Beginning Bulgarian

b, ALBERT BATES LORD

HarlJ(Jrd UniDn'sit]

Se;ond Pn'nting

M OUTON " co . 1965 · THE HAGUE LONDON . PARI.

o Copyrighl 1965 by M outon & Co., Publishers, T7u Hague, T7u Netherlands.

No pari qf Ihis book may Iu Iranswld or "produced in any fonn, by prinl, plwlo/JTinl. mWTofiim, or any other meanr, without written permission from tIu publishers.

First Printing: 1962

Printed in The Nttherkmds by M outon & Co., Printers. Th~ Hague.

Preface

This book, like its companion, Beginning SeThoCToatian, was devel­oped for classes, largely of graduate students, at Harvard Uni­versity. Its purpose is to introduce students as rapidly as possible to the fundamentals of Bulgarian grammar so that from the very fi rst lesson they are able to construct complete sentences. The primary goal is to prepare the students to read Bulgarian litera­ture, and two complete stories are included in the book. The sentences at the end of each lesson will, it is hoped, also be a useful introduction to Bulgarian in some of the ordinary circum­stances of life and travel in another country. The glossary con­tains all the words used in the exercises and in the two stories, but it does not include aU the words used in the grammatical discussions nor in the conversation sections.

I have taken the conversation sentences from Slavjanski Razgo­vornik, published by Nauka i Izkustvo (Sofia, 1959), for which I am indebted to Professor L. AndrejCin of Sofia University. The information in the glossary is derived from the Reinik na s'vre­rmnnija h'lgaTski kniiovtn ezik, Volumes I to III (Sofia, 1955 to 1959), published by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The grammatical presentation has been influenced by a number of sources, the earliest of which were Leon Beaulieux's Grammaire de la langue bulgare (Paris, 1950), and S. B. Bern~tejn's Ulehnik bolgarskogo jazyka (Moscow, 1948). Next in time came B'Lgarska gramatika by L. AndrejCin, N. Kostov, and E. Nikolov (Sofia, 1947), S'vremenen h'lgarski ezit, by L. AndrejCin, K. Popov, and M. Ivanov (Sofia, 1955), and of special help in writing the phonological parts of the introduction has been Ju. S. Maslov's excellen t Ol"k boLgarskoj grammatiki (Mosf'ow, 1956). Of interest

5

also are AngliJska gramotika v sraunmu s 6'lgarski ezik, by T. Atana­sova, H. Radulova, M. Rankova, R. Rusev (Sofia, 1956), and /storileska gramorika na 6'lgarskiJa em, by K. Mir~ev (Sofia, 1958).

In addition to the Academy dictionary mentioned above, the following lexical works have been useful: B'lgarski t'/koven refnik, by L. Andrejtin, L. Georgiev, St. lI~ev. H. Kostov, Iv. Lekov, St. Stojkov, Cv. Todorov (Sofia, 1955), and Prauopism reinile no b'lgarskiJa kniloven ezile, by Iv. Lekov, L. Andrej6n, VI. Georgiev (Sofia, 1948), and Reinik no lutdite dumi v b'lgarskiJa ezik, by A. Milev, J . Bratkov, and B. Nikolov (Sofia, 1958) . There is no really adequate dictionary from Bulgarian to English, but one might list R . Russev, Bulgarian-English Dictionary (New York, 1953), and, considerably better, B'lgaro-anglijski reinik, composed by T. Atanasova, M. Rankova, R. Rusev, D. Spasov, VI. Phili­pov, under the direction of M. Minkov (Sofia, 1958}. Un­fortunately neither of these two dictionaries provides the student with accents. T here are two Bulgarian-Russian dictionaries which I have found helpful from time to time, S. K. Cukalov, Bolgarsko­russkij slovar' (Sofia, 1957), and, with the same title, that by S. B. Bern!tejn in Moscow, 1953.

In the earliest stages of writing the Bulgarian exercises I was aided by Mr. Dragan Petrov and by Mrs. R. H. jones of Boston. In july of 1958 and August of 1959 I was able to visit Bulgaria under a grant from the Inter-University Committee on Travel Grants and with the generous assistance of the Committee for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries of Bulgaria. In 1958 the manuscript of the grammar had the benefit of careful perusal by both Dr. L. Andrej6n, Director of the Institute for Bulgari an Language of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Ivan G'l'bov of the same institute. During the following year I revised the grammar again incorporating their suggestions. In 1959 Drs. Andrej6n and Stojkov arranged for me to work with two advanced graduate students, Miss Kalina Ivanova and Mr. J ordan Penlev, who were also workers in the Imti tute for Bulgarian Language, to go through the grammar and its exercises in great detail. Thanks to them I have confi­drllfr Ihal the Bulgarian texts are accurate specimens of modern slandard litnary Bulgarian. Miss Ivanova and Mr. Pen~ev,

6

together with Mrs. Elka Stankulova and Mrs. Elena Georgieva, recorded a tape ofthe grammar exercises for the use of my classes at Harv<l;rd, and I take this opportunity to thank them for their help.

I am indebted also to Dr. j oseph Van Campen, Assistant Pro­fessor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Harvard, not only for his kindness in letting me use some of the results of his anal­ysis of the Bulgarian verb, his doctoral dissertation, which I had the privilege of reading, but also for going through the grammatical sections and especially the introduction. I am grateful to him for his care in applying his knowledge of the structure of the Bulgarian language to this book and for his many suggestions .

To Mrs. Patricia Arant of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Radcliffe College I am especially grateful for making the glossary and for retyping parts of the manuscript. A grant from the Harvard Foundation made possible clerical assistance in preparing the final manuscript. For the earlier mimeo­graphed versions I am grateful to the Slavic Department of Harvard.

Finally, the students in my courses in Bulgarian who have tried this grammar in its various stages have helped with com­ments and suggestions and to them for their patience and acute­ness I herewith render thanks.

Cambridge, Massachusetts November, IgOO

ALBERT B. L ORD

"

Table of Contents

Preface ...

Introduction

Lesson I: General View of Nouns - The Present Tense of

Lesson 2:

Lesson 3:

Lesson 4 :

Lesson 5: Lesson 6:

"to be" and "to have" - Statement of Verbal Aspect ................ . Postpositive Article - Present of Verbs in -e .. Masculine Nouns - Plural - Present of Verbs in -i - Negative of "to have" ... . . . . . Plural of Feminine and Neuter Nouns - Pre­sent of Verbs in -a. . . . . . . . . . . The Vocative and the Imperative ..... The Aorist and the Future - The Infinitive .

Lesson 7: Formation of the Perfective Aspect - Aa and

5

"

' 5 20

26

33 39 47

qe - The Imperfect. . . . . . . . . .. 53 Lesson 8: Personal Pronouns - Possessive Adjectives -

Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60 Lesson 9: Formation of the Imperfective Aspect - The

Perfect",,', ....... 67 Lesson 10: Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative and

Indefinite Pronouns . . . . . . . 73 Lesson 1I: Numerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Lesson 12: The PllIperfect - The Future Perfect. 83 Lesson 13: The Future in Past Time - The Conditional -

Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88 Lesson 14: Indirect Narration - The Indirect Imperfect -

The Indirect Form for the Aorist. . . . .' 95

9

Lesson 15: The Indirect Pluperfect ,- The Indirect Future - The Indirect Future Perfect 99

Lesson 16: The Participles - The Gerund

EMHAHRH CTaHeB: c...eA AOBa

H8aH Ba30B: CA yrnHR

106

"4 120

Appendix ..... . . . . . • . . . . • . .. 125

English-Bulgarian Glossary Bulgarian-English Glossary

10

"

Introduction

At the present time the Bulgarian alphabet consists of the follow­ing symbols: A, a, 6 , 6, B, B, r, T, ,LJ" A, E, e, )1<, .lK, 3, 3, Ii, H,

a~~~~~~~~~~~n, n,~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~a,~~ M~ these symbols are also used in Russian, although they do not always represent the same sounds. The following symbOls used in Russian are not found in Bulgarian: hI, bl, a, EI. Some of the symbols used in Bulgarian are not found in the cyrillic alphabet used for Serbocroatian: fl, it, ll!, I,l!, 'h, 1>, 10, 10, H, R, b. On the other hand, there are some symbols used in Serbocroatian cyrillic which are not used in Bulgarian:n, h, D , i),J,j, V,v,]b, JD, lb, lb.

The alphabet given above for present day Bulgarian is the result of an orthographic change of February 17, 1945, which eliminated two symbols from the alphabet: JK, '" and 1>, t. The former was repl~ced by D, 1> in all positions, and the latter by either E, e or H, ft, according to its pronunciation (see below).

Roughly speaking the symbols given above for Bulgarian re­present the same sounds as in Russian (except, of course, for the reduced vowels in Russian) or in Serbocroatian with the following important exceptions: Il!, 1M stands for the sound "sht", and D, 1> is always pronounced something like "u" in American "butter" or the grunted indefinite article "a".

Pn'nt Approximau Pronunciation Transliterated

A, a As in English "car" a D,6 As English "b" b B, B As English "v" v r, r As English "g" g

II

Print

A,A E, e lK, >K

3,3

11, " rt, • K, K

fI , A

M,M H, H

0,0 n, n P,p C, c T, T

Y, y <1>, ~ X, x

lJ, " q, • Ill, ill ijJ, \IJ

~" l(), '" II , x h '--J

Approximate Pronunciation

As English "d" As in English "best" As "z" in English "azure" As English "z" As "i" in English "machine" As English "y" in "you" or "way" As English "k" As English " I" As English "m" As English "n" As in English "note" As English "p" As English "r" As English "s" As English "t" As "00" in English "pool" As English "f" As "ch" in English "loch" As " ts" in English "tots" As "ch" in English "church" As English "sh" As English "sh" plus "t" As "u" in English "butter" As English "you" As "ya" in English "yard" As English "y" in "you"

Transliterated

d e , z

" J k

m n

o p , s , U

f h IS

C !

i'

JU

J' (none)

According to the standard practice of the literary language, i; was pronounced as H when a) it was accented, and b) the next syllable contained a hard vowel (a, 0, '1>, and y), and c) when i; was not followed immediately by )1(, ill, IJ!, 'I, or ii.

Dialects

The two main dialects of Bulgarian, the eastern and the western, are usually differentiated by their treatment of Old Slavic t.

[n western Bulgaria t was pronounced "c" in all positions.

12

In eastern Bulgaria it was pronounced either "e" or "$I" ac­cording to the rules given abovc. For example, the Bulgarian word for "milk" is pronounced (and now written) MAeKo in the west and MAHKO in the east. Simi larly, the adjective "big" is ro.M:M in the west and rOARM in the east.

Eastern Bulgarian may be further subdivided into north­eastern and southeastern. The northeastern i~ that just given, namely, i; is pronounced ei ther "e" or "$I", according to given rules. The southeastern dialect pronounces it "$I" when stressed and e when unstressed.

Phonology

In addition to what has already been said above the following phenomena should be noted:

Vowels

I. "A" and "$I" are pronounced like "'1>" and "ti'1>" respectively in the following places: a) in the first person singular and the third person plural of verbs of the first and second conjugations, and in "ca" (Cn) "they are"; e.g. ped (peKi.), crOM (CTOtii.), peKat (peKi.T), croiiT (CTOtii.T) ; and b) in the articulated forms of the singular of masculine nouns: e.g. KpaK, Kpad (KpaKi.), AeH, AeHRT (AeHtii.T).

2. " M " and "e" do not palatalize the preceding consonant (as in Russian), except "K", "r", and "x", or, put in another way, a palatalized consonant (see below under consonants) cannot stand before "H" or "e".

3. "A", "e" and "0", when unaccented, tend to be reduced in the direction of"'1>", "ll", and "y" respectively. This is especially true for the northeastern dialect ofTirnovo.

Consonants

I. The following consonants have palatalized correspondents:

GBrA3KAMlInpcTq> x u

'3

The sequence "palatalized consonant plus vowel" is written with the consonant letter plus Jl (in the case of "a" and "'I> "), 10 (in the case ofHy"), and 1.0 (in the case of "0") .

Nou that before "e" and HH" the palatalized correspondent is Mt used in Bulgarian except in the case of uK", "r", and "x" (see above under vowels 2.).

2. The palatal consonants (as distinguished from the pala­talized consonants above) are )1<, A>K, q , and w. They have no palatalized correspondents.

3. The following voiceless consonants have voiced correspon­dents as indicated:

voiceless voiced

A voiced consonant is unvoiced before a voiceless consonant: PRA'I>K, pRTKa; pi3rosop, paCKa3; nOA "roro, nOT K1.1A!aTa. Vice versa, a voiceless consonant is voiced before a voiced ' conso­nant (except B plus a vowel): roCTR, OO36a; OTB6p, 6AfOBOp; c BJipa, 3 66AKa; BHc6K 6pex, BHc6r 6a"p.

Note that a phrase consisting of preposition plus noun is con­sidered as a unit for the operation of these rules.

4. In word final position the voiced consonants are pronounced as their voiceless correspondents before a pause (in absolute final position), before a vowel, or before M, H, p, A (the sonants) and B, and their palatalized correspondents: rpu (rpaT), rpaT OXPHT, rpaT Pyce, rpaT SHAHH.

5. Unlike Russian, Bulgarian never has a palatalized consonant at the end of a word or before another consonant. Thus the final HT" in .. M1.APOCT" is not palatalized, nor is the "c" in " nHcM6". (Cf. Russian MYApocn. and nHchMo). For the situation before a vowel see above under Consonants I . and under Vowels 2.

6. In the consonant clusters -CT, -~, and similar clusters ending in "T" or "-A", the "T" or"A"is not pronounced before another consonant, except before "K", "r", "x", and "A". Thus p3..AOCTeH, p3..A?CHa (written paAOCTHa), PaAOCTa (written paAOCTTa), H61A!eH, H6i,ijHa (written 116~Ha), HOI,Ua (written Ho~TA).

14

LESSON I

General View of Nouns - The Present Tense of "to

be" and "to have" - Statement of Verbal Aspect

Bulgarian has three genders; masculine, feminine, and neuter. Most masculine nouns end in a consonant (including -A) ; some masculine nouns end in -a, -0, and -H, but these indicate male human beings.

Examples: "'''' city 6a1A!a father nerKO Petko 6paT brother HHK6Aa Nikola T6HbO Tonyo ApyM road '1"'10 uncle Ileno Pepo KOH horse BynqO uncle MUTKO Milko KpaA end re6prn Georgi

Most fiminitu nouns end in -a or -Jl ; some feminines end in a consonant (these used to end in a soft consonant - more properly soft jer - and correspond to the -i- stems of the other Slavic languages). Such are usually abstract nouns, many of which end in -oCT.

Examples: BOAa water np6AeT Spring ceCTpa sister HOI,\! night Maca table naMeT memory 3CUR land piAOCT JOY

Most neuter nouns end in -0 or -e.

Examples: cbo village MOpe! sea nHCM6 letter nOAe field BHHMaHHe attention Kyqe dog

15

General state.ment or declension

The declension of Bulgarian nouns has been greatly reduced. The plural is not declined. Neuter nouns are not declined in either thc singular or thc plural. Fcminine nouns have only a vocative singular in -0 or -e (or like thc basic form). M asculine nouns have only a vocative singular in -e, -0, or -M. Most mono­syllabic masculine nouns form their plurals in -aBe or -eBe. Most polysyllabic masculine nouns form their plurals in -i. Feminine nouns form thcir plural in -H (or less frequently -e). Neuter nouns form their plurals in -a, -Jl , or -Ta. Thesc arc only general state­ments; detailed treatment will be given in future lessons.

Examples:

SING. BASIC FORM VOC. SING. PLURAL BASIC FORM

Masc. rpaA city rpiAe rpaAoBe e"H son cUHe cMHOBe Y'llUTeA teacher Y'lJlTeAIO Y'luTeAH KOCa'l reaper Koca'lO KOCa'lH

Fem. Mai\Ka mother Mai\Ko Mai\KH ceCTpuUa little sistcr CCCTpHUe CccTpHun

Neuter ceAo village CCAa cD6paHHc gathcring c16paHHH Ky'le dog Ky'lera

The Present Tense or "to be", with the personal pronouns (nom.).

a3 CbM I am we are T1I Cll you are BHe CTC you are TOti, TJI, TO c hc, she, it is Te ca they are

The copula verb is not omitted in Bulgarian as it is in Russian.

The Present Tense or "to have"

aa uMaM I have HHe UMaMe we have you have they have

TH HMaw you have BHe HMaTe TOi\, T1I, TO uMa he, she, it has Te HMaT

\

Therc are many verbs of this type (Third Conjugation - See Lesson 4).

"This" and "That"

Masc. T03" Fern. T:l3H Neuter TOBa Plural Te3M

this

(all genders)

Verbal Aspect

OH3H oHa3H OHOBa OHe3H

that

Bulgarian vcrbs sharc with all other Slavic vcrbs the concept of "aspect". That is to say, somc vcrbs represent an action as con­tinuing, without rcgard to the completion of the action; these verbs are imperfective (HecBDpweH). Other verbs (often from the same roots as imperfective verbs) represent an action as com­pletc; there are perfective (cB'i.pweH). In the vocabularies eaf;h verb will iSe marked as either perfective or imperfective, and somctimes the othcr aspcct will also be given for information. More will be said about aspect in subsequent lessons.

EXERCISE I A

A3 HMaM cAHa KHHra. TOBa e ceAo, a OHOBa e nOAe. KDAe HMa nOAe? TaM HMa nOAe, a ceAO HMa T)'Ka. A3 BH)KAaM ceAO. Il!o e Tosa? Tosa e CTOA, a OHOBa e Maca. KDAe HMa SOHHHK? TyKa HMa OOtiHHK, a TaM HMa KOH. Koi\ e T03H BOtiHHK? TooH BOtiHUK e flopAaH. BH>K.lI;aTe AH T03H BoAHHK? BH>K.lI;aMe l1:oPAaH H KaAH­Ha. KaAHHa c MOMH'IIe, a ROPAau e MOM'Ie. Te ca cryAeHTH. TC3H SOi\HHUH HMaT KHHTH. TH HMaw CAHa cecTpa. KOAKO HMaTe SHe? HHC CMe cryAeHTH, a Te ca SOtiHHUH. Te3" CT)'ACHTH J.{MaT KHUTH H MOAHS". B Ta31f CTaJi IfMa CTOA H Maca. KDAe e TalH KDllJa? KaKBO HMa TOBa MOM'IIe? TOBa MOM'le HMa (nOAe) HHBa H A"Bli,4a. TOlH '10SeK HMa ceCTpa. "Tott "Ma 6paT, a TJI HMa ceCTpa. Aa CDM CTYAeHT. KaKDB Clf nl? Tosa KHHra Aif e? He, TOBa He e KHllra, TOBa e MOAUB.

