)

he, she, or it

–tis

–nt

you

they

Irregular Verbs:












38

Verb Forms


Rego

Regis

Regit

Regimus

Regitis

Regunt

Audio

Audis

Audit

Audimus

Auditis

Audiunt

Regebam

Regebas

Regebat

Regebamus

Regebatis

Regebant

Audiebam

Audiebas

Audiebat

Audiebamus

Audiebatis

Audiebant








Gender Rules






39

I-Stem Rules

Noun Declension

(INCLUDES I-STEMS)

SINGULAR CHART







PLURAL CHART








Ends in –is or –es in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in

the first and second form.




40

Begin today with a review of your vocabulary and grammar. It will take a few weeks to get

command of it all, so our first few weeks will be exercises that review this content.

Day 1, Exercise 1: Fill in the charts for the verb "sentire":

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles 1st Singular Sentio Sentiebam Sentiam Sentiam

2nd Singular Sentis Sentiebas Senties Sentias

3rd Singular Sentit Sentiebat Sentiet Sentiat

1st Plural Sentimus Sentiebamus Sentiemus Sentiamus

2nd Plural Sentitis Sentiebatis Sentietis Sentiatis

3rd Plural sentiunt sentiebant sentient sentiant

Fill in the chart for the verb "edere":

Present Past

Regulars

Future

Possibles 1st Singular edo edebam edam edam

2nd Singular edis edebas edes edas

3rd Singular edit edebat edet edat

1st Plural edimus edebamus edemus edamus

2nd Plural editis edebatis edetis edatis

3rd Plural edunt edebant edent edant

A verb that loves its "i" will keep it, but otherwise it copycats the -ere verbs. It doesn't haveto change the "e" to "i" for the present, because it is already an "i." However, it adds the "e" for the past and future, so it can be just like the third conjugation -ere words, but it doesn't lose its "i." It loves its "i." The future possible changes the "e" of the regular to an "a."


41


A. NA gens, gentis NA NA homo, hominis mittere panis, panis

pan mitte

was sending bread for the

B.

The tribe

C. gens mittebat panem hominibus

Step 1: Please circle the subject, box the possessives and underline the direct objects. Use a dashed line under the indirect object. Cross out the words, "the," "a," or "an." Put parentheses (around prepositional phrases usingaccusatives or ablatives). Make sure you write "p" above the preposition andunderline the object of the preposition once if it is accusative and do nothing if the object is ablative.

Step 2: Write the Latin word you would use on Line A above the word.

Remember that there is no Latin word for "of," "for," "the," "a," or "an".



homin

men.


for the _ _ _

42



M/F Nominative = Subject First form

Stem + es

N Stem +a

All Genitive = Possessive Second form Stem + um


M/F Stem + em Same as nom.

N Same as nom.

All Ablative = Objects of some prepositions Stem + e Stem + ibus

Completethechartforanistemword.


M/F Nominative = Subject First form

Stem + es

N Stem +ia

All Genitive = Possessive Second form Stem + ium


M/F Stem + em Same as nom.

N Same as nom.

M/F

Ablative = Object of some prepositions

Stem + e Stem + ibus

N Stem + i


Accusative = Direct Object or Objects of some prepositions

Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some prepositions

43

Day 2, Exercise 2: Fill in the chart:

Latin Prepositions that take the Accusative Case

Latin Prepositions that take the Ablative Case

In in

post de

ante e, ex

ad a, ab

trans cum

contra

per

trans

Day 3: Exercise 1, Match:

Future Tense Regular I call.

Future Tense Possible I will call.

Present Tense I was calling

Past Tense May I call.

True and False

A noun is i-stem if it…

Ends in –er or –or in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the first and second form. Ends in –s or –x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.

True

True

False

False

Ends in –al, -ar, or –e in the nominative first form (masculine nouns). True False


44

Day 3, Exercise 2: Decline the following nouns by completing the chart:

Word: fons, fontis

Is it i-stem? l�Yes mNo

If yes, which rule: Ends in –s or –x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.

Gender: l Masculine m Feminine m Neuter


Nominative fons fontes

Genitive fontis fontium

Dative fonti fontibus

Accusative fontem fontes

Ablative fonte fontibus

Word: dux, ducis

Is it i‐stem? mYes l No

If yes, which rule: n/a

Gender: l Masculine m Feminine m Neuter


Nominative dux duces

Genitive ducis ducum

Dative duci ducibus

Accusative ducem duces

Ablative duce ducibus


45

Lesson V FG�


VERBS












venire to come vivere to live

vincere to conquer

NOUNS

arbor, arboris (f)

canis, canis (m/f)

caritas, caritatis

civis, civis (m/f)

crux, crucis

dux, ducis (m)

flumen, fluminis

homo, hominis (m)


mare, maris

tree

dog

love

citizen

cross

leader

river

man

freedom, liberty

sea

Caesar, Caesaris

caput, capitis


civitas, civitatis

dolor, doloris

fons, fontis (m)

gens, gentis

lex, legis

lux, lucis

mons, montis (m)

Caesar

head

Cicero

state

pain, sorrow

fountain

tribe

law

light

mountain

46

panis, panis (m) bread pastor, pastoris shepherd




veritas, veritatis

temptation

truth

urbs, urbis

virgo, virginis

city

virgin

ADJECTIVES

acer/acris/acre, acris bitter difficilis/e, difficilis difficult

ingens, ingentis huge fortis/e, fortis brave


Prepositions


ante(accusative)

cum (ablative)

e, ex (ablative)

in (accusative)

post (accusative)

before

with

out of

into, onto

after

contra (accusative)

de (ablative)

in (ablative)

per (accusative)

trans (accusative)

against

from, down

from in, on

through

across

Adverbs


non not saepe often


c Beginning Latin III - Lesson V d

47



–s

–t

you (sing)

he, she, or it

–tis

–nt

you

they

Irregular Verbs:












