Beginning Greek for Bible Study

Beginning Greek for Beginning Greek for Bible StudyBible Study

Class #3Class #3

Review of English GrammarReview of English Grammar

Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa

kai; to; w=

Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example

2 Cor. 5:21 – For He made Him who knew 2 Cor. 5:21 – For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of God in might become the righteousness of God in Him.Him.

to.n mh. gno,nta a`marti,an u`pe.r h`mw/n a`marti,an evpoi,hsen( i[na h`mei/j genw,meqa dikaiosu,nh qeou/ evn auvtw/|Å

AlphaAlpha aa aa FFaatherther

BetaBeta bb bb BBibleible

GammaGamma gg gg ggoneone

DeltaDelta dd dd ddogog

EpsilonEpsilon ee ee mmeett

ZetaZeta zz zz dadazzee

EtaEta hh ee obobeeyy

ThetaTheta qq thth ththinging

IotaIota ii ii iintrntriiguegue

KappaKappa kk kk kkitchenitchen

LambdaLambda ll ll llawaw

MuMu mm mm mmotherother

NuNu nn nn nnewew

XiXi xx xx aaxxiomiom

OmicronOmicron oo oo nnoott

PiPi pp pp ppeacheach

RhoRho rr rr rrodod

SigmaSigma s - Vs - V ss sstudytudy

TauTau tt tt ttalkalk

UpsilonUpsilon uu uu oopsoops

PhiPhi ff phph phphoneone

ChiChi cc chch lolochch

PsiPsi yy psps lilipsps

OmegaOmega ww oo ttoonene

English CasesEnglish Cases

The boy hit his ballThe boy hit his ball The boy – Subjective caseThe boy – Subjective case The ball – Objective caseThe ball – Objective case His – Possessive caseHis – Possessive case

Word order is usually key in identifying Word order is usually key in identifying English casesEnglish cases

English CasesEnglish Cases

CaseCase FunctionFunction ExampleExample

SubjectiveSubjective subjectsubject HeHe took my bat took my bat

PossessivePossessive possessionpossession He took He took mymy batbat

ObjectiveObjective direct objectdirect object He took my He took my batbat

Gender InflectionGender Inflection

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine NeuterNeuter

Subjective Subjective singularsingular

hehe sheshe itit

Possessive Possessive singularsingular

hishis herher itsits

Objective Objective singularsingular

himhim herher itit

Subjective pluralSubjective plural theythey theythey theythey

Possessive Possessive pluralplural

theirtheir theirtheir theirtheir

Objective pluralObjective plural themthem themthem themthem

English Number & Gender English Number & Gender

Number refers to a word being either singular or Number refers to a word being either singular or plural. In English, sometimes this is plural. In English, sometimes this is accomplished by adding an “s” to the end of the accomplished by adding an “s” to the end of the word. Other times, the form changes (“man” word. Other times, the form changes (“man” becomes “men”).becomes “men”).

Gender refers to a word as being either Gender refers to a word as being either masculine, feminine, or neuter.masculine, feminine, or neuter. Most English nouns do not have gender.Most English nouns do not have gender. However, most English pronouns do.However, most English pronouns do. Sometimes, we assign “natural” gender to words.Sometimes, we assign “natural” gender to words.

English Grammar TermsEnglish Grammar Terms

““Bob threw his green Greek book at the Bob threw his green Greek book at the weird teacher.”weird teacher.”

Noun – a word that stands for someone or Noun – a word that stands for someone or something (Bob, book, teacher)something (Bob, book, teacher)

Adjective – a word that modifies a noun or Adjective – a word that modifies a noun or pronoun (green, Greek, weird)pronoun (green, Greek, weird)

Preposition – a word that shows the Preposition – a word that shows the relationship between two other words (at)relationship between two other words (at)

English Grammar TermsEnglish Grammar TermsDeclension – a “pattern” of how words Declension – a “pattern” of how words change to reflect their functionchange to reflect their function PluralPlural