')

EXERCISE, B

This man has only one house. This boy is Milko, and that girl is Svetana. He has fields and houses. This is a room. What is that? That is a meadow. T hose are meadows. Is that a field? No, that is a mcadow. What is this? A soldier is here. and a student is there. In a room is a chair and a table. Is this a room? No, this is a house. This mother has only onc son. Where is Milko? Mitko is here, but they arc there. You (2nd sing.) are a soldier, but I am a student. These 'students have books. We are sisters. What do you (pl.) have? We have houses and villages. This land is beautiful. This city is beautiful. This water is cold. That fie ld is broad. This father has sons. Those fathers have daughters.

VOCABULARY·

a, conj. a nd, but 6al,ija, m. father 6paT, m. brother, p l. irregular (see

l(:$Son 3) 11I1}I(,;UM, imp. , (alW) 10 see. aor.

alill(.4I.x (IIHA_X) BOAa, f. water aoAHl1IC, BOAHUUH, rn. soldier l'1laA, rpa.aoae, rn. city Ae.6AlCa, f. gi rl A'l>wep_, f. daughter CAHH, CAlia, eAH6, CAHli, numeral ,

one, a (indefinite art icle) )l(wa, f. , woman, wife ::Jew_, f. land, country liMa, there is A o»Aiu , rn. man's name (Jordan) xam, adj. (neut.) of what sor t,

what; in terr. pro. what? KaKloB, xam, KaKJl6, KaKOU, adj. of

what sort, what KaAHlla, f. woman's name KHHra, f. book KoA, inll:rreg. pro. who

1C6 ... ICO, interr .. adv. how many, how much

KOII, KOII ~, m . horse KloAe, adv. where riJ,ija, f. house "'11, interregative particle MlBiAa, f. meadow waAlCa, f. mother waca, f. table MiITKo, m. man's name (d im. of

,4HNllnop) MNlAClK, m. young man IoIOAlUl, m . pencil IoIOIotH'Ie, WOIolH'leTa, n ., girl WOM'Ie, WON'Itn. , n . boy Wope, IoIOpaa, n. sea He, no, not HliBa, f. cultivated field HIIICOAa, m. man's name (Nikola) nOAe, nOAtn., n. field caMo, adv. only ce...o, n. village cecrpa, f. sister CIIH, CII HORt, m. son

• In the case of verbs, the perfective aspect (see Lesson 7) is given in parentheses after the imperfec tive . For the other forms and lI5e of the aorist see Lesson 6. They will not be used in the exercises before Lesson 6.

cri_, f. room CTO", CT0A6ee, m. chair CT)'ACH, cryAOra, cryACHO, CT)'ACHH,

adj. cold C'T)'ACHT, m. $tudent TlUI, adv. there T)rJca, adv. here xY6u. xy6au, xf6a,ao, xy6anl1, adj.

prClly, fine, beautiful

CONVERSATION

,l\06p6 fTpo! A66'hp AeH!

A66Dp Beqep! Ao BHlKAaHe! AtKa H61!!!

A06pe AOlllAH!

A06pe AOllliA!

Ao6pe AOlllAa!

M6AJI (Bu, Te). BAaroAapA- (Bu, TU). J..f3BHHoa:lhe (H3IumoaJ:\). HRMa 3a1j!6.

Uae'ralla, f. woman's name ' '10J'CK, m. man, p I. irregular ($CC

lesson 3) 1llllp6IC, WIlp6lCa, WIlp6KO, U111p6JUf,

adj. broad, wide I,ijO, interr. p ro. what?

Good morning. Good day. Hello. Good evening. Goodbye. Au revoir. Good night. Welcome. (pl. )

.. (masc. sing.)

.. (fern. sing.) Please. Thank you. Excuse me. There is no reason. Don' t men­

tion it. You're welcome.

' 9

LESSON 2

Postpositive Article - Present of Verbs in ·e

Postpositive Article, SiDgalar

A. Nouns ending in' a vowel.

I) Nouns ending in -a in the singular use the postpositive

article -Ta.

Examples: BOAa Maca 6atya

- 8OA:iTa - MacaTa - 6a~aTa

water table father

2) Nouns ending in -0, -e, -H, and -y in the singular use the postpositive article -TO.

Examples: etAo - ctAOTO village MOpe - MOp60 .ea aTawe - aTawao attache TaKcd - TaKcWro taxi MeHio - MeH.oTo menu

B. Nouns ending in a C01Uonant.

I) M asculine nouns ending in a consonant use two forms of the postpositive article, a long form in -'l>T or -H'T, and a short form in -a or - 11. In these cases both -a and -51 are pronounced -'l>. In the spoken language the -T of the long form is not pronounced ; thus there is usually no difference in the spoken language between the two forms.

Examples: rpaA city KOH horse

20

rpaAiT, rp3Aa KOH.IIT, KOHR

the city the horse

a) Use of the long and short fonns . Generally speaking the long form is used as a subject or as a predicate after the copula. The short fonn is used as the object of a verb or preposition. Thus the long form is " nominative" and the short fonn is "accusative" .

Exa mples: rp<LA~T e roAIiM T OBa e rpaAi T Bd>tCAaM rp3Aa

The city is large. T his is the city. I see the city.

b) Nouns of agent iii -TeA, -ap, and -Rp, and the words: AeR, day, KOH, horse, OlDH; fire, CbH, dream, uap, tsar, KpaA, king, IThT, time, road, seT, brother-in-law, AanT, elbow, HOX'l>T, nail, take the article in - .lIT, short form in -Jr.

Examples : AeHJi(T) XOHJt (T) OlDHR(T) ChH_(T), and ChHiT, ChHa yaP' (T) KpW(T) niTR(T) 3eTR(T) A;U'l>U (T) H6nTR (T) 6j>'bcHapH(T) rp3AHHapll{T) y<nITeAJI (T) nHCaTeAH (T) KOHJipH (T)

the day the horse the fire the dream the tsar the king the time, the road the brother-in-law the elbow the nail the barber the gardner the teacher the writer the horse-fancier

c) Nouns in -H3'l>M drop the 'Eo before the article. Examples: KOMYHU3'EoM, KOMYHH3M'bT, natpHoTH3'hM, naTpHOTH3M'l>T.

2) . Feminine nouns ending in a consonant use the post­pbsitive article -Ta. This -Ta is always stressed.

"

Examples: HOI1!, HOl,I!Ta naMeT, naMeTTa

piAOCT, PaAOCTTa

night memory

JOY

The orthographic doubling~f the -T is not mirrored in pronuncia­tion. The words are pronounced as if there were only one -T.

Postpos itive Article, Plural, All Genders

A. Nouns ending in -e, or -H in the plural use the article -Te.

Examples: CHHOBe sons cHHoBe-re the sons

MaliKH mothers MafiKHTe t he mothers

BofiHHUH soldiers BOfiHltUHTe the sold iers

yllHTeAH teachers YllHTeAHTe the teachers

B. Nouns ending in -a or -lI. in the p lural use the article -Ta.

Examples: ceAa villages ceAaTa the villages

n6paHHJl gatherings n6paHmITa the gatherings

Present of Verbs in -e

write bake know slOg

a3 nHwa a3 neKa a3 3HaH a3 nelI.

TH nHmew TH ne'lem TH 3Haem TH neem

Toli nHwe Toli nelle Toli 3Hae Toli nee

HHe nHmeM HHe neqeM HHe 3HaeM HHe neeM

BHe nHweTe BHe ne'lere BHe 3Haere BHe neere

Te nHwaT Te neKaT Te 3HaJlT Te n61T

EXERCISE . A

n'hTJlT OT CoqlHlI. AO n AOBAHB e A06'hp. Ha n'hTJlBH»CAaMCeAJlHHH. Toli npoAaBa Jlth,AKH " KpymH. KaKBo npoAasaTe BHe?

npoAaBaM KHHrH, MOAHBH H TerpaAKH. KOAKO CTpysaT Te? Te CTpYBaT eBTHHO. A3 He lKeAaH HHIlJO. HHe lKeAaeM (HCKaMe) eAlia K'bllJa. KOAKO A'bllJep" HMa TIl? TH HMa caMO eAHa A'hlJ!epH. TH KaKBO )KeAaem? MCKaM HHKOAKO KHHrH, ABe TeTpaAKH H eAHH MOAHB. BHIKAaM MOAHBa Ha CTOAa. KaKBO ollJe BHlKAaTe? BHIK­AaMe rpaAa H B rpaAa B"»CAaMe KpaAJI Ha Ta3" 3eMJI. KOTKaTa " Kyllero JlAaT XAH6 ~I Meeo. A3 OTHBaM B rpaAa Ta3" H0I1!. HOI.ijTa e xy6aBa. )l(eHaTa HMa nHCMO. B3eMaM nHCMOTO. Te "MaT nHCMa. BHe B3eMaTe nHCMaTa. BHIKAaTe AH ceAOTO? He, He BHlKAaM eAHO ceAo, a BHIKAaM HHKOAKO ceAa. TOBa ca H6'hAKH. Pa60THI1'IKaTa npOAaBa Jl6'J,AKH. Pa60THHlIKltTe npOAaBaT MaCH. CTpYBa MH ce, 'Ie Belle e K'hCHO. KOAKO cTpYBaT H6'bAKHTe? CTpysa MH ce, 'Ie TO~ He n'hTyBa AaAe'l. HHe lIereM 6'bArapCKH. BCH'IKH XAe6apH neKaT XMl6. ne'lew AH XAJl6 3a MOMHTe? Pa60TlIHUHTe nHmaT nHCMa Ha npHHTeAH. KOAKO nHCMa nHmeTe? AHec nHwa AeceT nHCMa. TJl mna npHHTeAH Ha YlopAaH: "Mo)Kew AH Aa lIerew OHa3H KHHra?" "Mora Aa lIeTa KHHraTa, HO B y'lHAHl!!ero HJlMaMe Ta3H KHHra". MOM'leTaTa neHT, a MOMHlIeraTa RAaT. A3 3HaJi KaKBO neeTe. CT)'AeHTbT liMa npmlTeA. CT)'AeHTHTe HMaT MOAHBH. C'hCeA'hr e 6'hArapHH. BofiHHK'hT HMa KOH. Bo~HHUHTe B3eMaT KOHJI Ha BO~HHKa. PaOOTHHK'hT nHwe no WIA AeH. KoA e TyKa? TYKa ca Y'leHHUHTe H YlIHTeAHT. K'hAe e Y'lHTeAJlT? To~ e TaM Ha CTOAa "PH MacaTa.

EXERCISE. B

I see George and Radoj. It seems to me that you (pl. ) see the women. Do you (sing. ) see the books and tables? I have some apples. She is selling apples. How much are they? How much are those apples? They are cheap. The workers (fem. ) are here, and the cats are there. The dogs are eating meat. We have meat and bread. It seems to me it is already late. She sees the dog and the cat. He likes the dogs and the cats. I have several letters. This is a notebook and that is a pencil. She has a brother and a sister, and they have an uncle. He is a liar. He d0es not have an uncle. What do you have? I still have several daughters. I live in Sofia with the brother of grandpa Pencho. Grandpa's

brother is Stojan. They live in the house at the end ofthe street. Do you (pI. ) know that we live there? Does she know where uncle NikoJa lives? ] want the key to the library.

VOCABULARY

6H6..u1:OTtxa, f. library 6i.I.rapHH, 6i.I.raPH, m. Bulgarian 6i...vaPCKK, adj. Bulgarian a, II'WI, prep., in, into at:<re, adv., a lready 83bcaw, l13bcaw (B3bta. B3btew) ,

B3bdx (axx). imperf .• to take ace ol,ije, adv., still BONKH, everybody, a ll (see lesson 8) ayA'lo,IIYA'loaWt, m., uncle (mother's

brother) fe6pm. m . man's name (George) AVo", ad v., rar ABll. m. numeral ABe, fem. and neu­

ter, two .'leH, AeH"' • .'lHH, num. form .'leHa and

.'lHH, day; no uv- .'leH, all day long Allec, adv. , today Ao6i.p, .'loopa, adj., good Aoopt':, adv., well AiAo, WoaUH, m., grandfather, .'le­

AH. ancesto,", earn", e.mma, adj., cheap, inexpen­

sive 6muio, adv .• cheaply )l(e.o.a., )l(wem, )l(tAU, to wish. to

desire (imperf. ) JIIHIIb, JKHBtew. *HBb:. imperf .• to

Jive 3Hu. 3Haew ()'3Ha.., )'3Haew), man

()'3Hax), imperf., to know KcnM, Hcxaw, Hew, imperf.. to

want. 10 require KAIO'I. JV.iO-<i1>T. JV..o..OBe, m., key x6Txa. f. cat xpaA, xpa.", xpiHc,na, m.,end, region xpv., xpa.uy, KpV.~, m., king xpjwa. f. pear, a lso a pear tree xj-le. xfqera, n., dog .n.cHO, adv., late "1>.eu. "1>)I(UH, m., liar

MecO. n .• meat Mora. MOJkew. MOnx. imperf .• to be

able MO..a. f .• girl Ha, prep .• on. but it is also widely

used to express possession a nd in­d irect object. to

HH IJ.{O. pro., nothing HOI,ij. f. night Hixo.o\I(o. pro., !ieveral ooiAaM, oolAa w, ooiAax, ..• imperf .•

10 Jove, to like OT. prep., from, by OTHBaM, oTImaW (oni..u., oniAelU).

OTHMX (OTHAOX), imperf., to go, to depart (8) for

owe, adv., $till nexa, ne'lew, nexox, nbie, imperf .•

to bake n entlo, m., man', name ne.; ntew, JlJIX, imperf., to sing nHcwo, n. , letter mirna, nHwew, nHeax. imperf., to

write no uv- .'lot. aU day long npH, prep .• by, near. with npHne.,... npKkreMo. npHtre/lH, m.,

friend npoAbaM, rrpoAMaW (npou.w, npo­

A3.A~w) , ~ (nporuox), imperf. to sell

rn.T. ni.TJrT. ni.rnt,Wl, m., road rn.TYsaw, IThr)rBaw, rn.r)rBax, im-

perf., to travel pa60TlIHX, pa66rnHqH, m .• worker pa66rnH"lxa, f .• worker P3AOA, m., man's name c. C'!>C , prep., with CWHHH, Ce,\.UiH, m. , villager, farm­

er, peasant C6cJlHII, f., Sofia , capital of Bulgaria

CTotH, m., man', name crp-yaa WIt ce ('Ie), it seems to me

(that) CTpyuw, CTp-yaaw. CTpYaAx, imperf. ,

to cost C1>Ct:A, m .• neighbor TerpiAKa, f., notebook Y"HUa, f., street f'leHHx, f'leHHqu. m., pupil, school­

boy Y"M.o.Kl,Qe. n .• school

CONVERSATION

KaK ce d3Ba TooH Mi.)K? ri3H )KeH!? TooH M6M'hK (MI>.aAe)K)? Taau AeB6AKa?

M6ero "Me e . .... A Bue KAK ce K3.3BaTe? KaK ce '1Y'BCTByaaTe

('I'fBcTBysaw) ? MH6ro Cl>M Bu (Tli)

3aA1>A}f{eH (a). KaK ce 'Iere TaaU AYMa?

Pa36HpaTe AU Me? Pa36upaM Bu (Te). He BH (Te) paa6upaM. r OBoptre (roBOpU) n0-6aBHO.

)"'1m", )"'IHre.uo, Y"KttAH, m., leachre

x....6, W&t.T. x.U6oee, m .• bread v..e6ap, m .• baker (of bread) tim, '1eTew (npotleTa. npotlmw),

tltrox (npo'lCTox), imperf., to read 'IlAo . .... IAOIIWt. m .• uncle (father's

brother) ~. f.,apple 11M, AAeus. MOX, imperf., to eat

What's the name of this man? this woman? this young man? this girl?

My name is .. . .. And what is your na me? How do you feel?

I am much obliged to you. ~

How do you pronounce (read) this word?

Do you understand me? I understand you. I don't understand you . Speak more slowly.

Masculine Nouns - Plural - Present of

Verbs in -i - Negative of "to have"

Ma.culiDe Nouns, Plural

LESSON 3

I. Most polysyllabic nouns and some monosyllabic nouns have the plural in -i.

Examples: npHWrCA - npHWreAli friend Hap6A - HapoAH people (nation) M6AH8 - MOAH811 pencil y'lHTCA - y'lHTeAH teacher 3aKOH - 3aKoHH law o"::;'LP - OA'LPH bed (village) xpaCT .:.. xpacTH bush po6 - p06H slave roCT - rOcrH guest A'L'I - A'L'IH cay 3"1>6 - 3"l>6H tooth IThT - ni.TH time 0P'LCT - opicTH finger

Note I . A moveable -e- or jer is dropped in the plural.

Examples: oPCA - OpAH eagle OBeH - oBmi cam npo30peu - np006PUH window AeH - ARH day oTeu - OTUH father (priest) KOC'LM - KOCMII hair AaK'LT - AaKTH elbow AHT'LP - AlhPlI liter

,6

Note 2. Final k, g, and h change before the -i of the plural.

Examples: BOAHHK - 80AHHUH MOM"hK - MOMuH pa66THHK - pa66rHHuH 66\er - 66\e311 J(OBtu:r - KOS'fe3H cHpoMax - cHpoMaclf J(O)Kjx - J(O)KYCH

to c, Z, and s respectively

soldier youth worker note chest (coffin ) poor man fur, fur coat

There are a few exceptions. such as apexH nuts and ycm~xlf suc­cesses, and some foreign borrowings. Such exceptions will be noted in the vocabularies.

2. Most monosyllabic nouns have a plural in -aBe. (Some nouns in -oA have a more archaic plural in -eBe.) Sometimes the accent shifts to the -0- of the ending; sometimes it shifts to the -e of the ending; and sometimes it remains on the root vowel. The position of the accent in these instances must be learned by experience.

Examples: 6po' - 6p6ese number 'lAeH - v.eHoBe member C"bA - cbAORe pot C8aT - C8aTo8e guest npar - nparoBe threshold AOM - AOM08e home ROC - RocoBe nose CHR - CHROat son rAac - rAaC08e voice .4)K06 - A)K0668e pocket A)Ke6 - .4)Keoo8e pocket 6pu - 6peroBe shore 8par - 8paro8e enemy seK - 8eKoBc age 3Meit - 3Metl:08e serpent SOA - 80A08e ox AOA - AOA08e valley

')

MOCT - M0cr6se ABOp - ABOp6se CTOA - CT'OA6se

bridge court chair

Note J . A few polysyllabic nouns, especially those with a move­able jer, also have a plural in -cse.