48

Verb Forms


Rego

Regis

Regit

Regimus

Regitis

Regunt

Audio

Audis

Audit

Audimus

Auditis

Audiunt

Regebam

Regebas

Regebat

Regebamus

Regebatis

Regebant

Audiebam

Audiebas

Audiebat

Audiebamus

Audiebatis

Audiebant








Gender Rules

Feminine nouns usually end in sox


Masculine nouns end in -er-r-or



49

I-Stem Rules

Noun Declension

(INCLUDES I-STEMS)

SINGULAR CHART







PLURAL CHART













50

Begin today with a review of your vocabulary and grammar. Next let's learn a new concept: adjectives.

Adjectives are words that describe nouns to us. They are said to "modify" nouns. So for example in the sentence, "The red apple was eaten.", the "red" would be the descriptive word. It modifies or limited the conversation from all apples to red ones. :-) Adjectives allow for precision in language.

In a Latin sentence the adjective agrees with the word it modifies in "gender, number, and case. "The Latin adjectives we are learning here are declined just like "i-stem" nouns. Except that the masculine andfeminine ablative is "i" rather than "e". It is important to think about this because it means the Latin adjective's ending might not be exactly the same as the Latin noun it is modifying. But they will be the same in gender, number and case.

Here are the first four adjectives:

difficilis/e, difficillis difficult The slash / indicates that there are two nominative forms. The comma indicates setting the first form (the nominative) off from the second form (genitive). When there are two nominative forms as there are for this word: 1) difficilis and 2) difficile, the first is the masculine and feminine form and the second is the neuter form. This is called an adjective with two terminations (or endings).

acer/acris/acre, acris bitter The slash / indicates that there are three nominative forms. The comma indicates setting the first form (the nominative) off from the second form (genitive). When there are three nominative forms as there are for this word: 1) acer, 2) acris and 3) acre, the first is the masculine form, the second is the feminine form and the third is the neuter form. This is called an adjective with three terminations (or endings)

ingens, ingentis huge There is no slash. This is an adjective that has only one termination (ending). That is the ending to use for masculine, feminine or neuter words. The comma sets the first form apart from the second form. You still need to decide gender, though, because the single termination only applies to the first form and second form. This word would use "ingentia" for a neuter plural, and "ingentes" for a masculine or feminine plural.

fortis/e, fortis brave Just like difficiliis/e


51

Day 1, Exercise 1: Complete the chart for the adjective "fortis/e".


M/F Nominative = Subject

fortis (fortis) fortes

N forte fortia

All Genitive = Possessive fortis fortium

All Dative = Indirect Object forti fortibus

M/F Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some prepositions

fortem fortes

N forte fortia

All Ablative = Object of some prepositions forti fortibus

Day 1, Exercise 2: Complete the chart for the noun "pastor, -is".


M/F Nominative = Subject

pastor pastores

N

All Genitive = Possessive pastoris pastorum

All Dative = Indirect Object pastori pastoribus

M/F Accusative = Direct Object or

Object of some prepositions

pastorem pastores

N

M/F Ablative = Object of some prepositions pastore pastoribus


NA NA

NA NA

52

Day 2, Exercise 1. Match up the masculine endings for "fortis" and "pastor". They are the same in gender, number, and case, but are they the same?


Nominative = Subject fortis pastor fortes pastores

Genitive = Possessive fortis pastoris fortium pastorum

Dative = Indirect Object

forti pastori fortibus pastoribus

Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some

prepositions

fortem pastorem fortes pastores

Ablative = Object of some

prepositions

forti pastore fortibus pastoribus

Day 2, Exercise 2. Put these phrases into Latin (all are singular):

1. Use the accusative case: bitter dog

2. Use the dative case: huge tree

3. Use the genitive case: difficult river

acrem canem

ingenti arbori

difficilis fluminis


53

Day 3, Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks.


Masculine nouns usually end in -er, -r, or -or


A noun is i- stem if it ends in -is or -es in the nominative first form and has

the same number of syllables_ in the first and second form.

A noun is i-stem if it ends in -s or -x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.A neuter noun is i-stem if it ends in al, ar, or e in the nominative first form.


A. NA gens, flumen, arbor, gentis fluminis vincere NA arboris Caesar, -is

B. gent flumin vinc- arbor Caesar

The tribe's river conquers the tree for Caesar.

C. Gentis flumen vincit arborem Caesari.

Step 1: Please circle the subject, box the possessives and underline the direct objects. Use a dashed line under the indirect object. Cross out the words, "the," "a," or "an." Put parentheses (around prepositional phrases using accusatives or ablatives). Make sure you write "p" above the preposition and underline the object of the preposition once if it is accusative and do nothing if the object is ablative.

Step 2: Write the Latin word you would use on Line A above the word. Remember that there is no Latin word for "of," "for," "the," "a," or "an".




_______________

___ ______ _ _ _ _

Documents

Beginning Latin Year III Plural audiunt audiebant audient audiant Day 2, Exercise 2: True or False: A noun is i-stem if it… Ends in –er or –or in the nominative first form and