Adding “s”Adding “s” Boy – BoysBoy – Boys Girl – GirlsGirl – Girls

Changing a vowelChanging a vowel Man – MenMan – Men Woman – WomenWoman – Women

Drop the “y,” add “ies”Drop the “y,” add “ies” Family – familiesFamily – families Story – storiesStory – stories Baby - babiesBaby - babies

Nouns - OverviewNouns - Overview

CaseCase

NumberNumber

GenderGender

DeclensionDeclension

Verbs - OverviewVerbs - Overview

A verb is a word that describes an action A verb is a word that describes an action or state of being:or state of being: HitHit DriveDrive StudyStudy ThinkThink Be – am, is, wasBe – am, is, was

Verbs - OverviewVerbs - Overview

PersonPerson

NumberNumber

TenseTense

VoiceVoice

AspectAspect

MoodMood

Verbs - PersonVerbs - Person

There are three “persons” – first, second, There are three “persons” – first, second, and thirdand third

First person – the person speaking (“I,” First person – the person speaking (“I,” “we”)“we”)

Second person – the person being spoken Second person – the person being spoken to (“you,” “ya’ll”)to (“you,” “ya’ll”)

Third person – everything else (“he,” “she,” Third person – everything else (“he,” “she,” “it,” “they,” “book,” “coffee,” etc.)“it,” “they,” “book,” “coffee,” etc.)

Verbs - PersonVerbs - Person

She is a nice person.She is a nice person.

I am a believer.I am a believer.

He is a baseball player.He is a baseball player.

This sweet tea is refreshing.This sweet tea is refreshing.

You are a student.You are a student.

Ya’ll are from Texas.Ya’ll are from Texas.

Verbs - NumberVerbs - Number

In the English third person, the verb is In the English third person, the verb is inflected by adding the letter “s” to the end inflected by adding the letter “s” to the end of the verb.of the verb. I hit the ball.I hit the ball. You hit the ball.You hit the ball. He hitHe hits s the ball.the ball.

Verbs - AgreementVerbs - Agreement

A verb must “agree” with its subject in A verb must “agree” with its subject in person and number.person and number. The class learn Greek.The class learn Greek. The class learns Greek.The class learns Greek. I teaches the class.I teaches the class. I teach the class.I teach the class. There is no tests in Greek class.There is no tests in Greek class. There are no tests in Greek class.There are no tests in Greek class.

Verbs - TenseVerbs - Tense

The tense of a verb refers to the TIME The tense of a verb refers to the TIME when the action of the verb takes placewhen the action of the verb takes place

There are three main tenses in English:There are three main tenses in English: Present – I studyPresent – I study Past – I studiedPast – I studied Past Participle – I studiedPast Participle – I studied


TenseTense ““to swim”to swim” ““to eat”to eat” ““to walk”to walk” ““to read”to read”

PresentPresent SwimSwim eateat walkwalk readread

PastPast swamswam ateate walkedwalked readread

Past Past participleparticiple

swumswum eateneaten walkedwalked readread


Other tenses in English are built off of Other tenses in English are built off of these three tensesthese three tenses

Usually, a “helping” verb is used to build Usually, a “helping” verb is used to build other tenses:other tenses: I WILL swimI WILL swim I HAVE eatenI HAVE eaten

Verbs - VoiceVerbs - Voice

Voice refers to the relationship between Voice refers to the relationship between the verb and its subject. A verb is either the verb and its subject. A verb is either active or passive.active or passive. Active – the subject is doing the action – Active – the subject is doing the action –

David hit the ball, She studied GreekDavid hit the ball, She studied Greek Passive – the subject is receiving the action – Passive – the subject is receiving the action –

He was hit by the ball – She was justified by He was hit by the ball – She was justified by ChristChrist

Verbs - AspectVerbs - Aspect

Aspect refers to the type of action that a Aspect refers to the type of action that a verb describesverb describes Continuous – ongoing process - “I am Continuous – ongoing process - “I am

watching TV.”watching TV.” Perfect – completed action with present Perfect – completed action with present

consequences – “I have studied diligently.”consequences – “I have studied diligently.” Undefined – says nothing other than that an Undefined – says nothing other than that an

action occurred – “I enjoy Greek.”action occurred – “I enjoy Greek.”