Examples: B~p - BeYpO&e 6n.H - Ontb6se .e..,."p - ubrrpoee

wind fi« center

3· A few nouns have a plural in -Hl,I!a, and a slightly larger number have plurals in both -aBe and -Hl,I!a. In the latter instance the plu ral in -HlJla has a collective sense.

Examples: ITbT - rrbTHIMa C'bH - ciHHl1&a rp3A - rp3AOBc, rp3AJi:l,I!a AOA - AOA6se, AOAHl1!a ApyM - APywoBe, APYMHlJ!a, APYMH Kpait - Kpaese, KpaHlJ!a, KpattoBe

road dream city valley road end

4· A few nouns have plurals in -e.

Examples: KOH - KOHe horse M'I>)K - M'l>JKe man KHJl3 - KHm prince Kp3.A - Kp3.Ae king gap - gape tm

5· Some diminutives in -eu form a plural in -CBUe.

Examples: rp3Atg - rp3AoBue rpellitu - rpexoBut UBeTtu - UBeTOBUt

small city sin (small) flower (small)

6. Some masculine proper names ending in a consonant (except -Ii ) or -a or -0, and also nouns indicating masculine human beings ending in -0 or -a have a plural in -08UB.

. 8

Exampla: GroSH - CrojHOBUH HHK(v.a - HHKOAOSUH AiAo - AHAOSUH, AeAK BfA'lo - 8y-AQOBUH

Stojan Nikola grandfather, ancestors uncle

7. Nouns ending in unaccented -in and denoting national, social, or local origin drop the -i n before adding the suffix -H.

Examples: 6iArapHH - 6iArapu CbmtHH - Ce.uuH

Bulgar peasant, fa rmer

8. There is a second form of the masculine plural which is used only after numerals and after HIIKOAKO, some, K6AKO, how many, etc. This ends in -a or -Jl. A moveable 'b or -e- does not drop out before this ending as it does in the normal plural, except in the words AKTbP, Mmp and their compounds.

Examples: ABa CT6Aa two tables TpH CJl.aBeJl three nightingales neT K6HJI five horses AeCeT AeBa ten leva neT np006peua five windows ct.4eM AH-rpa seven liters CTO MtTpa a hundred meters MhOAKO CT6Aa several tables

9· Irregular plurals: AHCT - Ayera leaf AHeT - AKCToBe page qOBeK - '108eUH, x6pa man

(or rarely A.oAH, A.oAe) 6paT - 6paT1J. brother 6oA"" - 60AAK thorn KaM'bK - KaM'b"H stone MeAHHK - MeHUH pail C'bA - C'bAKAHlMa court ryP'lH" - ryPUH Turk

'9

The Present of Verbs in - H

to go a3 B1>pBH nt B1>PB"W ToA B1>pB"

Htle B1>pBliM BHe B1>pBlhe Te B1>pBRT

to work a3 pa60TJI Tn pa6&mw ToA pa60TH

Hne palXrrH'" BHe pa6&rHTe Te pa60nlT

The negative particle with the verb is He. Aa He 'leT!, I am not reading.

The Negative of ''to have"

a3 HitMaM TH HgMaUl ToA HA:Ma

EXERCISE 3 A

Hne HmaMe BHe uht:aTe Te HA:MaT

Pa60THHUHTe cera ca 1)'l(a H pa60T1lT A06pe. IlHTaM l1erbp, AaAH rOBOpH 6'bArapcI(H. ToA l(a3Ba, 'Ie oll!e He roBOpH. Ao61>p AeH, M.BaHe, l(aI( CTe? 6 .f\3roAapJl, MHOro A06pe. Aa roBOpJl 3a cHpoMaCH"TC. TH roBOpHUl 3a XPItCTO DoTeB. CeAJlHItTe O'laKBaT MaUlHHaTa. MOM1>I(1)T He BH)t(Aa '10BeKa. K1>Ae ca MOMUHTe? MBaH pa60rn Ha nOAeTO. CTpYBa MH ce, 'Ie "MaTe KHHrn, ThpaAKH H MOAHBR, a He pa60THTe. ToA roBOP" 6aBHo, a Bue OIj!e He reDO­pHTe 61>ArapcI(H. Cera Y'lJtTe tn.ArapcKH. BHe 6pollTe Jltn.AKlI. 3all!OTO CTe CCAJlHH. a HHe 6POHM nepa It MaCTHAHItUH, 33.J,UOTO CMe CTYAeHTH. Y'IeHlI'II(ItTe SH)f(AaT AOI(TOpa H y"HTCAJI Ha YAH­uaTa. CHpoMaCI1Te HJlMaT HHIl!0' B CTaJlTa HMa Macu H CTOAoBe. B CTaJITa liMa TpH MaCH H CCAeM HAH oceM CTOAa. CnHoBeTe HMaT MaAI(H. a MaAI(HTe ItMaT CIlHOBe H A1>J,UepH. BcH'IKH xopa HMaTH Hocose. T e.'\R BO~H" UlI ca PycHaUH. a OHe31t ca 6'bArapH. Te3H MOMUH ca 6paTJI.

30

EXERCISE 3 B

The women and the men are working in the fields now. They see the students (f. ) in the school, but the students (m. ) are still in the factory. The books are on the table. Do you see those books there, Dragoj? The girls are talking about the cats and the dog. Where are the tables? The tables are in the room. They never eat apples now in London. The wolf is in the street, and the cat is in the house. Wolves eat meat. A man and a woman are talking. He is learning Bulgarian. She is working in Sofi a. She sells apples and pears. These pears are cheap. I am taking twO pears and two books, but he has only one ink­well. When are you leaving for Boston? The voices of the sons are loud. The peoples desire peace. How many days do you work in a week? We work six days in a week. The worker's horses are in the street. The girl is looking for the goat.

VOCABULARY

6aIlHO, adv., slowly 6AaroAap., -HW, -H", imperf., to

thank 6po •• -Kill, -»X, imperf., to count I13H)oIaM, a lternate form of l13b.taM, 10

take 81'1(:OX. IIllcoxa, adj. , high II"IoAK, .8")oAriT, B"loAKa, ei..A~H , num.

form ei..Axa, m., wolf 1rL]>B' , -Hw. -n. imperf .• to move,

to go rAaC, rAaciT, rAacose, m., voice roB6p.l , -IIIU, -Ill', jmperf .• to speak AaNi, conj ., whther A6&l.p AeH, good day, hello A6KTop, m .• doctor u, prep., for, about UWo-ro, conj .• because HBAH, m., man's name (john) HAH, conj ., or X:l:!.aa)ol (xalKa, -ew). KlUUl' (xhal') ,

imperf., to say xax, interr. adv., how? "ax eTC, how

arc you? xora, interr . adv., when?

xooa, r., goat ~aC1'""HAHH\l3- , f. inkwell ~awHHa, f. engine. train ",!HP, "'lIpiT (no plural) , m .• peace: ,.tH6ro, adv., much, very M6M"bx, NONIIH, m., young man,

youth Mocna, f., Moscow a.n.*, a.n.lKi.T, M"blKl! , m ., man, hus-

band Kap6A, m., people, nation HHxor .... adv., never II OC , lIoci.T, IIOCOse, m., nose 1I .... aM, HJ:Max, to have not 6ceJoC, numeral, eight O'IaKBaM, o"'aKllal', to expect nepO, n., pen ntn.p, m., man', name (Peter) npe3, prep., through, during P!66T.I, -IIW, pa66THl', imperf., to

work p~CHH, prclI , or pycHax, PYCHaUH m.,

Russian cera, adv., now U AeM. numeral , seven

3'

~,r.,week ~HO, adv., weeldy CKpOWAx, CHpowaCH, m., JXl'Ot" man 'rpH, numeral, three rlpca:. -HW, rlpcJix, imperf., to seek j'qa, -HW, y..Jix, imperf., to learn, to

.study

CONVERSATION

BpeNe e Aa CH BbpBH. nOCT6ltre 6J,Qe MMKO. Korn ~e ce BRAHM? KariB (KaKBa) CTe no

Hap6AHOCT? A:J C'hM aMepHdHeu

(aMepHK!HKa). aHrAHlIaHHH (aHrMf'laHKa). 6i..ArapHH (6i.ArapKa) . PYCHH, pYCHaK (PyCKRHJI). IJl'paHUYaHH (cfJpaHuywAKa).

Karla (KaKBa) cre no npo$eCHJI?

Aa C'l>M pa66THHK (pa6&rHH'IKa). AeKap (AeKapKa). rrnCaTeA. 6pDCHap.

B.,eMeTo e (MH6ro) xy6aso (A6mo).

MH6ro e ropel1!O (CT)'AeHo). l1!e BaAR A'biKA (cHlir).

)"IeHINJ<a, r., pupil, school girl 4tA6PlfKa, f., factory x6pa, pI. only, people XPIi:cro E6Te3, name of famou.~ poet

(1847-1876) WeeT, numeral, six

It is time for me to go. Stay a little longer. When shall we see each other? What is your nationality?

I am an American.

an Englisman. a Bulgarian. a Russian. a Frenchman.

What is your profession?

I am a worker.

a doctor. a writer. a barber.

The weather is (very) fine (bad).

It is very hot (cold). It is going to rain (snow~.

LESSON 4

Plural of Feminine and Neuter Nouns

Present of Verbs in -a

Feminine Nouas, PlaraI

I. Most feminine nouns have the plural in -H. The accent re­mains the same as in the singular •. MHC"M and neCeH drop the moveable vowel in the plural: ),tRCAH, necHH.

Exa mples: MaCa - MaCH pH6a - pH6H KOCT - KOCTH Hall! -:- H61l!H

table fi,h bone night

2. The plurals of pnxa and HO~a are pbue (hands) a nd Hoot (legs), which are old dual forms.

3. In addition to the plural in -H some feminine nouns have another plural as follows:

a) Some have a plural in -e, which is generally accented.

Examples: OBya - oBUH, OBut CBHHH - CBHHR, cBHHe

sheep swine

b) Some of these have a plural in -$I (-a after w, iK, and 'I), which is generally accented. Th~se plurals have a collective sense.

Examples: KOAa - KOAH, KOM: K'bwa - K'bI,yH, K"bI,W1 HliBa - HHBH, HHBH KHura - KHHrH, KHH>Ka (in the sense of " records")

carriage, wagon, car house cultivated field book

33

Neuter Nouns, Plural

r. Nouns in -0, -l1!e, and -ue form their plurals in -a. Nouns in unstressed -0 regularly shift the stress to 'the ending in the plural.

Examples: CI!AO - CeAa 6AaTO - 6AaTa OrnHIA!e-OrnHIA!a AHue - AHua

village swamp hearth, fire-place face

2. Most nouns in -He form their plurals in -s.

Examples: KonHe - KonHs C1>6paHHe - C'b6paHHS

spear gathering, meeting

3. Nouns in -'Ie, -He, and some in -e , and nouns denoting the young of animals have a plural in -eTa.

Examples: Kylle - Kylleu HMaHe - HMaHCTa arne - arHeTa rLpHe - rLpHcra TeAe - TeAcra MOM'll! - MOMqeTa TeMe - TeMeTa

dog property lamb mug calf boy crown (of the head)

The use of the ending -eTa has also been extended in some cases to other neuter nouns which have a plural in -eTa in addition to their regula r plural in -a or -s. Such nouns end in -e in the singular. This second plural is used after numerals.

Examples: Mope - Mopcra, MOpS (poetic), nOAt! - nOAeTa, nOAH, sblKe - B'blKeTa, Sb)Ka (collect. ),

Ase Mopcra sea ABe nOAcra field Ase S'blKeTa rope

4· Some nouns indicating pairs also have a plural in -c.

34

Examples: lWAJlnO - KOAeHa, KOAeHe KPHAO - KpHAa, KpHAe paMo - paMeHa, paMeHe

5. The following are irregular:

OKO - o'HI yxo - yW"

knee Wing

shoulder

eye ear

6. The following three nouns have a plural in -eca, in which the accent is on the last syllable:

qYAO - lIYAeca He6e - Hweca A'bPSO - A'bpscra, A'bpSeCa

A'bpsa

marvel sky, heaven (poetic) tree wood for burning

7. The following nouns have accent is-on the last syllable:

6peMe - 6peMeHa 3HaMe - 3HaMeHa nAeMe - nACMCHa CTpeMe - cTpeMeHa BpeMe - BpeMeHa "Me - HMeH<l

a plural in -eHa, in which the

ceMe - ceMeHa

Present of'Verbs in -a

burden flag tribc stirrup time name seed

Verbs in -a have -aM in the 1st person singular of the present. The accent can never be on the ending.

Examples: to see to sell to travel to cost

BH)KAaM npoAasaM n'bTysaM crpysaM SH)KAaUl npoAasalll n'brysaw cTpysaw SH)KAa np<)Aasa n'bT'fsa cTpysa

SH)KAaMe npoAasaMe n'bTysaMe cTpysaMe SH)KAaTe npoAasaTe nbTysaTe cTpysaTe SH)KAaT npoAasaT ll'bTysaT cTpysaT

35

This completes the three conjugations of the present tense of the Bulgarian verb, classified by the 3rd person singular.

EXERCISE 4 A

MOMUHTe roBOpwr 3a nO'lHBKaTa, e Y'lHTeAKaTa rOBopH 3a YIlHAH­I,UeTO. K'hAe e rapaTa? rapaTa e TaM Ha AHCRO. B y'lHAHlj!eTO HMa '1CT'HpH OTAeAeHHH. KOH nHWe nHcMoro? HHe nl1WeM nl1CMaTa cera. AasaM XNl6 Ha MOM'hKa. TH MO)KeW Aa ROCHW KHl1nfTe. ToA MO)Ke Aa nHwe nHCMaTa. HHe MO)KeM Aa OTHAeM B Co4>HlI. CMnaM, 'Ie Te MoraT Aa roBOpwr 6l>ArapcKH.

H a MacaTa "Ma '1HRHH, BHAHUJI, A'h)KHUH H HO)KOBe sa Be'lepJlTa. B .61:>Arapl1H ce npoH3Be)KAaT Xy6a.BH DHRa. EoAJlT Me p'hueTe OT pa6oTa. AYMaTa "Hora" e AHaAeKTHa. BMecTo " Hose" ce Ka3Ba "KpaKa". *HTaTa speJIT npea weceu IOHH. flo yAHIJHTe Ha Co4>HJI BH)KAaMe MHOro KOAK. CnnaAOTO (xOAItAOTO) ce Ha"lHpa Ha KpaJi Ha KpaKa.

EXERCISE 4 B

Peter is working in the field. He sees, the girl and speaks. "Good d ay ! H ow are you ?" "Fine, thank you. " " Do you see several young men and several horses in the village?" " Some young men are there, but they do not h ave horses." " Are those young men soldiers?" "No, it seems to me that they are students. T hey have notebooks, pencils and books." "Do you have a notebook and pencil?" " I do. " "Are you still here?" " You (pI.) are working well. It seems that Stojanov works badly; he sleeps a lot. Do you speak Bulgarian?" " Yes, I do, but still badly. I see valleys and fields." " Those are not valleys and fields but cities and bridges." I recognize the face of (by the face) that girl there at the table. The wagons of the farmers are in the cultivated fi elds. In the village Pencho has not only cows and dogs, but also calves and lambs. The fanners guard their pro~rty as their eyes.

VOCABULARY

arne, arnera, n. lamb OOAH, 60w (60AA, 6o"ua), used only

in the 3d person, to pain, to ache, plus the "accusative" of the person hurt

B M~CTO, instead of seqepJI, f., dinner BH""ua, r., fork BHHO, n., wine rapa, f., station (French, gare) Aba", (AaM, AaA~W) Aiaax (A.tAoX),

imperf., to give Aeaer, numeral, nine AOAllHa, f., valley AfMa, f., word AiCHO, adv., right (direction), lIa

Aicllo on the right lIillTo, n., grain :lAC, adv., badly ap6i, -em, ap llX, imperf., to r ipen HMM, m., property Kli.:ma ce, impersonal, it is said, one ~Y'

Karo, conj ., as, since KOM, f., wagon, cart , car Kpba, f., cow Kpate, Kpari.T, KpaKa, m., leg (note

that the articulated form KpaKa is pronounced Kpari.) (the numerical form is KpaKa)

AlI\.Ie, n., face A6wo, adv., badly NloJteHua, f., spoon Me, pron. acc. of the first sing. per­

sonal pronoun MeCe\.l, m., month

CONVERSATION

K'hAC e yAHUa . .. .. ? Kat{ M6ra Aa OnfAa TaM? TAM M6)Ke Aa OTlfAeTe new.

c TpaMBaJ.L C TpoAeMyc.

K'hAe e TpaMBaAHan (TpoAeii:6ycHaTa) Cfi}ipKa?

MOCT, MOCn.T, MOCT6ae, m., bridge Har.ufpaM (HaMtpJr, -HW), -ax (H.­

MepHX), imperf .. to find, ce, to find oneself, to be, (French, se trouver)

Horn, llooe, f. , leg (less common than KpaK)

1I0lt( , H6~T, n6J1{6se, m., knife HOCII, -HW, IIOCs\:x, imperf., to carry 06a'le, conj., but OOAa<;TeH, OOAaCTHa, adj., dialectal oK6, OqH, n., eye OTAe"eHHe, n., division, grade na3JI, -HW, naaHx, imperf., to guard neT, numeral, five mrraM, nHTax, imperf., to ask no, prep., along, on, by nooliaBaM (nOOllu, nOOHaew), 1103-

Haaax (nooHax), to recognize nO'lHaKa, f., vacation, rest npoiI3aelK,ltaM (npoH38eAa, -em),

npo" 3BelK,ltax (I1POR3BtAOX), im. perf., to produce

p-!>K.3., P"Due, f., hand CMJhaM (cMerHa, cMen.ew), CM.oITax

(cMe-TIIax) , imperi., 10 reckon, to count, to consider

cnll, -IIW, cnax, perf., to sleep cn.naAO, n., foot (also the tread on

stairs) Te,,~, Tel<era, n., calf Y'I"Te.>.Ka, f. , teacher XOA" "O, n., foot (only anatomical) '1erllpH, numeral, four '1 I1I1HR, f., plate IOIIH, mo, .June

Where is ...•. street? How can I get there? You can get there on foot.

by street car. by trolley bus.

Where is the street car (trolley bus) stop?

37

MO)KCTC AH Aa MH Ka)l(CTe K'bAe e

nOJ,l!aTa? nipaTa? 6aHKaTa? oncpaTa?

MOAR, K'I>Ae cc HaMupa 6H6AHOTeKaTa? My3en?

iloKa)l(e-re MH K'I>Ae C YHH-BepcHTmT.

iloBHKalhe !>fH TaKcn. HMaTe AH 6ara)l(? Mo)t{e AH Aa no"uiKaTe M3.AKO?

38

Can you tell me ' where is

the post office? thc station? the hank? the opera?

Please, where is located the library? the museum?

Show me where the university is.

Call me a taxi. Do you have any baggage? Can you wait a little?

LESSON 5

The Vocative and the Imperative

Masculine Nouns, Vocative Sing"U4r

The vocative singular of family names is like the basic form. Examples: 0 EOTes! rocnoAHH HsaHOB!

I. The following have a vocative in -e:

a. Nouns ending in a hard consonant.

Examples: KMCT - KMe-re mayor non - none priest l·baH - HHaHe Ivan nmp - Ile-rpe Peter AOKTOP - AOKTope doctor KyM - KyMe godfather CHH - cUHe son 6paT - 6piTe brother

b. Masculine personal names 10 -H have a vocative in -e: e.g. ,LJ,66PH, A66pe. Masculine personal names in -A (-HA or -oA) can have a vocative in -e, but more commonly use the basic form:

Vikentij Blagoj Dragoj Stanoj Radoj

BHKeHTHA - BUKeHTHe, BHKeHTHii EAar6H - BAar6e, BAaroA ,LJ,parM - ,LJ,par6e, ,LJ,par6A CTaHolt - CTaHoe, CTaHOI% P3A6I% - PaAoe, P3AoA

Note that before the -e of the vocative, -K changes to -'I, -3 to -)I( ,

and -r to -)I(.

39

Examples: IOHaK - IOHAoie hero IOU13 - KHb<e prince qOBeK - qOBeqe man Bpar - BpaiKe enemy

Also note that moveable jeT is dropped in the vocative (except nouns in ·eu; see below).

Examples: Ilmp - n erpe MOM"LK - MOMKO

Peter youth

2. The fQllowing have a vocative in .c:

a. Nouns ending in w, iK, " , u, and x.

Examples: M"b>K - Mi.iKO naAaw - naAawo. CllpoM3x - CHpoM3xO KOCaq - Koca<1O rAyneu - TAyneuo

man, husband spaniel poor man reaper fool

b. Nouns ending in ·HHK and unaccented .HH :

Examples: 8OAHa.fK - BO/1:HJiKO pa&hHHK - pa66nmKo 6i.ArapHH - 6i.ArapHHo CbJmHH - CWHHHO

c. Nouns ending in ·a or ·0:

Examples: 8OitBoAa - oo/1:BOAO BAaAHKa - BA<lAa.fKO qH'IO - '1HqO neHqO - IleH'Io

d. A few nouns in ·1:

Examples: ope.... - OPAbO neTb - nerAhO

soldier worker Bulgarian villager, peasant

duke bishop uncle Pencho

eagle rooster

3. The following have a vocative in ·10:

a. Nouns ending in a soft consonant (usually -po .". or .H).

40

Examples: uap - UapJO APyrap - ApyrapJO y<lHTeA - y<I'ITeNO

KOH - KOHJO

b. Nouns ending in ·A :

Examples: paTait - paTaIO CAaBdl: - CA38eJO

tsar comrade teacher horse

farmhand nightingale

4. The following irregularities should be noted:

a. Some nouns have a vocative in both -e and .c.

son brother

Examples : CHH - cHHe, Ca.fHKO 6paT - 6pare, 6panco 6atiKO - 6are, 6anco brother (older, or an older

friend)

b. The following are irregular:

Examples: crapeu - crap'le OTeg - one 6aYJa - raTKo, raTe f6cnoA - fOCOOAH XpHCTOC - XpHCTe

old man father (priest) father Lord Christ

FelDiDiDe Nouns, Vocative Singular

I. Nouns in ·a and -lI, except for those in ·HUa, form the vocative in.c. When·lI is not preceded by ·H-, the vocative is in ·bO. If the accent in the basic form is on the last syllable, it moves back one syllable in the vocative.

Examples: 3Be3,II;a - 3BbAO )KeHa - )KeHO MaitKa - MaitKo 3eMil - 3CMhD pOOHHJl - po6HHbO AeB6ihca - AeRObo

star woman, wife mother land slave, captive maiden, girl

4'

2. Nouns in -H~a (a nd Ma Ma) have the voca"tive in -c.

Examples: Ma Ma - M6MC

uapH~a - ~apHue

eeCTpH~a - ceCTpHue

girl tsarina little sistt;,r

3. Nouns in -ka h ave a vocative In both -0 and -e. The -e ending seems to be p referable with di minutives.

Examples: Y'IHTCAKa - Y'IHTeAKO, Y'IHTeAKe MHAKa - MHAKO, MnAKe M apHnKa - MapnnKe

teacher Milka Marijka

4. Nouns ending in a consonant have the vocative like the basic fo rm.

Examples: HO~ - HOlM Mi\aAOCT - MAMOCT

night youth

5. The following noun is irregul ar: A'bJ,ijepS - A1.J,Ue, daughter.

The Imperative

Verbs in -ew and -HW In the second person singu la r of the present form the impera tive by dropping the -ew or -HlU a nd adding -H for the second singular a nd -eTC for the second plural, if what remains ends in a consonant ·and by adding -A, -nTe, if wha t remains ends in a vowel. Verbs in -aM d rop -w from the second singula r present and add on, -nTe to what remains.

Examples: neKa, ne'leW, ne'lH, ne'{ere 6epa, 6epew, 6epH, 6eptre oHwa, nHwew , nnwIl, nllwere CHOR, cllnew, cHml, CHnere 3Hax, 3HaeW, 3HaA,3Ha ATe )KHBe,I, )KIIBeern, )KHBea'!:, )l(lIBeATe

Dell, neern, neA, neATe nHTaM, mha w, nHTa A, mhathe jqa, y'lllW, y'IH, y 'lerc

ba ke gather write pour know live

SlOg

ask learn

. .

H6cR, H6cHUI, HOCR, Hocere 8'bpd:, -HW, B'bpn f, Bi>pTe-re roB6pR, -HW, roBOpu, rosoptre 6poll, 6PDt-I W, 6p6A, 6pOnTe Kpoll, KPOHW , Kp6A, KpOnTe CTolI, CTOHIU, cT6ji:, CT6ihe

carry turn speak count tailor stand

npoAaBaM, paw, npoA<iBaft, npoAaBatiTe sell

The fo llowi ng a re irregu lar:

HM, HAeW, R)I(, lIiKTe AaM, AaAern , Aati, AaliTe BHAR, BHAlIW, BlliK, BHiKTe Ai>piKa, A'bPiKIilll, AP"biK, ApiiKTe BAil3a, BAeaew , BAe3, BAbTe A6ijAa, A6tiAew, eAa, CAbe (AotiAn,

AoAAeTe)

eat gIve

see hold enter

come

4,a or HeKa (or HeKa Aa) plus the present tense can be used with

all persons to express the imperat ive.

Examples: Toli Aa M .... A'It"I! Aa CH C'b6ltpaMe YMa B

rAaBllTe!

Let him be silent!

Let us gather o ur wits!

The negative with the impera tive IS He.

EXERCISE 5 A

n eH'IO, OTlIBalU AH B (:o$UR ? H e, n eTpe, OTIIBaM B AOHAOH. Aparoti, KaKBO pa60Tllw TaM? Hm.l!O He pa6o'rR, TaTKO. BOtiHlIKO, Blt)KAaW AU OHOBa nOAe? BH)f{AaM nOACTO, 'IOBe'le, HO a3 C'bM IOHaK a IOHa~HTe HlIKora He pa60T1IT. I1Ma lil AU )l(eHa II CIiHOBe, CeAJlHnHO? HMaM CUH, '111'10, HO HRMaM MOAIIBII . Y'I IITeAIO, Hue HJlMaMe KHllrll. Y'IeHlIKO, KaKBO ItMa Ul? I1 MaM Xapnl1l, MaCTI1AO H HRKOAKO TCTPaAKlI. CTap'le, Kora aaMifHaBaw 3a MOCKBa (Kora OTltBaW B MOCKBa)? YTpe. I1BaHe, pa60TltUl Aif MHOro A06pe? Aa, rocllOAuHe, MHOro pa60TR cera, HO lie Ao6pe. n eTpc, BmK­AalU MI Ky'leTo II KOTKaTa? H e, Aparoe, 110 BII)f{AaM KpaH II ~t

43

KOHe. 0 "aplO, a3 C'hM BoAH HK, a He cryAeHT. BoAHMKO, paOOTHW AH "0 "M AeH? f 080PR, qOBeqe, 3a MBa" Ba308, He 3a KOTKaTa. n pIIRTeAIO, qeTl-t "HCMOTO! AOBH>KAaHe, pa6oTHHKO; HaOHm·· OHosa OHCMO! Ka>KH K'bAe ca MOMUMTe! EAa ryKa, DeH'CO! 3Haem All K'bAC e MsaH? He 3HaR, yqUTeAlO. TIeATe " roBopcre 6a8110 H BHCOKO! AaBaA Mlioro XAR6 Ha cHpoMaclITe! lJaKafi M<\AKO, qOBeqe!

EXERCISE 5 B

In the village there afe four houses. In one of the houses there is a man. The man has a son and three daughters. He has no wife. The son has an uncle. The uncle is a shoemaker. The girl is young and pretty. Comrade, where is the shoemaker's house? Is there a vacation in April, Ivan? There is, but I do not know when. Stojan has a horse. Peter sees the horse and buys the ox. How many oxen does Stojan have? The uncle walks many times from the city. Do you know how many times? There is no meat in the city. The Bulgarian's book is on the table. Peter's wife buys bread and meat, apples and pears, J ohn's dog and cat, and the Serb's books and pencils. It seems to me that that is enough. " Write a letter!" "But I am the teacher. I do not have a pencil. Only the students have pencils." " Open the door, please. Close the windows in this room ; it is cold here. Let's not speak so loudly ; it is not necessary. Let them look at the river and the fish. Villager, sing this song for a foreigner {for the foreigner)."

VOCABULARY

altO, conj., if (pl'oclitic) anp",,-, m., April BaUHUHII, r., vacation BOA, ..oA"loT, BO.><6&e, m ., ox IlloIcOJeO, adv., loudly llpad, r., door r"tAaM, r"tAAx, imperf., to look at roptW, ropt~, adj., hot J'OCnOAI1H, I'OCnoAli, m ., gentleman,

M,. rp'JoMOr...aCHO, adv., loudly

AOlll1)f1.AaHe, au revoir A6cn., adv., enough AocraT"lo~HO, adv., enough APynip, APyri.prr, APyrt.pII, voc.

APyriplO, num. form ApyriPII, m ., comrade

e...a 1'9Ka, come here 3aIolHH3aaM (saMI1Ha, -ew), 3aMHtta­

llrut (aa),.I1Hax) (3a), to leave, depart (for )

3a"rNpnr (aan6pll, 'lIw), aa"rNp.u

(san6pmc:) , imperf., to c1.ose HaaH Baaoa, m ., famous wnter ~, H.,p.i.x, to come (iteralive)

(more than once) JI3, prep., from , out of, along, over IC)'ny.w.,: (JeY,lll, -liW), Jeyn-ywax (JeY-

ma), imperf .• to buy wiAxo, ad v. , a little lQ,C'l'HAO, n ., ink If,Aa,Il. WAiAa, adj., young 06Yl1PP, voc., 06yw,aPJO, m ., ,hoe­

maker O'l'lJApllW (onOpll, _IoIW ), onaapu:

(ombpmr;), imperf., 10 open m!ceH, n tcHIoI , f., lOng newlt6l.t, new, newa, adverbs, on foot npoo6pe", np036pWl, num. form

npoo6peua, m., window Jl'l>T, mTIlT, ni.Tlt, m ., time, e,.uttt ..... T,

once

CONVERSATION

n o K6AKO AeBa ce llAal,lda Ha XltAOMmp cANO OTJtB3He?

OTifB3He " Bpi,11!aHe? KaxBA e T3.KCaTa 3a qaKaHe? K6AKO TpA,6sa Aa mad? K1>At OTuBa TIXtH TpaMBa!:\ (Tpo­

AeA6yc)? McxaM Aa cM3a H3 xOTtAa. TpA,6Ba ,Ita CA6ere Ha CA~ap

11!3ra (BT6para, TptraTa) cnHpxa.

K6Mo CTPY»a 6HAmT?

T yK l,IAe CAhere H Ige npaA'bA­)t(HTe C TpaMBAA H6Mep B TkJH noc6l<a.

HMaTe AM CB066AHa KOMi? Tpi6aa HH KOAa 33 ••• • AYW't.

ped., f.o river pMa, f., fish cnipe", CTiP"If, voc., crip'te, m ., old

=n ci.p(iloltt , ci.p(ilol, m., Serb TaKA, adv., th us ri.TKO, m. , father -rpoi&IaM, yp6ax, to need. TpJi6ea, im~nal, it ill necessary

y,pe, adv. , tomorrow xaprH., f., paper x6u, _IIW, lWAKx, imperf., to walk W'P. w\PIIT, "apt , voc., "aplO, m ., =,

~aKaM, '1ad.x, imperf., to wait "yHtAeHt U, " yltCAellwt, m. , foreigner,

stranger, 'hort articulated. form ~YllJAeHtua

IOHaJe,lOlIalilol, voc. , IOu.a.JeO or IOH3'1e. m ., .hero

How much does one pay per kilometer one way? round trip?

What is the rate for waiting? How much must I pay? Where dots this street car

(trolley bus) go? I want to gel out at the hotel. You have to get out a t the

next (second, third ) stop.

How much does the ticket cost?

You will get out here and con­tinue with street car no .... in this direction.

Do you have a car free? We need a car for .... persons.

45

y A66Ha All e KOAlha 3a npoA'bA· )tntreAHo n"bTYBaHe?

3ana3e-re MIf ... . Mecnt. 3a K6AI(0 "aca lJ!e npnCTlirHeM

B ••••• ?

Is the car comfortable for a long trip?

Reserve . ... places for me. In how many hours will we

get to ..... ?

LESSON 6

The Aorist and the Future - The Infinitive

The Aorist (MlIHMO CB'bpWeHO BpeMe)

The personal endings of the aorist of all three conjugations are:

1st person 2nd person 3d person

-x ·XMe ·XTe -xa

Since one cannot with certainty predict for all verbs the aorist stem from the present, the aorist of each verb will be given as a principal part in the vocabulary, except for verbs of the third conjugation, in which the present stem and the aorist stem are the same with the possible exception of the accent.·

Examples: mhaM mhax I asked mt:wa nHcax I wrote peKa pt><ox I said HOC. HOCHX I carried AaM AciAox I gave npOlleTci n poqe-rox I read AOBeAa AOBeAox I led A'bp)Ka A"bP)l{ax I held HanpasJl Hanpa1U1X I did n03HaJl n03Hax I recognized n030Ba n030Bax I called Bl,pHa Bl,pHaX I returned

• A system for forming the aorist (and al50 the present) from the "verbal stem" can be found in Appendix I.

47

Although the aorist cannot be predicted exactly ii-om the form of the present, a few general remarks about certain groups of verbs may be helpful.

A. The aorist of first conjugation verbs (with presents in -ew) ends in -ax or -xx with the exception of the following:

I. There is a small but important group of verbs of the first conjugation which form the aorist by dropping the ending of the present and adding -0- before the ending of the 1st sing. and all plural, and -e- in the 2nd and 3d persons sing. The most common of this group together with their compounds are: neKa, neqew, neKox, to bake; peKa, petfbu, peKox, to say; TeKa, Teqelll, Tt!KOX, to flow ; BAeKa, BAeqem, BAAKOX, BAetfe, to drag; ceKa, ceqem, ceKox, to cut; naca, nacew, nacox, to pasture; Tpeca, Tpecew, TpeCOX, to shake; -Heca, -Hecew, -H(!COX, to carry; -All3a, -Aeaew, -Ni30X, -Aeae, to go; MeTa, MeTelll, MeTox, to sweep with a broom; llAeTa, nACTem, nAerox, to plait, to weave; 'leTa, '1CTeIlI, '1eTOX, to read ; 60Aa, 6oAew, 66AOX, to pierce; KA<lAa, KAaAem, KA3.Aox, to lay (a fire); KP<lAa, XpaAeW, Xp3.Aox, to steal; npeAa, npeAew, npeAox, to spin (thread); -BcAa, -BeAew, -BeAox, to lead; AaM, AMew, AaAox, to give; aM, HAeW, MOX, to eat; paCTa, paCTew, paCTox, to grow; AOiiAa, AoiiAew, AoitAox, to come.

2. Verbs in -ya, -nJl, and -lOa drop the -a and add the personal endings of the aorist directly to the stem: e.g. qy$(, qyew, 'Iyx; nn$(, nnew, mIX; IlAIb$(, llAWeIlI, llAK)X.

B. Of the aorists ending in -ax or -JIX of the first conjugation verbs the following groups may be discerned .:

I. Verbs in -Ha have the aorist in -Hax: e.g. AHrua, AnrHem, AHruax.

2. Verbs In -eJI drop thc -e- and have the aorist in -llx: e.g. neR, neern, nn; }KUBe$(, .>KHBeeW, }KUBllx.

Exceptions: H<lAeJIX ce, HaAeew ce, HaJl;eaX, to hope; AOAe$(, AOAeew, AOAeJIX, to bore; aeJl, aeew, acilx, to gape, to stand wide open.

C. The aorist of second conjugation verbs (with presents in -Hw) ends in either -HX or -JIX (ax after palatal consonants),

I. Verbs with the accent on any syllable other than the final one have the aorist in -HX. (Exception : BRAn, BRAHW, BHAh, to see).

2. Some verbs with the accent on the final syllable have the aorist in -ux and some have it in -n (or -ax).

The following verbs have the aorist in -HX: I. Verbs in -oJi, -ai, and -yi. E.g. 6poJi, 6POHW, 6POHX, to count; Tall, TaHW, TaHX, to be silent; CTpyJi, CTPYHW, CTpynx, to flow. (Exceptions: 6oi, 6oHw, 601ix, to be afraid; CTOll, CTOHlU, CTon, to stand. ) 2. Verbs in -ilia. E.g. cywa, CYWHlll, CYWHX, to dry; rpewa, rpewHw, rpewHx, to sin; TeWa, TeWHW, TewHx, to comfort.