Don’t confuse tense with aspect.Don’t confuse tense with aspect.

Verbs - AspectVerbs - AspectTenseTense ContinuousContinuous PerfectPerfect undefinedundefined

Present Present activeactive

I am callingI am calling -- I callI call

Present Present passivepassive

I am being I am being calledcalled

-- I am calledI am called

Past activePast active I was I was callingcalling

I have I have calledcalled

I calledI called

Past Past passivepassive

I was being I was being calledcalled

I have I have been calledbeen called

I was I was calledcalled

Verbs – MoodVerbs – Mood

Mood refers to a verb’s relationship to Mood refers to a verb’s relationship to realityreality Indicative – statement of fact or reality.Indicative – statement of fact or reality. Subjunctive – statement about what Subjunctive – statement about what mightmight

happen.happen. Imperative - something that is Imperative - something that is commandedcommanded..

Clauses & PhrasesClauses & Phrases

A clause is a group of related words that A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and verb.includes a subject and verb. After Greek class, I am going home.After Greek class, I am going home. When I get home, I am going to bed.When I get home, I am going to bed.

A phrase is a group of words that does not A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject or indicative verb.have a subject or indicative verb. After Greek class, I am going home.After Greek class, I am going home. Because of the weather, I stayed home.Because of the weather, I stayed home.

Dependent (Subordinate) Dependent (Subordinate) ClausesClauses

A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a clause that cannot grammatically stand on clause that cannot grammatically stand on its own. It does not make sense by itself.its own. It does not make sense by itself. When I get homeWhen I get home Because of the weatherBecause of the weather

An independent clause can stand on its An independent clause can stand on its own.own. I am going homeI am going home I am going to bedI am going to bed I am studying GreekI am studying Greek

ClausesClauses

Recognizing an independent clause from a Recognizing an independent clause from a dependent clause is ESSENTIAL for dependent clause is ESSENTIAL for understanding the Bible.understanding the Bible.

The main point of a biblical text is usually The main point of a biblical text is usually in an independent clause, not a dependent in an independent clause, not a dependent clause.clause.

Clauses – Col. 1:28-29Clauses – Col. 1:28-29

28 - We proclaim Him, admonishing every 28 - We proclaim Him, admonishing every man and teaching every man with all man and teaching every man with all wisdom, so that we may present every wisdom, so that we may present every man complete in Christ.man complete in Christ.

2929 - For this purpose also I labor, - For this purpose also I labor, striving according to His power, which striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.mightily works within me.

Clauses – Col. 1:28-29Clauses – Col. 1:28-29

We proclaim HimWe proclaim Him

admonishing every manadmonishing every man

and teaching every man with all and teaching every man with all wisdomwisdom

so that we may present every man so that we may present every man complete in Christ.complete in Christ.

For this purpose also I laborFor this purpose also I labor

striving according to His power, striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.which mightily works within me.

Clauses – 1 Peter 1:3-5Clauses – 1 Peter 1:3-5

3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord 3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,dead,4 - to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable 4 - to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you,heaven for you,5 - who are protected by the power of God 5 - who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.in the last time.

ConjunctionsConjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Coordinating – connect independent clauses Coordinating – connect independent clauses

(and, but, for, or, so, yet)(and, but, for, or, so, yet)The word was with God The word was with God andand the word was God. the word was God.Be angry Be angry butbut do not sin. do not sin.

Subordinate – begin a dependent clause and Subordinate – begin a dependent clause and often link it to an independent clause often link it to an independent clause (because, since, if, when, where)(because, since, if, when, where)

I am studying I am studying becausebecause I want to do well. I want to do well.IfIf we ask anything according to his will, He hears we ask anything according to his will, He hears us.us.