Note on accent in the aorist: When the verb is simple the accent may be either on the ending or on the syllable before the ending, except I) for verbs with aorists in -ox, and 2) when the accent of the present is on the final syllable, in which case the accent of the aorist can be only on the final syllable. BuAJbc is an exception here with its accent only on the final syllable; its present is. BUM.

Verbs with aorists in -ox (except Aoi1Aox and OTHAOX) have the accent on the syllable before the ending, even when the accent of the present is on the final syllable.

When the verb is compounded by a prefix that makes a separate syllable the accent of the aorist is always the same as that of the present. (Exceptions would be "B" and "c"; e.g. BAo}Ka, CA6}Ka - BA6}KHX, CAO}KUX).

The Future (6"bAel!!e BpeMe)

The future is expressed by the particle l,ije plus the present of the verb. lJ!e always precedes the verb.

Example: I shall write, etc. aa I!!e miIIIa Tn I!!e nuwew TOll lI!e nuwe

Hue I!!e nHweM BHe I,ge OHweTe Te ij!e n"waT

The negative form of the future tense usually is formed with

49

HHNa Aa plus the present. Less frequently He lJ!e is used with the present. In such cases the accent is always on I!!e.

Example: I shall not have, etc. a3 HAMa Aa "MaM a3 He I.I!e HNaM TH HHMa Aa HMaw TH He y!e HMaw ToA HHMa Aa HMa ToA He I.I!e HMa

HHe HHMa Aa HMaTe HHe He I.Ue aMaMe SHe HRMa Aa aMaTe BHe He w;e HMaTe Te HRMa Aa aMaT Te He ~e HMaT

Note I: The . particle lJ!e must not be confused with the in­flected verb lI!a which ordinarily means "to want", but is also used in the formation of certain other tenses (see Lessons Thirteen and Fifteen).

The In6nitive (H"4)MUHTHB)

Generally speaking, Bulgarian has no longer any infinitive, but remains of an old infinitive are found in some expressions. The form of the infinitive in the present day language is t he same as t hat of the 3d person singular of the aorist tense.

Examples: MOJKe 6H, it is possible, perhaps; Mo)tCeM K33a, we can say; cnlra XOAH, (far) enough, that will do ! ; CTHra roOOpIf, say no more! (instead ofcnfra CTe XOAHAIf, CTHra cre roBOpMH).

The infinitive is found frequently in the negative imperative with HeAett, HeAettTe. E.g. HeAeiiTe "Ie-re, do not read; HeAettTe tIAaKa, do not cry, weep (instead of HeAeiiTe Aa "leThe, HeAeATe Aa tIAhere) .

EXERCISE 6 A

"Anec a3 nHMa .Aa IfAa Ha Y'lHAHlI!e!" Kaaa eARH AeH A03aHKa. "3aI.ijo?" IlOntITa Aparolt "He Mora Aa 'leTa, HUTO Aa nHilla. He SHaR 6}'KBHTe." "HHl,I!o, A03aHKe! A3 C"l>M Y'IeHHJ( OT IleTH lCAac, Mora Beqe CBo6oAHO Aa 'leTa, Aa mUlJa, If Aa CMRTaM. A3 l,I!e TIf

nOKaJKa 6YKIHlTe. TH CKOPO tUe ce HayqHW Aa qeTew, Aa n"wew, H Aa CMHTaw." 11 HaIfCTHHa, CKOPO TH ce Hay'lH CS060AHO Aa qeTe, Aa nHwe, If Aa CMRTa.

KO.M'O speMe I!!e n"bTysaTe H3 E"bArapIfR? A3 He BHAH .lKeHIfTe. AaAeq ~e OTHAe.

E30n cpeJIVia eAHN n"bTHHK , KoliYo ro 3aIlHTa: "CAeA KOAKO 'Iaca y!e Mora Aa CTHl'Ha AO Haii-6AH3KOTO CCAO?" " B"bpBH!"

onosopH My E30n. "A33HaH, 'Ie TpH6Ba Aa B"bpBH; nIfTaM Te - 3a KOAKO speMe lJ!e

CTHI"Ha?" "B'bpBH!" OTHOBO My Kaaa E30n. "Toaa e HHKaK"bS AYA," I10MHCAH Clf I1'bTHlfKbT lf npoA'b;\)I(H

I1"bTH CH. CAeA KaTO HanpaBH HRKOAKO Kpa"lKIf, E30Il My If3BIfKa: "CAeA

ABa 'Iaca 'Me CTHrnew ... " U 'bTHHK"bT ce S"bpHa H 3aIl'itTa : "3aI.l!o He OTrOBopH BCAHara Ha

WOR 8"bnpoc?" " KaK Mora BeAHara Aa HanpasR Tosa," B'b3ICAHKHa E30n, "KaTo He 3HaH C KaKBa CKOPOCT lJ!e B"bPBHW?"

113 6aCHHTe Ha E30na.

EXERCI SE 6 B

W hy won' t Lozanka go to school today? She can't read the letters. She did not see Dragoj. She will be able to learn to write. The horse came to the village, but Peter did not see the horse. There is a horse in school. Where is he? Peter does not know, but Lozanka said that she knew. She bought the pears in the village. He will buy pears in the city.

VO CABULARY

&icl-llf, f., fable 6AMnK, 6AltaKa, adj., ncar 6YKlla, f., letter of the alphabet Ifl.Arapl-IlI, f., Bulgaria BC,ll.Hara, adv., immediatc:ly Bpble, n. , time Bpi.l,ijaw ce (ripHa, -ew, ce), Bpill,lax

(Bi.PHix ce), to return (intrans.) B"b:IKAHKllaM, BD3X.O.KKBaX, imperf., to

call out, to shout

irl>3KAKKHa, -em, BD3KAKKHaX, perf., to call out, to shout

B"bl1pOC, m ., question &611, m., Aesop aal1ltTaM. JaI1KTax, perf., to ask H3BKlUlaM ( H3BUKaM) , H3BH~ax (H3-

BKKax) , to caU out KAaC, KAacir, I<AaCOBe, m., class Kpa\lKa, f., a step AOlaHKa, f., Lozanka, girl's name

5'

"YA, "YAIUT, AYAH, m .. a crazy pc:rson HaHCTlllla, adv., in lruth Hanp~u, 'HIll, HanpaaHx, 10 make,

to do Ha~a ce, -IlUl, lla~1tX ce, pc:rf., to

learn, to have learned mho, oonj ., nor uJxalO8, H'KaJUla. adj" of some sorl H'xora, adv. , sometime 0TlI0e0, adv. , again, anew m!TIl, ord inal numeral , fift h noKli383.w ( nok~)Ka, -em), nOKl\.3u.x

(noU3ax), impc:rf. to show nOI.<Hc,u, _1IU1, nowHCAllx, pc:rf., to

think npoA'J>Al'(~, -Hm, rtpOKbA>KKX, perf. ,

CONVERSATION

K"bAe C 61Op6TO 3a I1H$OPM3.UJ.1H? K"bAe npoA3.BaT 611Aenl 3a .... ?

Kora "p"insa BA3.K'hT 3a .... ?

Kora npl1CTlira BAaK'hT OT .... ?

B"ip3 AU e ItAU e n"iTIHI'ICCKU? A.HtTc MH CAUH 61lAer (ABa, Tpll

6HAba) n"ipBa (eT6pa) KAaCa AO .•...

M6JKC Al1 Aa M.II AaAerc 3ami-3CHII Mccd.?

K6AKO cTpyea 611Abu (3a) ni.p-Ba (BT6pa) KAaca?

HamlUlbc (Mil) UCH3.Ta. H a K6t1 KOAOB63 e BA3.K'1>T? Kor3. lJ!e npnCTl1rl1CM? Kora Tpi.nsaT CAtABay!J.lTe BAa­

KOBe 3a .. . . . ?

to prolong, to continue ni.Tlt IlX, ni.THHIolH, vce., ni.TltIlKO,

m., traveller CD066AHo, adv., freely cx6po, adv., quickly, soon cx6pocr, r., speed CAeA, prep., after CAeA xaTO, conj., a fter CAywaw, CAymAx, impc:rf., to hear, to

lis len c~J,WUoI (c~'W!a, -em), c~J,ijAx

(c~I,\PIAx) , imperf., to meet CTHnla, -eUl, cn\'ntax, petr., to arrive 'lac, '[an T, '1acoae, numerical form

'1~ca, m., hour

Where is the information desk? Where do they sell tickets

for .... ? When does the train leave

for. ... ? When does the train arrive

from .... ? Is it an express or a local? Give me one (two, three)

ticket first (second) class for .....

Can you give me reserved seats?

How much does a first (second) class ticket cost?

Write (me) down the price. On what track is the train? When will we arrive ? When do the next trains for

..... depart?

Formation of the Perfective Aspect

,l3 and 'Ie - The Imperfect

LES SON 7

The present tense of perfective verbs cannot be used in the main clause, but only in a subordinate clause, where it frequently has a future sense. Example: MUeN! Aa Hanurna IUICM6 Ha M~aH. I think I shall write a letter to John.

Generally speaking cvery action in Bulgarian can be expressed by two verbs, one imperfective and the other perfective.

For the most part, simple (HenpoH3B6AHH ) verbs (uncompound­ed) a re imperfective. E.g. roB6ps, to speak, mirna, to write, JKHB6I:, to live, tUiCTs, to clean, cns, to sleep. There are, however, about fifty that are perfective, among which are : ...:taM, to give, KoDKa, to say, Kaqa, to climb, Kyns, to buy, nAad, to pay, npaTlI, to send, o p6cJl, to ask, peKa, to say, perna, to decide, cK6qa, to jump, cbJl ce, to remember, ryps, to place, XB"iPAJI. to throw.

The most common way of making an imperfective verb into a perfective verb is by adding a prefix. E.g. 'leTa, n po-'ICTa, to read ; nurna, Ha-mlrna, to write.

The most common prefixes for verbs are :' B- (B'1», B'I>3-, Ao-

3<\-, J.l3-, Ha-, HaA-, 0- (06-), OT-, no-, nOA-, npe-, "peA-, npH-, npo-, paa-, c- (C'b-), and YO.

The accent of a verb can never fa ll on the prefix. The prefixes not only make a simple imperfective verb perfec­

tive, but they often also alter the meaning of the verb. E.g. 6epa, to gather, J.l3-6epa, to select, pa3-6epa, to understand; fAe­AaM, to look, pa3-rA~aM, to survey, etc. The prefixes Ha-, no-, o po-, and 0- often, however, express only perfective aspect, and do not altcr the meaning. E.g. mirna, Ha-nHrna, to write, "lCTa, npo-'IeTa, to read.

53

Perfectives in -Ha

Some verbs can also form a perfective by suffixing -Ha to the simple imperfective. E.g ..... e)tu\, to lie, Acr-Ha, to lie down, COeTJI:, cob-lIa, to light, rpell, rpett-Ha, to burn, to warm, 'IYxaM, 'IYK-Ha, to hammer, pound, knock.

T here are some verbs in -Ha that are imperfective. E.g. 6pi.cHa, to brush, racHa, to extinguish, rHHa, to perish, riHa, to fold , Mp;':JHa, to freeze, riHa, to drown, TpenHa, to start, be star­tled, rnenHa , to whisper.

There are some verbs whose si mple form never occurs un­compounded. E.g. -eMa is not found except in such compounds as noeMa, npHeMa, 3aeMa, B3eMa, oTHeMa, etc.; -npa is found only in AOnpa, cnpa, onpa, etc.; -.... y'la, only in nOAy.u, YAylla ; and -AO)Ka only in CAO)Ka, no»o)Ka, npHA6)Ka, U3AO)Ka, etc.

Aa and 'Ie

Since Bulgarian has no infinitive (see Lesson 6) Aa plus the present is used in its place to express a complementary verbal idea. MHCAJI Aa HAa, [ intend (think) to go; "CUM Aa KynJl, I want to buy; M6ra Aa OHN!, I can see, etc.

On the other hand , 'Ie is used where in English we would expect "that" rather than a complementary infinitive. MHCAH, 'Ie Bue CTe YMOpeH, H e thinks that you are tired; Tott K3.30a, 'Ie Ta3H Aeo6ttKa e uerOoa eeeTpa, H e says that this gi rl is his sister.

In other words, after M6ra and verbs of wishing, intending and the like, one uses Aa; after verbs of thinking, saying, noting, believing, and the like, one uses 'Ie.

The I:m.perfect (MUHMO HeCO'bprneno opeMe)

The endings of the imperfect are as follows:

Verbs of the 1St and 2nd Conj. Verbs of the 3d Conj. Sing. P I. Sing. PI.

I -n (-ex) -AxMe (-exMe) -ax (-n) -aXMe (-JlXMe) 2 -erne (-erne) -IIXTe (-exTe) -arne (-.11llle) -aXTe (-.IIXTe) 3 -ewe (-erne) -Jlxa (-exa) -arne (-Hrne) -axa (-Jlu)

54

The endings of the imperfect a re added to the present stem of the verb, which is found by dropping the -ern, -lIrn, or -Jlrn from the second person singular of the present tense.

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conj ugations with the accent on the final syllable of the 1St person singular of the present use the forms which are not in parentheses in the first and second columns above. All other verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations use the forms in parentheses in the firs t and second columns

above. Verbs of the 1St and 2nd conjugations whose present stems

end in -lI , -)K, -rn, or a vowel can have their imperfects in either -ex or -ax, if the final syllable is accented in the 1st person singular of the present tense ; but there seems to be a preference for -ax. The accent of the imperfect is the same as the accent

of the present.

Examples: mn-aM mt.Tax I asked

mirna nHrnex I wrote

ped pe'lax (pe'lex) I said

H6u Hocex 1 carried

A'M A'NIx I gave

npoQCTa npo'ledx I read

AOOeAa AOBeAlX I led A'bP)Ka A'bP)Kax (Anp)Kex) I held HanpaOH Hanpaoex I did

n03HaH n03HaeX I recognized

n0300a n0300lix I called

oi.pHa oi.pHex I turned

The imperfect of the verb " to be" is perfectly regular:

6"" <Jewe 6erne

EXERCISE 7 A

6H:xMe 6liXTe 6Jixa

CyrplfHTa OltHar" oml 'Ian. H 11M eAHo sapello diue. YTpe a3 q(e Bll OUAJI K'bM AecCT 'Iaea, 3a Aa MO)KeM Aa npoA'bMKUM Halll aTa

55

paron. Eww. Ka:Ja, 'Ie BHAJI ApexH'«:. Cera 'Iera nHCMOTO. BHe npo'lerOXTe P<UKa:Ja Ha CraHeB. H CKaTe AH Aa 3aMHHere 3a IlAOBAHB? K3.JKH Ha KeAHepa Aa HaIThAHH TalH 'Iawa. AHec 6ax B JJYM B CoT"JI; UYM 3Ha'l" UeftTpaAeH YHHBepcaAeH MaraaHH. T aM Kynux p'hKaBHU" 3a MaiiKa (MH), nOAa H 'IopanH 3a JKeHa (10tH) "eAlla pU3a 3a 6paT (BH). KOI'aTO 06epa KpywaTa, ~e HAa Ha naaapa, 3a Aa npoAaJol KpywHTe. KaTO OKOCHlU AllBaAaTa, TOn lIIe pa30pe 3eMJITa H I,Ue 3aCaAH Kap-ro4lH HAM I,I!~ aacee nwe}mua. npel BaKaHUHJITa TOft 6ewe B K'lol,l!an Ha npHHTeAKaTa Ha liBaH H cera ce BJYhlJ.!awe, aa Aa npo,1t'l>AJltK yqeHHeTO. Toft ce B'1>pHa B'Iepa. Y1'pe lye HAeM Ha BeqepJl Ha BHTowa. Ton ce 06'hpHa A3

BHAH "ABa AH MBaH. Ton ce 06p1>J,Ua HJlKOAXO m,TH, HO He BH.lVI K'1>Ae ce KpHelUe AHMHn.p. nptAH Aa nOHcKaMe Aa HAeM, HHe A"hAl'O CTOJIXMe cMyreHM . MOJKtTe AU Aa 'IeTere nO'lepKa Ha EAena?

EXERCISE 7 B

The mao on the street saw the car and ran into the house. He told J oho's brother that he wanted to buy {he land, but his brother was not willing to sell the meadow. You will know even the most distant parts of our land. Sit down, please! I shall tell you a strange story. Twenty years ago the shepherd Delcho found a child in a cave. When the child saw Delcho it began to cry and Delcho picked up the baby. Then the baby was silent and suddenl y it smi led. Delcho took the child - the son a of great chorbadzhi - home and told his (CM following the word for "wife") wife to light a fire, to boil some water, and to make some soup. The woman prepared the food and the child ate greedily. Delcho told his (Cll following the word for "wife" ) wife that they would try to find the child's parents in the village. Ddcho. the bandit who (Kolho) became a shepherd, went to the village to ask in the lavern if the tavern· keeper knew of the lost child . The tavern was closed, and Delcho went to the (village) council. The president of the council said that, if they wanted to keep the baby, the chil~ could stay with Delcho.

56

VOCABULARY

6e6e, 6e6en, n., baby . aaptH, aapbla, ppp. of up_, -liw

boiled BAiiraM (BAiirna -ew); B;'l.I1r.b: (BAlir­

mu), to lift, to raise BliHam, adv., always Bmowa, f. , name of mountain near

So" 8t1eUntlO, adv .• suddenly ."epa, adv., yesterday roAliHa, f., year ro...n., ro ...... a, rol'.hto, ro ... 6.tH, adj.,

big, large AJliLAecc:T, num., twenty A~ ... 'IO, m ., man's name Aett, Ae\'p', n .• child ,l\HNlinp, m., man's name AOPH, adv., even Aptxa. f .• garment, frequently in the

plural for clothes. AiAro, adv., long, ror a long time EA~Ha, f., woman's name EMiu., m., man's name aa All, in order to 3aA"iop*a .. (3aA"I>p:IKa; _liw) ; 3aAi.p­

lKh), impcrf .• to hold. to keep 3aHacn" (3altcca, -tw) ; 3aH'cn (33.­

HecOX), to carry 3ana.Ml3101 (3anw, -HW) ; 3anaNiax

(aanaMlx), impcrf. , to light, to set fin: to

3an ... axUM (3aflAli"a, -ew) ; 3lIfIAlix­BaX (3an .... bax). impcrf., to cry

:J3,ca>I\Aa .. (3ac.a», -HW) ; 3lIca)KAalt (aacllA",, ), imperf., to plant

3lICDaloi ( 3lIC~.. 3.aC&:w) ; 3lIcDax (3lIdx or 3lIc~n) , imperf., to $Ow

aaT1l6peH, 3aT1l6peHa, ppp. of 3aT­s6PII, _" W, closed

3aTH'IU" ce (3aTIi'laM ce), imperr .• to run, to rush (1t'bM) towards

3Ha'la. -IIW ; 3Ha"ti;x. impcrf., to mean K36llpaJo,l (H36cpa, -~w); Jl36HpaX

(Jl36ph), impcrf .• to choose H36.ra.aM (H36.raM), impcrf., to flee H3ry-6eIl, 113..y6eHa, ppp. of Haryoll,

-IIW Jost IICT6plIJI, f., history, story

xap1"6ctt, m., potato xtAHcp. m., waiter KMc:T, KMmT. laoIerose, m. , kmet,

head of a village KoraTo, conj ., when xplill, XpHeW j KPIlX, imperf. , to hide Xpi.'IIoia, f., tavern KJl"I>'IloIAp, Kp-1>'IMapfl", m.. tavern

k«pC' KWf, prep., towards ...aXOIolO, adv., greedily Mam3liH, m., store Ml'.iKBaM (M .... i lma, ew); l'>V<i.KBAx

(MI'."ioXHax), imperf .• to be silent HanpaBll10i (Harrpau, -IIW) ; Hanpun

(HanpaB"x), irnperf., to make, to do

tlan~ (tlani.Juu:, -l1w) ; tlarri..A­BaX (tlani.MtKx). imperf., to fulfi ll

06ifpaM (o6epa, -tw); 06{lpax (~ 6pax). impcrf., to gather

oC>yBxa, f., usually in plural ; shoes, whatever is worn on feet

06JW1Ha, f., administrat ion or a town or community

06pi.l,ijaJol (o6i.plla, -ew) j 06pi.JMAX (o6i.pltax), imperf., to turn

OB'Iap. o&"apn, m. , shepherd orHlil,ije, n., hearth oxocReaM or OXOCBaM (oxod, _liw);

oxocia.ax or ox6cBax (oxoc",, ), impcrf .• to mow

On03" aBaIoi (On03HM, on03l1aew) j 0I103Haaax (on«'ltIax), imperf., to become well acquainted with

OC"l"isaw (ocriHa, -em) ; ocriBax (ocriuax), impcrf., to remain

nalAp, m., market nelDepa, r., cave n...alJ!aM (""ad, -HW) ; "",,,"ax (nAa­

nix). imperf., to pay n .... 6aAHa. m., name of city nor .... ~*All1oi (nor ... tAHa, -ew); no-

r .... e>I\Aax (nor,,~ax) , imperf .• to look at, to take a look inlo

nOHcxsaM (noHCKalol), imperf., to ex­press desire, to want

no"",, r., skirt

57

nopi.q'aM (nop'haw), imperf., to order

nOCTapUaM cc (nOCTapi. ce, nocra­paew ee) ; nOCTapuax ce '(nOCTa­pax ce), impezf., to endeavor, to do one', beIIt

Jl6q;epK, m ., handwriling, pl. , n6-qepUH

nptAH, prep., before, flpeAH oU, COnj., befon:

npeAteAaTII~", npeAceAiTCAn. m., president

npHrOnr.DI (npllr6Tu, ' IIW); npll. r6-nax (npHrOnr.HX), imperf., to prepare

nweHHUa, r., grain, wheat pa6oTa, f., work pa366RKKK, pa366AHHu.K, m., robber,

bandit pa3Kbmu •• (pa3Kb(.a, .ew); pa3Kb·

sax (pa3tta3ax), imperf., to relate, to tell a story, to recount

pa30pasaM (pa30pa, -~UI); pa30pa. sax (pa30pax), imperf., to plough completely

pH3a, f., shirt POAHTCA, VOC . POAHTeAlO, m., parent p"'kaBHUa, f., glove crpibaM (C~II, -crptew) ; crpnax

(crpn), imperf., to heat, warm CI,4aIol (ceAlla, -cw) ; c4.cAx (Ct.\lIax),

CONVERSATION

'K'hAe e '1ad.AHRTa? 6101J1tn. T? rapAep66'hT?

M3BltKathe eA"H HOCa'i. MW. J.-hnpaTtte T6R 6arbt AO •••••

c mpslul (sT6pH.Il) BAaK. K'bAe e M6.1lT BaroH? MMa AH CBo66AHO MACTO? 3a K'hAC n'hTYBaTe? TOBa Kyne 3a nyma'lll All e?

imperf., to sit, to take a sitt ing posit ion

C~"C'b!ICT, m., village council CW)'T~H , tM}'TClla, ppp. of CW)'Ti, 'HW,

conrused, embarasst.: crallaN (craKa, -ew); craw (CTa· "ax), imperf., to rise, to stand, to take

a standing position; to become CriHCII, m., name of contemporary

writer, EW~1i GriHes CToi, CTOliw ; CTOix, imperf., to be

!landing eYrpllH, f., morning roriBa, adv. , then Ylilleepca...eli, YHHBCpd.,,"a, adj.,

univenal youtX&aJ.i ce (ycwlixHa ce, YC WHX'

Hew ce); YCMHxsax ce (YO' ... XHax cc), imperf., to smile

Y"'eHHe, n. , study, studies u.eHYpa"eK, ueIlYpa"na, adj., central 'IaA, 'IallT m., tea 'IaWa, f., glass 'Iopan, m., stocking 'Iop6a, f. , soup, stew 'IOp6i\oVKHII, m., rich landowner "YACH, "YAlla, adj., wondrous,

strange lAeHe, n., food, meal IIAU~, n., egg

Where is the waiting room? the buffet ? the baggage room?

Please call a porter. Fo rward this baggage to ....

with the first (second) train. Where is my car (train )? Is there an empty seat? Where are you travelling to? Is this compartment for

smokers?

K'bAe e BarOH-peCTOpaHThT? CnUHHItT BaroH?

KaK ce K3.3aa TaR rapa?

K6..uco l,Qe n~CToHM? Aa 3aTB6pHM (0TB6pHM) ..... it npo­

a6~"a? K'hAe Aa Cit HaA6i BOAa? RNa Alf 'Iewwa Ha Ta!m rapa?

Where is the dining car? the sleeper?

What's the name of this station?

How long will we stop? Shall we close (o~n) the

window? Where can one get some water? Is there a fountain in this

station?

59

LESSON 8

Personal Pronouns - Possessive Adjectives -

Adjectives

Pe rsonal PronoUDS

SIN G UL A R

Nom. ., T" TOn n TO Dat. (NeHe) (TMe) (HeMY) (HeA) (H<My) (e/6e)

M" TH My .. MY en Acc. Mene,Me Te6e, Te Hero, ro HeX, II Hero, ro ce6e, ce

PL U RAL

Nom. nue Bile Te Dat. (HaM) 11H (BaM) BH (T1IM) 11M Acc. HaC, "" Bac, Blf TJlX, rll

The long forms of the accusative are used always after preposi. tions. The short forms are sometimes used together with the long forms at the beginning of a sentence, in which cases they follow the long forms. T he long form is also used when there is a logical emphasis on the pronoun.

T he long form of the dative is rare (except for Mene Mil and TOOe TIl). In its place one uses Ha plus the long form of the ac. cusative. E.g. Ha Hac, to us, Ha Bac, to you, Ha TJlX, to them. The short form of the dative is widely used as a dative of pos_ session instead of the possessive adjectives, e.g. KHuraTa MH e TaM, my book is there. The short forms are unaccented enclitics; but ·after He they take an accent. The accent on H above is merely orthographic. The reflexive refers back to the subject of its clause, whatever person, gender, or number that subject may be.

60

Possessive Adjecdves

1St Pers. Sing. MO'

Ham PI.

2nd Pers. Sing. TWA PI. Bam

3d Pers. Masc. and Neut. HeroS Fern. HeHH PI. TeXeH

Reflexive CBOA

The articula ted forms are:

M6J1T, M6J1 Ts6J1T, rn611 HeroSIIJIT, HCreBHJI HcAHIIJIT, HC~HH" HaWIIJlT, HaWIIJI BaWHJIT. BaWHlI TCXHHJlT, Tt XHHJI

M6J1Ta noOna Hel'OSaTa HcAHaTa HalliaTa BawaTa TRxHaTa

M6H Hallia

",6. 8arna

Hcro8a HeAHa TiotHa

coo.

M6eTO

noOeTO

HCroBOTO HcAnOTO HameTO BaWeTO TRXHOTO

M6e M6. HaWe HalliH

",6e ",6" 8arne 8arnH

HCroBO HCro8H HcAHO HcAHH T{VtHO TOtHH

co6c CB6H

M6HTr. TB6uTe HcroBIITe lIcARl-fTe HaIUHTe SaWIITe TCXHHTe

Adj ectives in Bulgarian distinguish three genders in the singular, but there is only one fo rm for all three genders in the plural.

Example: xy6as, xy6a8a, xy6a80, xy6a8u

The masculine singular of the adjective has a vocative in · H, e.g. MHAH cUHe, dear son ; AparH np" frreAlO, dear friend. .

Attributive adjectives, rather than the nouns which they modify, take the article. T his article has the same form as for nouns, except for the masculine singular, which inserts · If·.

Examples:

Basic Masc. MMe. Form Long Shon Fern. Neuter Plural

Mn'A dear MKAIIJIT MUAHJI MHAaTa MUAOTO MUAIfTe CIIH blue CUIIUJIT cunul! CHHJlTa CI'lIIhOTO CU""Te Heros his neI'OBHJIT HeroBHH HerOBaTa HeroSOTO HcroBuTe

6,

Comparison of Adjectives

The comparative is formed by prefixing the particle no- to the positive. The superlative is formed by prefixing the particle HaA- to the positive. These particles are joined to the adjective by a hyphen. The primary accent of the word falls on the particle.

Examples:

more beautiful better

Haii-xy6aB HMi-A06-i.p

most beautiful best

The preposition used after both the comparative and the super­lative is "OT". ITi.neW"bT e no-xy6as OT AHHHTa, The melon is better than the watermelon. With verbs "OTKOAKOTO" is used instead of "aT". no 06H'IaM n-i.newa, OTKOAKOTO AHHRTa, I prefer the melon to the watermelon (rather than the watermelon).

Irregular comparison. MHOro, noselle, HaA-se'le much, more, most.

The comparative particles may also be prefixed to nouns, verbs, or prepositional phrases. Examples: TH Cll nOIOHaK01' MeHe, You are more ofa hero than I. HaA 06H'IaM fUTKo, I like Petko best. EAa no K"bM MeHe, Come more towards me!

Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives

The neuter singular of the adjective is frequently used adverbially. Examples: Tofi rooopewe 6-i.P30, He was speaking rapidly. Te AO'AAoxa K-i.CHO, They came late.

Note r. When a noun is followed by the "dative of possession", the noun must be articulated, unless the relationship expressed is that of immediate family.

E.g. JKeHa MH, my wife, 6aI,Ua MH, my father, but KHHrara MH, my book, wanKaTa MH, my hat, etc.

6,

Note 2. Word Ordtr The short forms of the personal pronouns have no accent of

their own and are enclitic. They cannot, therefore, stand first in a sentence. They usually precede the verb in the sentence. Verbal enclitics precede pronominal enclitics except "e", which follows. If there is both a dative and an accusative pronoun, the dative precedes the accusative. If the verb begins the sen­tence, the pronouns, of course, follow it.

Examples: Hue ro nOOHaaaMe A06pe, We know him welL n03Ha­saMe ro A06pe, We know him well. TH Mn ro AaAe, She gave it to me.

In the future tense the pronouns may come between the par­ticle Il!e and the present form, or between HliMa Aa and the present in the case of the negative. In the future tense the inter­rogative enclitic AH follows the verb, not the particle IJ!e.

Examples: ll!e K<l)l{a Ai-I? Toli I,Ue TIl TO AaAe HliMa Aa Bu KaJKa

EXERCISE 8 A

not ll!e An K:UKa? He will give it to you. I shall not tell you.

HawaTa 'lepHa A"bCKa e nOCTaBeHa AO CTeHaTa, c A"Ue IC'hM Y'le­HHUHTe. TJ1 e CAOJKeHa Ha TpnHO)l{HHK. Ha AOA"Hll Kpa'A IDola CaHA'h'le. 8 Hero Typ}lMe 6i>pCaAKaTa n Te6eWHpa. gepH3T3 A'hClCa e qeTB"hPTHTa n C ABe Anua. TJ1 e HanpaseHa OT .<li>CK", eAenCHH eAHa c Apyra. gepHaTa A'i>CKa e y'lHAH1,IlHa nOTpe6a. Y'IHTeJIJrT H HHe, yqeHHuHTe, nHweM, CMHTaMe HAH 'Iep-raeM Ha HeJ1 c Te6eUHlp.

HanpaBHxa CH KyM'1O Bi>AlIO ~ KYMa AHca K'l.I,UH'IKa. 3a)l("s_­'(a 3aeAHo. Kynuxa cn n.pHe MeA. "Aa ro H3J(AeM, AMCKe!" pe'le B'l.A'IO. " He 6KBa, 8i> .... <l0!" OTTOBOpH AMcKa." "ll!e ro cKpHeM 3a rocnt." "Aa ro cKpHeM, ceCTPH<lKe!"

Pe'leHO, CTOpeHO. CKpHBaT MeAa B xpMynaTa. AAa KyMa AHca qeCTO-'IeCTO ce HaSi>PTa OKOJ\.O xpMynaTa H ce 06AH3Ba. AM" lije OCTaHe MeAeu 3a TOCrn - KO'A 3Hae?

EAHa Be'lep 33MO .... HX NlAO CH Aa MH pa3KaJKe HeIMO. AHAo .ce n03aMHCAH MaAKO H pe'le:

"He Mora Aa cn CnOMHJI HUIUO HOBO!" "MHoro AU ca CHAHR HaWHTe KOHe?" "HaHCTHHa, CJlJ\.HU ca,"

OTI'OBOpUX aa. "A Koe e nO-CHARO OT KORJI?" 3anHTa AJlAO. "81>AK'LT," Ka3ax

83 ••.

"A Kae e no-cHJ\.HO OT qOBeKa?" "CTapDCTTa." "A OT era­pocrra?" "CM'Lpna." "A OT cM'Lpna?"

"nO-CHAHO OT CM'LpTl'a C xy6aBOTo U qCCTHO HMe. KoraTO qOBCK YMpe, norpe6aaT ro, HO HeroBuTc A06pH AeAa A'bAro ce cnoMeHaoaT ..• \JOBeK 3arnaa, HO 3a qeCTHHR A'LAro BpeMe xopal"a roaopRT. Ero )Cae e nO-CHAHO OT CM'LpTl'a."

EXERCISE 8 B

The blind man is reading the blue boob in the grttn school. Our valley is green in summer. Their schools are better than ours. The man's face is black, but his hands are white. His answer is good. What did he s~y to Peter? His mother sees him, but his friend is his guest and does not like the honey on the table. I put (past tense) the book on the table. In the room there is a blackboard. The teacher writes on the blackboard with chalk. I write with a pencil. What are you looking for? I shall look for him in school.

VOCABULARY

aM. conj., but 6 ... pc:I."lIa, f.. eraser 6*,\, 6 ..... a. 6HAo, 6b.u, adj., white .e..ep, f., evening nxT, r6cn.T, m., guest npllt, n.pntTa, n.,jug, earthenware

vessel, pot Abo, Ae,,!\., n .• deed, act, work ,d.,o. ... r. AiM'a, adj., long AO, prep., to A6Aett, .46,,"a, adj., lower ,n.cKi, f. , board 3arH:eaN, (3antlla, --ew); -ax (3arH­

Hax), imperf., to perish, to be killed

aaUHo, adv., together

3alKKBaaaM (3alKHstll, --ew); -ax (3a­lKHwlx), imperf. to live, to begin to Jive

3aM6"1I, -IfW; 3aM6"lfx, perf., to beseech, to ask, to pray

:le"CH, 3eAtHa, adj., green ")'N, "YN1.T. KYMoae, m., godfather "YMa, r., godmother K)'Ma-Mi:ca, f., children's name for a

r"" "YM'IO, m., dim. of tt)'N, K}'MiT. "Y­

MOse godfather KYM'Io-a"hA'IO, m., children'$ name

for a wolf ril,l!H'IKa, f., dim. of riJ,ija house "fro, "era, n., summer

NeA, MeAioT, m., honey NCAtu, no plural, dim. of MCA, honey H&Bi.praN ce, -aw ce (HaB'Iopd ce,

'HW ce); HariPTax ce (llalnoprix.­ce), imperf., to stay around, to "hang" around

HanpABot:, HanpiBena, ppp. of lIa· npulI, -HW made, oomtructed

He 6Ha.a, it is impossible Hoa, 116Ba, adj., new 06Mi:3BaM <;e (06Mi:lKa ce, -ew ee);

-ax 'ce (06"li3ax ce), imperf., to lick one's lips

6tto,,0, prep. around oTroa6plI, -HW; OTroa6pnx, perf., to

answer norpe6BaM (norpe6a, -t w) ; norpt6-

BaX (norpe6ax), imperf., to bury n033MHCNl ce, -HW ce; n03aMHc.MlX

ee, perf., to think a little nocraaeH, nocTiSClla, ppp. of no­

criaR, -HW, to place n0Tpt6a, f., need pttIell, pt'leHa, ppp. of pella, pe'ltw,

ptttOX TO say caIlAi'le, canAi'lera, n., box (dim.

of canAitt, -i.UH) CHAeH, CH"Ha, adj. , strong, powerful CllpilBaM (CKPm.:, cllpilcw); CllpHaiX

(CttPIIX), imperf., to hide

CONVERSATION

I1MaTe "VI caMo"erHa Bpi.3Ka c .... ?

Kora n3JI.HTa caMOAt!n.T aa .... ?

BCeKlI AeH c lI3KJ1.IO<leHHe Ha He­AW.

3a Yrpe HRMaMe, "MaMe 3a a Apyrn AeH.

Kora Tp.46aa Aa 6i.Aa ryK? He paa6pax.