Types of ClausesTypes of Clauses

Relative – clauses that start with a relative Relative – clauses that start with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that)pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that) ““the rest of my fellow workers, the rest of my fellow workers, whose names whose names

are in the book of lifeare in the book of life” (Phil. 4:3)” (Phil. 4:3) "There is another "There is another who testifies of Mewho testifies of Me, and I , and I

know know that the testimony which He gives about that the testimony which He gives about Me is trueMe is true.” (John 5:32).” (John 5:32)

Types of PhrasesTypes of Phrases

Prepositional Phrase – start with a Prepositional Phrase – start with a prepositionpreposition ““The Greek book is The Greek book is under the tableunder the table.”.” ““I do not receive glory I do not receive glory from menfrom men” (John 5:41)” (John 5:41)

Participial Phrase – begin with a participle Participial Phrase – begin with a participle (a verb ending in “ing”)(a verb ending in “ing”) After After doing my Greek homeworkdoing my Greek homework, I went to , I went to

bed.bed. ““You do not have His word You do not have His word abiding in youabiding in you” ”

(John 5:38)(John 5:38)

Function of PhrasesFunction of Phrases

Phrases can act as parts of speechPhrases can act as parts of speech Noun – Noun – Whoever is with meWhoever is with me is not against me. is not against me. Adjectival – He Adjectival – He who is not for uswho is not for us is against us. is against us. Adverbial – Drive Adverbial – Drive with carewith care..

ExamplesExamples

The Light shines in the darkness, and the The Light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it.darkness did not comprehend it.

If we confess our sins, He is faithful and If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

HomeworkHomework

Read chapter 8Read chapter 8

Practice identifying parts of speech in your Practice identifying parts of speech in your BibleBible

Memorize the alphabet and dipthongsMemorize the alphabet and dipthongs

Advanced ClassAdvanced Class

Class #3Class #3

Greek NounsGreek Nouns

Overview of Greek NounsOverview of Greek Nouns

StemStem

DeclensionDeclension

CaseCase

NumberNumber

GenderGender

Greek CasesGreek Cases

Greek has five cases:Greek has five cases: Nominative case – identifies the subjectNominative case – identifies the subject Genitive case – usually indicates possessionGenitive case – usually indicates possession Dative case – usually identifies the indirect Dative case – usually identifies the indirect

objectobject Accusative case – usually identifies the direct Accusative case – usually identifies the direct

objectobject Vocative case – the case for direct addressVocative case – the case for direct address

Case InflectionCase Inflection

NominativeNominative qeo,qeo,jj ““God”God”

GenitiveGenitive QeoQeouu// ““of God”of God”

DativeDative qeqeww/|/| ““to God”to God”

AccusativeAccusative qeo,qeo,nn ““God”God”

VocativeVocative qeqeee, , / / qeo,qeo,jj ““God,”God,”

The Form of Greek NounsThe Form of Greek Nouns

Case Endings – a suffix (ending) added to Case Endings – a suffix (ending) added to a word which is used to mark the case.a word which is used to mark the case. lo,golo,gojj logologouu//

Stem – what remains of a Greek noun Stem – what remains of a Greek noun after you remove the case ending. This is after you remove the case ending. This is what identifies a word.what identifies a word. logologo qeoqeo


Gender – a noun is either masculine, feminine, or Gender – a noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter. A noun only has one gender that never neuter. A noun only has one gender that never changes.changes. a`martolo,j a`martolo,j = sinner (masculine)= sinner (masculine) a`marti,a a`marti,a = sin (feminine)= sin (feminine) Hints:Hints:

ojoj – usually masculine – usually masculineon on – usually neuter– usually neuterh h or or a a – usually feminine– usually feminine

Number – a noun is either singular or plural. This is Number – a noun is either singular or plural. This is identified through case endings:identified through case endings: avpo,stoloj avpo,stoloj = “apostle”= “apostle” avpo,stoloi avpo,stoloi = “apostles”= “apostles”


Declension – this is the “pattern” of Declension – this is the “pattern” of inflection that Greek nouns follow. There inflection that Greek nouns follow. There are three declensions:are three declensions: First Declension – noun stem ends in First Declension – noun stem ends in aa or or hh, ,

usually feminine nouns. – usually feminine nouns. – grafh,grafh, Second Declension – noun stem ends in Second Declension – noun stem ends in oo, ,

usually masculine or neuter nouns. – usually masculine or neuter nouns. – avpo,stolojavpo,stoloj, , e;rgone;rgon

Third Declension – noun stem ends in a Third Declension – noun stem ends in a consonant.consonant.