CAelICH. CAeucHa, ppp. of cM'!mi, -HW, glued, stuck

CA6lKen, CA6lKena, ppp. of CA611(3., -HW, put together

CNtIl, CNina. CNiuo, CAtnH, adj., blind Clorbyr, f., death cnOMenUa.M ee (cuoMena ce, -t w ce);

cnOMeHaBaX ce (cnoMeHax ee), im­perf., to mention

cn6MHJlM (cn6MHII. -«w); -xx (cn6M-Hilx), imperf., to remind

crapocr, f .• old age CTeHa. f., wall CT6peH, cr6peHa, ppp. of cr6PII, -HW,

done Te6ewHP, m., chalk TPIfH6lKnHK, 1"pliH6>KHHUH, m., tripod TYPIiM (ryPII, -lIw); rypb: (ryplix.),

imperf., to put, to place )'NilpaM (YMp3., -t w; YMHpax (YM­

pb:), imperf., to die )"Iw"Hl,Ilell, )"IH" l11,/,lna, adj., of the

school, belonging to the school xpa"yna, f. , a hollow, den '1epet H, 'I.epatlla, adj., red '1Ccren, 'I.CcrHa, adj., honcst '1tpen, '1tpna, adj., black 'lepra., --ew; '1ePTax, impf., to draw 'I.eTB"'PTHT, 'I.eTB ... pnha, adj., rec-

tangular

Do you have air connection with .... ?

When does the plane depart for .... ?

Every day except Sunday.

We don't have any for to­morrow, we have for day after tomorrow.

When do I have to be here? I did not understand.

lJJe nOA Y'lHM AH 3aKycKa B ca­MOAMa?

K'bAe Aa npeAaM 6ara)f{a CH?

Kora Tp'iI'Ba napaXOA'bT 3a .... ?

KaKBO Aa B3eMa npoTltB MOp­cKaTa 60AeCT?

HamHiTe eAMH KOHHK, eAHa "'"­MOHMa.

He MH e Ao6pe. C"L6YAeTe Me, KaTO Ha6AH)f{HM.

66

At what time does the plane depart?

Will we have a snack on the plane?

Where do I check m my baggage?

When does the boat for depart?

What do I take for seasick­ness?

Take some cognac, a glass of lemonade.

I don't feel well. Wake me when we are getting

near.

Formation of the Imperfective Aspect ­

The Perfect

LESSON 9

Perfective verbs can be made into imperfective verbs by adding one of the suffixes: -aM (-JIM), -BaM, -asaM (-ilBaM). E.g. Koi)f{a, d.3BaM, to say; H3roPJ1, H3nipllM, to burn; Kynll, KynysaM (the only verb in -ysaM), to buy; CKPHII, cKpHBaM, to hide. These suffixes change only the aspect, not the basic meaning of the verb.

f. The suffix -BaM is the most common of those given above and is added to verbs of all (hree conjugations. We have seen already KoUKa, Kcl3BaM, to say, and CKPMH, cKpHBaM, to hide. Other examples are: nOAnHwa, nOAnHcsaM, to sign, Tp'irHa, Tpi.I'BaM, to go, HaKapaM, HaKapBaM, to drive.

2. The suffix -ilBaM (-asaM after)f{, 'I, w, l,l!, and )f{A) is added to verbs of the 2nd conjugation which have the accent on the last syllable. E.g. npe6pos, npe6poRBaM, to count over, Harpw, Harpalf\AaBaM, to reward.

3. The suffix -aM is added to a few verbs in the I st conjugation. E.g. H3nAeTa, H3nAHTaM, to weave, H3peKa, H3pH'IaM, to express, to speak, yMpa, yMHpaM, to die, B3eMa, B3eMaM, to take, HaMepll, HaMHpaM, to find, HanpeAa, HanpHAaM, to progress.

Note: The root vowels "e" and "0" of the perfective become U u" and "a" in the imperfective. E.g. (in addition to the above) u3CeKa, U3CH'IaM, to cut out, nOMorHa, nOMaraM, to help, CAO)f{a, cAaraM, to place together. (B3eMaM is an exception, but the form B3HMaM is not uncommon. ) When there is no vowel in the root of the perfective, an -H- is inserted in the imperfective. E.g. (in addition to YMpa, YMHpaM above) npocTpa, npocTHpaM, to spread, cnpa, CmtpaM, to stop, c'bapa, C'b3HpaM, to see, perceive.

4. The suffix -JIM is added chiefly to verbs of the 2nd conju­gation. E.g. H3roPR, H3rapJlM, to burn up, nOBT6pJl, n08TapJIM, to repeat, H3MeHi, H3MeH11M, to exchange, IlAad, IlAaij!aM, to pay, YAOB.tl, YA3.e11M, to hunt for, to find, H3rpaAJi, H3rpilKAaM, to build.

Noles: a) An -0- in the root ofthe'perftctive frequently becomes -a- in the imperfective. Examples above, and also OTp6S.II, OTpiBJlM to poison. But e.g. pacx6AJ1 (ce), paCX6JKAaM (ce) to take a walk.

b ) Before -JIM the consonants "TU and "Au are changed, to "J,I!" and "JKA" respectively, after which -11M becomes -aM. In addition to examples above, cf. npaTJI, npaij!aM, to send, POAR, p3JK.AaM, to bear, give binh to, sHAR. BHJKAaM, to see.

5· Perfectives in -Ha sometimes change the root vowel -e- to -Jl­in the imperfective. E.g. 6AecHa, 6,MCKaM, to glisten, AerHa, AAraM, to lie, cMbHa, cMRTaM, to count, CeAHa, cliAaM, to seat oneself, TpecHa, TpAcKaM, to shake.

6. Foreign borrowings in -HpaM are regularly both perfective and imperfective. E.g. TCAecpoHHpaM, to telephone.

It seems clear that -a- and to a less extent -1I- are characteristic root vowels for the imperfective; whereas -e- and -0- a re characteristic for the perfective.

The perfect is a compound tense made up of the aorist past particle of the verb plus the present tense of "to be". The aorist past participle is formed on the aorist stem by dropping the -x of the first person singular of the aorist and adding the participial endings -A, -Aa, -AO, -All. Aorist stems ending in -0 change the -0- to 1> before the participial endings; verbal roots ending in -A

or -T drop the -A or -T before the -A- of the participle.

68

Examples: mlTaM mtTaX m1:T3.A C'hM I asked mlllla nRcax nRc3.A C'hM I wrote ped, peKOX peK'bA C'hM I said H6u HOCHX HOCHA C'hM I carried

A·M A3.AOX AaA C'bM I gave npoqeni. npoqaox opoqe.... C'hM I read AoseAa AostAox AOSe.... C'hM I led A'bp)Ka A'bP}Kax A'bP}K3.A C'hM I held Hanp3.e11 HanpasHx HanpasHA C'hM I did n03HM n03Hax Il03H3.A C'hM I recognized n030sa n0lOsax n030S3.A C'hM I called sipHa S'bpHaX SiPH3.A C'hM I returned

Note that -ft- in the participial ending is replaced by -e- be-fore the -H of the plural. E.g. }KHSeJl, }KHBAX, }KRSflA, }KHBeAR.

The perfect presents a complcted past action as a present accepted fact and is less definite, or less specific, and more general than the aorist. It frequently has the sense of the English present perfect, presenting an event without references to context.

Example: KyoHA C'bM CH H6so naAT6 I have bought a new coat (simply a general statement, referring rather to the posses­sion of the coat than to the buying of it). Kynux Clf H6so oaAT6 I bought a new coat (a specific act of buying a coat).

Note. Word Order If the verb form is compounded the pronouns may come

between the auxiliary and the participle. In cases when the com pound verb begins the sentence with the participle the pronoun is inserted between the participle and the a uxiliary only if the verb is in the 3d person singular.

Examples: T" Mll ro e AaAa A3 C1>M TlI ro AaA. TlI Cll Mil ro AaA.

She gave it to me. I gave it to you. You gave it to me.

To~ Mil ro e AaA. Te ce HII ro AM II. n ooH<lBaAH cMe ro A06pe. n03H<lBaAll ca ro A06pe. n ooH.iBaA ro e A06pe. AaA Mil ro e oTAaaHa.

EXERCISE 9 A

He gave it to me. They gave it to us. W e knew him well. They knew him well. He knew him well. H e gave it to me a long time ago.

KaK ce K<l38are BHe? A3 ce K<l3BaM CrollH, a BHe? A3 ce Ka3BaM M apHSI. Mapltl'l roSOpll Ha CroIlH, lie Mai1:KaTa Ha MBaH Ka3Ba, "Ie TO~ Allec e B CcxJ>HM. A3 He Mora Aa KaJKa, HO TaKa K<l3Ba ToA. 3Haere An , "Ie cera H!>IaMe HOBil pH3H H n aHTaAOHIl B Mara3HHa? MCKaM Aa KynR poKAR 3a )l(eHa Mil. KOAKO CTpysa OHMII poKAR TaM Ha BHTpnHaTa? ToA Kynysa lIaCOBHHK 3a np"JITeAKaTa Ha ceCTpaTa Ha Y'lHTeAKaTa. 6 YAIIAHHIC'bT CTOII Ha MacaTa npH AerAOTO. B.IIpBaM, lie He e AaAeli AO CeAOTO. MO)l(eTe All Aa Ka­)f{eTe K'bAe ce HaMHpa cTaHUIIRTa? Til Ka3Baw, lie BH:lK,AaW wan­KaTa Ha CTeHaTa. HaMepHx .II B KIIHOTO. BmKAaA C'bM .II H.IIKora. BII:lK,A3.A1I All CTe ro Ha YAHUaTa? GrOIIH Mil .II e AaA oTAaBlIa. ToA M'b'lHO ro HaKapBawe Aa 1I3Nl3aT 3aeAHo, HO HaKapawe All ro BeAH'b)l(, CTOMH TplorBaWe II xOAewe 6'bP30. KapaTe All KOAa? KapaM, pa3611pa ce, KaK lie! KaK Aa He KapaM! KaTO CRAawe Ha CTOAa, ToA Ka3a, lie He HCKa Aa ceAHe, 3al,l!oro 6'bp3a. Hlle CCAIIM Belle A'bAro BpeMe T}'Ka Ha CAHO MJlCTO. HHe B"bpBUMe ner KHAOMeTpa, a nOCAe Aern axMe Aa noqllHeM. TaKa Ae)f{aXMe UJlA 'lac B CRHKaTa Ha B'bp6I1Te KpaA peKaTa. Til Bce ol,l!e He H3Kawe Aa AJlra it CToewe np aBa.

EXERCISE 9 B

As Enyo walks across the ploughed fields in the Spring he feels the strength of the la nd. In the middle of the field. on a small hill. stands a huge oak tree. Next to Enyo's field is his brother Ivan's fine m eadow. Ivan did not want to sell the meadow to Enyo, and Enyo was very troubled. The farmers make fun of Enyo for his greed for land . One day Ivan goes to the field to cut down the huge oak tree on his meadow, and Enyo sets out for the ci ty. At lunch (time) Ivan rests under the partly cut oak tree

70

and after eating h e falls asleep . Enyo returns across the fields and past the oak tree where his brother is sleeping. Enyo lifts up a big rock from a n earby pile and strikes his brother, but he does not kill him. After this h e cuts down the oak so tha t it crashes over the body of his brother.

VOCABULARY

&A'fHOCT. f .• greed (:)8, ) for fiy"ulAHHK. 6YAIiMrnWl, n um. form

6yA.KMtHKa, m .• ala rm d ock Mp3aM ; Mpaax, imperf., to walk or

go fast. to hurry Mp30. adv .• fast, quickly aeAH'iolK, adv., once. one time 8l1TptlHa, f .• show window (of a stOr!i) .... p6A. f .• willow .... pxy. prep. on top of, onto dpll&Mj dPBb:., imperf. , to believe A'I>6, A"1>MT, A'b6A. Ai.6oBe, num.

form , Ai.6a. m .• oak tree £HIoO, man's name ; character in

story "300" by E..u!:H I1eAHH 3Ilcec.eH, 3aC~eHa, ppp. of 3aceKi,

3aCe'Itw, to cut part way through to begin to cut, partly' cut through

33cnHa.uc (33cns. -HW) ; 3aCnH&aX (3aCnb:.) , imperf., to fall asleep ~ (Hv.A3a, H3A6eW) j H3AH3aX

(H3Abox). imperf., to go out d.a:aaw ce (n.. ce, -ew ce) ; Khaax

ce (d.3Ax ee), imperf. to be called u.n.K, Uw-t.HH, m .• stone d.paw j d pax, imperf.. to d rive

(cattle or a car) JUlAOloOlenp, KHAOloOltTpK, num. form

1OI-'01oOltrpa., kilomc:ter KKAOMen­P'JoT, IUiAOMenpa, (articulated forms)

KMO, XIIHa, n .• kino. movie theat re, movie

.pall:, prep. beside. next to lIrPa'la, -IIW; Kpa'lHx. imperf .• to walk.

to stride Kfn'lHHa, f .• pile, heap K"I>,lItro, conj., where AcrA6, AerAa, n., bed ...eltlA, -Hw; ACJKliX, imperf., to be

lying down, to lie. to be in a lyi rig position

... iraloOl (Atma. -ew) ; "".-ax (Al!rnax). imperf .• to lie down. to take a lying position (aorisl imperf. also ...erax)

MV. ... K. MV.Ka. adj .. small , lillie MapHI. woman's name. Mary MKHaaaM (IoIHlla. -ew) ; Mllubalt (MH.

lIaX), imperf., to go pasl, to pass M'l>'1HO. adv., wilh difficulty Micro. Mec-ra, n., place HadpUN (HaKipalol); HaKApsax (Ha­

Kipax), imperf., to force (drive) someone to do somelhing

66eA, m. , lunch. lunch time OTMIIHa, adv. , long ago. since a long

time OTCH'!alol (OTCeKa, OTCe'ltW); OTCH'IaX

(OTdKOX), imperf., to eut down naHTaA6l1K, m. pI. (ling. rare).

IrOUJC:n IlAiAHe. n .• noon, lunch time nOA.Hrpa uloOI ce; nOAllrpaaax ee (Ita

It'KOro 3a H6,ijo), to make fun (of somebody for something)

nOKpaA, p rep. next to. beside n6cAc:. adv., arlerward.! nO'lHB8M (nO'ililla , -ew); nO'!Hllalt

(nO'lHltax). imperf. , to rest npall, npaaa, adj .• st ra ight. upright n p6AeT, f., Spring pa36Hpa ce, of coune pa.36lipaloOl (Pa36epa. -I!w); pa36HpU

(pa36pax) , il1lperf. , to undentand pa3Opall, pa3opaHa. ppp. of pa30p!,

puopl!w, perf .• 10 plough p6KNI, f., dress ce.d, -HW ; cwx, imperf., to be in a

silling posicion , to sit, 10 be sining cli ... a, f .• slrength

7'

cpe.a, prep., in the middle of, amidst cri.aa wi.'1HO (Ha H'KOro or Hb:OJ,l)' ) ,

to be very troubled. Impersonal with dative or Ha plus the: noun.

craHWU, f., station croaapaaw: cc (croe.aPJl ce, -HW eel;

croaJ.paax ce (cro.aPKX ee), to fa ll with force, to crash (Ha) on

cbuca, ceHIUf, f., shadow TJri.raaw (-rpi.nta, -em); TPiI'llh

(T'p'i.ntax), impc:rf., to set out, to go

CONVERSATION

Kora (l,IJe) 3a~IHHaBaTe?

TIon'hAHere T63J.f cJloPMYAAp. Ho i:J He M6ra. AMiTe, a3 lYe BH ro non'i.AlUI.

KaK ce K3.3BaTe? K'bAe J.f Kora cre poAeH(a) ?

Or KOA: crpaHa HABaTe?

flp" KOrO " 3a,,"6?

np" n03H3.TH (poAHHHH). Aa ce AeKYBaM. H a no·nlaKa.

H a eKcKYp3HR. H 6Mep Ha nacn6pTa? KaKB6 H6c~tTe ChC ce6e cn? flpeHacsmeTo Ha Te3" Hel,l!a e

3a6paHeHo. OcraBeTe aApeca. H~ie l,IJe rn

H3npan1M.

72

TOO, TeM, n., body y6HBaw. (y6iU, y6Hem) ; y6Maax

(y6Ibt) , impc:rf. , to kill YAPIM, -JlW (yAAp., -HW); YAPO:

(YAapKX) , impc:rf., to strike X101.M, lCi.II.Ml>T, riAwOBC, m., hill tl.U, Ilh-a, Ub.H, adj., whole ",ac68HKK, '1ac6e.HKUK, num. form,

'1ac6eIiHKa, clock, walch "Yac'rBy&~u'; ~y&alC, impc:rf., 10

r~1 maruca, f., hal

What is the purpose of you r trip? (On what occasion a re yo~ here?)

When will you depart? Fill ~ut this questionnaire. But I cannot. Give it to m e, I shall fi ll it out

for you. Wha t is your nam e? Where and when were you

born? From what country do you

come? Whom are you going to visit

and why? With friends (family). For my health. O n a vacation.

O n an excursion. The number of your passport? What do you have with you? The carrying of these things is

forbidden. Leave yOUI' address. W e shall

send them.

LESSON 10

Demonstrative, Interrogative,. Relative and

Indefinite Pronouns

DclDoastrad ve Prona.ms

51NG lJLAR PLURAL (all gendel"8)

M .... Fern. Neuter

T<xm, T6R, this Ta:m, TaR TOBa

6H3H, 611R., that oHa:Hl:, oHaA oHoBa

Te3H, THR oHe3n, mUIR

Of these demonstrative pronouns only the m asculine and neuter singular are susceptible of inflection, as follows:

Dat. Ace. TOrOOU

TOMfaa rorOBa OHorO:m

OHOMYBa oHorOBa

T hese declined forms are, however, used only as pronouns re­ferring to definite persons, and even this use is becoming rarer. I nstead of TOMysa and oHoMysa one uses lI a TOrOsa and Ha

oHOI'Osa.

Iaterrogatjve Pronouns

SI NGULAR PLUR AL (all genders)

who whose what sort who whose what sort

Masc. KO' ,u" KariB KO" 'IU" KaKBH

Fern. KO' 'IHS KaKBa Neuter KOe 'Iue KaKfU)

Only the masculine singular of the interrogative Kofi is inflected : dative, KOMY; accusative, Kom.

73

Relative ProDOUll.

The relative pronouns are formed from the interrogative by

adding -TO, which is indeclinable: K6'ho, ~6To. As in the case of the interrogative, the relative KOmO is in­

flected as follows: KOMjro, KOroTO.