Lexical formLexical form

The form of nouns found in lexicons is the The form of nouns found in lexicons is the nominative singularnominative singular ko,smonko,smon – – ko,smojko,smoj avga,phn avga,phn – – avga,phavga,ph

Paradigm chartParadigm chart22 11 22

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine neuterneuter

Nom sgNom sg jj -- -- nn

Acc sgAcc sg nn nn nn nn

Nom plNom pl ii ii ii aa

Acc plAcc pl ujuj jj jj aa



Nom sgNom sg oojj hh aa oonn

Acc sgAcc sg oonn hhnn aann oonn

Nom plNom pl ooii aaii aaii aa

Acc plAcc pl ooujuj aajj aajj aa



Nom sgNom sg lo,golo,gojj grafh,grafh, w-raw-ra e;rgoe;rgonn

Acc sgAcc sg lo,golo,gonn grafh,grafh,nn

w-raw-rann e;rgoe;rgonn

Nom plNom pl lo,golo,goii grafagrafaii,, w-raw-raii e;rge;rgaa

Acc plAcc pl lo,golo,goujuj grafa,grafa,jj w-raw-rajj e;rge;rgaa

HintsHints

The masculine and feminine case endings The masculine and feminine case endings are often the same. In the nominative and are often the same. In the nominative and accusative, the neuter is usually distinct accusative, the neuter is usually distinct from the masculine.from the masculine.

In the neuter, the nominative and In the neuter, the nominative and accusative singular are always the same, accusative singular are always the same, and the nominative and accusative plural and the nominative and accusative plural are always the same.are always the same.

ParsingParsing

When parsing a noun, you need to give:When parsing a noun, you need to give: The caseThe case The numberThe number The genderThe gender The lexical formThe lexical form The inflected meaningThe inflected meaning For example, For example, lo,gouj lo,gouj is accusative plural is accusative plural

masculine, from masculine, from lo,gojlo,goj, meaning “words.”, meaning “words.”

Noun RulesNoun Rules

1.1. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third declension.stems are in the third declension.

2.2. Every neuter word has the same form in Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative.the nominative and accusative.

3.3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural.the nominative and accusative plural.

The Greek definite articleThe Greek definite article

The definite article is the only article in The definite article is the only article in Greek. There is no indefinite article in Greek. There is no indefinite article in Greek (no “a” or “an”).Greek (no “a” or “an”).

The article has case, number, and gender. The article has case, number, and gender. The article always agrees with the noun it The article always agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.modifies in case, number, and gender.

Paradigm chartParadigm chart

22 11 22


Nom sgNom sg oò` h`h` to,to,

Acc sgAcc sg to,nto,n th,nth,n to,to,

Nom plNom pl oiòi` aiài` ta,ta,

Acc plAcc pl tou,jtou,j ta,jta,j ta,ta,

The importance of the articleThe importance of the article

Knowing the forms of the article is the key Knowing the forms of the article is the key to understanding the forms of nouns in to understanding the forms of nouns in Greek.Greek. Most nouns take the article, so if you can’t Most nouns take the article, so if you can’t

parse the noun, the article will help.parse the noun, the article will help. Most of the case endings on nouns are similar Most of the case endings on nouns are similar

to the article.to the article.

ParsingParsing

HomeworkHomework

Read chapter 7Read chapter 7

Re-read chapter 6 if neededRe-read chapter 6 if needed

Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 4 Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 4 & 6& 6

Do the exercises in the workbook for Do the exercises in the workbook for chapter 6chapter 6

Documents

Beginning Greek for Bible Study