IDdefiDite ProDOUllS

a certain HRKOA HiKOJl HiKoe HHKOH

anyone KoA Aa e KOH Aa e Koe Aa e KOII Aa ca of some sort HRKaK'hB HHKaKBa HHKaxao HRKaKBH such and such a eAH-KoA eAH-KoH eAH-Koe eAH-Kou

all BCUlIKHwr· BCU'IKaTa· BCH<lKOTO BCH'IKH each, every BceKH BCHKa BciKo BCU'IKH of all sorts BdKaKOB sdKaKBa BdKaKBO BcHKaKBH nobody HHKoA HHKOJI HHKoe HHKOR of no sort HHKaKOB HHKaKsa HHKaKBO HHKaKB" of no body HH<mA HH'I"JI HH'IHe HH'IHH

EXERCISE 10 A

A,aKHTO HMawe eAHH BepeH npHRTeA. BHKaxa ro AJlAO MBaH.

BHKaxa ro 0ll\e TIecorAaBejJ'hT. Ho nOHOKe Ta3H 3a6eAe.lftHTeAHa

AHQHOCT ~e Hrpae Sa.lftHa POI\JI B p a3Kaaa MH, TO a3 lJ!e Ha06pa3J1 no-eApHTe My 'IepTH. npHRTeAJIT Ha A,aKHTO, UpH BCH<lKO <Ie ro Ha30BaBaxa AJlAO, 6ew e OJ,Ue MAaA, Ha TPH~\ceT H TpH roAnHH.

A ereHAaTa K<\3Ba, <Ie ToA nJY!>B uyCHa 6P3Aa B TOJI rpaA H OT Tosa BCH'IKHTe rpa.>KAaHH, MaAO H roARMO, 3axBaHaxa Aa MY Xa3BaT

A,IIAO l'baH ..• J.iCTHHCkOTO My HMe, rocnoAHH I1:BaH A cna3HeBH<I

AOPMHAOACKH, 6ew e H3BeCTHO caMO Ha Hero. EpaAaTa Ha 4l1AO I1:saH •.. nOKpltBaWe URAOTO My AHUe, C H3KA1O'IeHHe Ha se.lftAHTe,

O'lHTe " rpaM<l,4HHfI My HOC. Y CTaTa MY ce nOKpHBaxa OT My CTa­

UHTe, C'hB'hpWeHO CAeHH " OTO>KAeCTBeHH c 6p3AaTa ... Eo>Ke NoA, xaKBa 6p<lAa! f'hCTa, A'bAra, CnA'bCTeHa, HenpoHHUaeMa, T.II

• These fornu are used only with the article. Examples: Toft wnM: acflq­Kal'll 110M II 'laWal'll . H e drank all the water in the glass. (or TOft K3nM: uiAaTa 'dwa). Toft KanH IJCK-orKI{ dwu He drank all the water in all the glaues. (Which abo means " he drank every glass" because one cannot say TOft HWI\: aciKa '1awa.) One can also say TOft ImnH BCH'IKK_ 'Iaft or IIC",,­KOTO Ka~ II 'Iawan. He drank a ll the tea, or aU the coffee in the glass.

AaBawe npHJITHa CJlMeTpHfI Ha AHUeTO MY... KoraTo >KCHa My rn.paaTa HOilJ 3a Dp-bB ITbT ro DHAlI. HaCTpDXHa H Tp1l6BaWe Aa JI

romIT no YAKUHTe, 3a Aa fI B'bpHaT ... 3aH.llTlteTO Ha ASIAO lisaH 6ewe A03apcrBO, HO TOA: ce 3aHHMa­

sawe II C aABOKaTCTBO II C DQAHT"Ka. ToA: OT HaH-Han peA 6ewc

MI6ePaA, HO KaTO He My AaAoxa CAYJK6a, "MeHUQ AA'b>KHOCTTa,

KO.RTO aaeMaw e npuJlTeNIT MY, ToA MURa B KOHcepBaTHBHllll harep

II ce 06KBH CM'bpTeH Bpar H a A U6ePaAHOTO npUHTeACTBO ...

1'lsaH Ba30B . .. adapted from " MtlT~aH II ...... OPMHAOACKII

EXERCISE 10 B

I. I see your (both sing. and pl. ) house. (Two ways!) 2. His father is stronger than mine. S. I love my father. 4. My sister sees her brother. 5. The good man is here. 6. I see the good man. 7. My house is beautiful. 8. Is that house yours or his? g. This book is mine and not yours.

10.

u. 12 .

Whose book is this? What book are you reading? Whom do you l ove? What sort of man is he? I love the good worker whom the workers love.

The man whose village I see is in this room .

V OCABULARY

6paAa, f., chin , beard ."b(eH, lILKHa, adj., imporlant K)K.Aa, f., eyebrow .epeH, tuipHa, aipHo, atpHM , adj.,

loyal, true aKJUlM j BHKaK, imperi., 10 call apar, voc. apa)f{e, IJparoBt, m., ene­

my (articulalcd forms, s panr, opara) . .

roHJI, -HW, rol'utx, imperi., to driVe

rpa~MeH, rpaw.!AKa, adj. , huge. "ery large

r"I>CT, ri.cTa, adj., thick w~:i.)KHOCT. f., duty ~A"'P' CApa, adj ., big, large 3a6eAe)f{l'iTeAeH, aa6eAC)l(M:TCAHa,

adj., remarkable, noteworthy 3a~Malol (3abla, -ew) j 3a~MaX (3a~x),

imperf., to take 3aIlH""baM ce (aaHHMb ce, 3aHI{-

75

uaem ce); 3aKHMi.Bax ce (uKKNAx ee), imperf., to occupy oneself, to do

uKiTlle, n., occupation saxNJ,WUI (aaxUHa, -ew); 3axUJ,WlX

(~Hax), imperf., to begin ~, K3Kema, adj., known K3KAJ(1'1eHHe, n., exception H306puDa.u (HmpuI, -HW) ; H30-

6pa3Da.x (m06pa3Jtx) , imperio to express

li.w:eKHo, adv., that is, namely, thus HCTKHCXH, tiCTKKcKa, adj., real -'li.rep, m ., camp .o.M'IHOCT, r., person, personality ... 03i.pcreo, n., vine growing, vi ti­

culture wyCTi.x, wycrau.H, m., moustache Ha:sosaUM (Ha3Qlli., - ~w) ; Ha30saaax

(Ha30sax), imperf., to call Hacrpi.nalol (Hacrpi.xHa, -em) ; Ha­

c!p1.XlIax (lIacrp'i.xllax), imperf., to be frightened

HenpoHlluaelol, lIertpoHIlu.aeMa, adj. ,

CONVER SATIO N

IbtaTe AU cdJl C CAHO AerAO?

»MaTe AH TeAe4>6H, acaHcb6p, 6aHJI?

npoBepbe no TeAe$6Ha B APY-nlTe XOTCAH.

Ha kOA eTa>K? Aa BII AaM AH nacnopTa CH? KOAKO Bp<:Me I.u<: OCT:llleTe ryk? Il!e Aot\Ae All HlikOA Aa MH no-

k3.>Ke CTfuITa? Il!e AOiiAe All HllKoii Aa Mit no-

Mome 3a 6ar;i>Ka? A.Hhe Mil KAlO'I. I1Ma AH TonAa nOAa? CB066Alla All e 6alUITa? Cl.6YAeTe MC B .... qaca.

impenetrable 06ABiaaw:: ee (0601 ee, -Hw ee);

060nax ee (06Ill1Jtx ee) , imperf., to announce oneself, to declare onoelf

OTOlI(Accreell, OT'OJIO:AecnsClIa, adj., identified, identical

n ecorAi..eell, m., "Dog's Head" nOfCpliBaM (nofCpli_, nOKpHem); no­

Kp.max (noxpJtx), imperf., to cover nOH~JKe, conj. , because npa1l~, n., gOveTllment, ad­

ministration nyCKaw or ny~ (nyCHa, -em) ;

nycUx or nylJ,!ax (nycHax), im­perf., to loose:, 10 let

pOAK, f., role CUH, WHa, CMHO, o.~HH , ppp. of

o.~", o.eew , to pour together CMi.preH, CMi.pn!a, adj., mortal CIIA~H, CIIA'loCTi:lla, adj. , tangled C'bB'1opm~IIO, adv., completely '1epri. , r., line, 'feature pbKa3, m., story

Do you have a room with a single bed?

Do you have a telephone, ele­vator, bath?

Try the other hotels by tele-phone.

On what floor? Shall I give you my passport? How long will you stay here? Will someone come to show me

thc room? Will someone come to help me

with the baggage? Give me the key. Is there hot water? Is the bath unoccupied? Wake me at .... o'clock.

Numerals

CAR DIN A L

eARH,eAHa, eAHO, eAHR 2 ABa, ABe 3 TpH 4 '1erHpn 5 neT 6 UleCT 7 c~eM 8 oceM 9 AeBeT

10 Aecer 11 eAlm aikeT (eAHHiAeCeT) 12 ABaHaiiceT (ABaHMeceT) 13 TpHHMl:ceT (TpIIHiAeCeT) 14 'IeTlfpuHaAceT ('IeTUPU-

HMeCeT) 15 neTHaAceT (neTHiAeCeT) 16 weCTHaiiCeT (weCTHMc­

CeTH) 17 CC,AeMHaiiceT (cC,AeMHa­

AeCeT) 18 oceMHaitCeT (oceMH3.Ae-

CeTH)

19 AeBCTUaiiceT (AeBeTHa­AeCeT)

20 ABaitCeT (AB3.AeCeT) 21 ABaficeT If eAllH (AB<lAe-

ceT H eARH)

ORDINAl

n-bpBU BT6pH Tpern 'ICTB-bPTH nenl WeeTH C~MU

OCMH

ACBerll Aecern

LESSON II

eAHHaiiceTlI (eAlfHiAcCeTlI) ABaHaficeTlI (ABaHiAeCeTH) TplIH anCeTH (TpHH3.ACCeTH) '1eTllPHlIMiceTH ('IeTHpIlHiAC-

CeTu) neTHaficeTu (neTliiAcCeT11) WCCTHaAceTlI (wCCTH3.ACCeTH)

ABaAceTH (ABaAeceTII) ABaAccT " ni.pBu (.~BaAeceT u ni.pBu)

77

go TPHACeT (TpHAeCeT) 40 qempHAceT (qenipHAe-

ca) 50 neTAecet' 60 weAcet' (weCTAec~) 70 ceAeWAecer 80 oceMAecer go AeBeTAecb

100CTO 101 CTO H CAnH 200 ABecTe (ABeCTa) 300 TpHCTa 400 qbHPHCTontH 500 n¢rcroTHH 600 weCTCTOTHH 700 ciAeMCTOTHH 800 6ceMCTOTHII 900 MBeTCTOTHH

1000 xHAJi:Aa 2000 ABe XIiAR.AH I million, MHAlI6H I billion, MHAHaPA, 6HAH6H

Notes:

TPHAcern (TPHAecern) 'IenipHAcern (qeTHpHAecem)

neTAecbH weAcem (wecTAeceTH) ceAeMAecet'H oceM,Aecem AeBeTAecbH cTCrreH, -Ha CTO II n1.pBH ABycTOTeH, -Ha TpHcToTeH, -Ha lIbU:PHCTOTeH, -Ha ntrcroTeH, -Ha weCTCTOTeH, -Ha ce.a:eMCTOTeH, -Ha 6ceMcTOTeH, -Ha AeBeTCToTeH, -Ha xliAxAeH, -Ha ABrxHAJl,<'teH, -Ha MHAH6HeH, -Ha MHAHaPAeH, 6HAH6HeH, -Ha

I. " One" has different forms for the mase., fern., and neuter singular, and a form for the plural which is used with all three xenders. "Two" has a form for the masc., and a form which is used for the fern. and neute~r. All the other cardinal numerals are indeclinable.

2. Note the· shift in the accent of"thousand" ·from the singular to the plural.

3· After the cardinal numerals the feminine nouns use the common plural in -H ; masculine nouns use the second plural in -a or -Jl ; and neuter nouns which can have a plural in -eTa use that plural.

4· After compound numerals ending in " one" the singular of the noun is used. The cardinal CAHH takes the article like an adjective : eAHHH.IIT, eAHHH.II, eAHha, eAH6TO, CAHHTe.

r

, \

• I •

5. The cardinals ABa, ABicra, and TPHCTa, and the persona l collective numerals (see below) use the postpositive article -Tot. T he other cardinals use the postpositive article -Te. Except for "ABa", " ABe", and "TpH", the articulated forms of the cardinal numerals have the accent on the article.

Examples : lIentpHTe, nem, meCTTI!. XHAiAa, MH.AH6H and NHAHaPA are articulated as nouns.

6. Note that in compound numbers the conjunction "H" is always used before the last numeral.

7. The ordinals follow the same rules as adjectives.

Collective NwneraJs

T he collective numerals are as follows: 2 ABaMa (ABaMHHa) 3 TpHMa (TpHMHHa) 4 lIeTHp(lf)Ma ('leTHpMHHa) 5 nenhta (nentHHa)

Notes: I. Similar collectives are used for 6-g inclusive, but they are

much less common. The forms in -MHHa are not frequent. 2. For 2, 3, and 4 there are also forms: ABOHUa, TPOHUa,

'IeTB6pHua, which are also rare. All these collective numnals are UJed only jor tnilSculiru: persons. They

are followed by the regular plural fo rm. E. g. ABaMa M'Jo)f(e, TPHMa pa66THHUH.

EXERCISE II A

8 y'lHAHt,geTO HMa ABcueCeT (.~l'Iat\ceT) H eAHH Y'leHHK. YqeHH­UHTe OT HaWeTO ytlHAHt,ge "MaT no ABe KHHrR. KOAJ(O MaCH HMa B Taau craJl? 8 Ta3" CTaJI. HMa 'IeTHpUH3AeceT (lIeTHpHHaikeT) MaCH. KOAKO BOAa HMa KpaA TBoeTO CCAO? He 3HaJi TO'IHO KOAKO HMa, HO M"CAJI lie HMa AeceT BOAa B nOAeTO H ABaHa,AeCeT (ABa­HaActT) B ropH'IKaTa. ,4BaAeceT (ABaAceT) VI neT Y'leHHKa OTHsaT B Co<pIUI. ToA BHAJI cecTpa CH VI ABaMa pa60THu",H. ,4BaMaTa pa60rnnult ca HaA-A06pHTe NOMUH B Ham"JI rpaA.

79

1

BeAHa:lK Aaaap nooma CooJl }"lUTe>..: "YqHTeAIO, KaK Aa ce

Hay<la Aa rosopJl M'hAPO?" "Muoro .... ecHO. Aaaape," OTrOBOpH

"n Y"HTeNIT. OCTaBIf B yCTaTa en 'TpHMa n3:)a"W, KaKTQ npaBJIT

M'hApUTe xopa. HhpSUJIT OT TJIX l,I&e 3anHTBa BClIKa AYNa, KOJITO

Hexa Aa H3.Ae:Je OT YCTaTa TH: 'flpaBAHBa AU CM?' - l.I!e mtTa roA.

AKa AYMaTa He MO)l{t A3 AOKruKe, 'Ie e "pUAHSa, n aaa'l'hT I!!e $I

BP'bI,ija Ha3aA. BTOplfAT Daaa'll,lJe JI nma : 'H e06xOAHMa Aif C~I?' Aka AYMaTa He AOKa)l(e, <U: HaHCTHHa e no"Ipe6Ha, na33.<I'hT lUe It aanOBJIABa Aa ce B"hpHe. AKa AYMan PAHHe lllaCTAHBO Kpafi THJI

ABa n aaa<m, OTHB3 0P" TpeTH1I. ToA IJ!C R 3anHTBa; 'E, AYNO,

T" y'ITHBa A U CM?' AKO T.II MQ)f(e Aa OlTOBOpH C'hPAC'lHO; 'Aa, y<lTH8a C1>M,' CaMO Torasa Da3a"l"bT Q!C " DOOBOAKBa Aa H3.ACae

HaRDH OT YCTaTa. ETO, Aa3ape, xaKBO Tp.ll6Ba Aa "paBUlll, 3a Aa

ce HaY'lHw MDAPO Aa roBOpHW!" aaB'I>plUH y<l"TeAJlT.

EXERCISE II B

I. Every year I go to Sofia. 2 . I have two apples and five pears. 3. There are two soldiers in my village and five workers in your city. 4. H e said: I saw fifteen men in each room. 5. Write a letter to Stojan! 6. Do you know what this is? 7. I have fifty­one books in my house; how many do you have? 8. How many of (aT) those books are green? g. There a re twenty-six green books that are good. 10. You can see eighteen soldiers and cighty women workers every day. J I. I can do what you wish . 12. He gives her a good book to read. 13. Can you say that ? 14· How are you today? Fine, thank you. 15. My sister knows what to say to him. 16. I am going to the theater with a friend of mine. 17. One book is not enough. We must have two. 18. Where is your good hat? Ig . . My black hat· is still good.. 20.

Fifty-five men cannot lift that big stone. 21. Read the twenty­third book. 22. Do you know to whom I sha ll give my answer? 23· The best man and the best woman a re better than all others. 24· Do you see tha t table? There is nothing on it that you can take. 25. He will write nineteen books every year.

80

I I I )

VOCABULARY

1ICA.lIli.lK, adv., once, once upon a .un,

'pi.!pM (rlpHa, -ew); api,JWix (np. !fix), imperf., to return, to give bad<

ropiAxa, r., grove Aoxhaaw (AOKUta, -ew) ; AOd38ax

(Aox.i3ax), imperf., to prove :saripUlllaW (3arlpma, -HW) ; 3a­

.i.puaax (3arlpWHX), imperf., to finish

3aIlO~ (3alloaiAaw) ; 3alloa.A-ox (3an08Max), imperf. , to order

Aaaap, man's name, Lazarus "ttHO, adv., ~i1y ~po, adv., wisely HarlH, adv., outside HI.3iA, adv., backwards, back

CONVERSATION

HCKaM Aa J.tanp3.TJI rosa mlCwo. Ta:lH KapTH'IKa.

KaK J,Qe ru lfanpaTlITe? C o6lfKHos(:Ha nOl:l!a liAR C B"h3-

AywHa nOl,l!a? npenOp-l.'IaHO liAR 06HKHoBeHo? HMaTe Alf OARKoBe H MapKH?

K"bAe e nOl,l!eHCKaTa KynlJI? K"bAe e ruwe-ro 3a KOAe-rH?

HCKaM Aa H3npaTJI TOO" KOAe-r. MMaTe AH paapeweHHe OT Mlh­

HH\laTa? Eea paapellleliHe aT MHTHHuaTa

He MOJKe. H a Moll aApec uMa KOAe-r.

He06xoAHM, He06xOAHua, adj. , ne­cessary, indispensable

fJa3.i", m., guard, sentinel n038OA.b.aM (1I03&O-U, 'Kw); 1103-

IIOWax (n()3Jl()Alix), impcri., to allow

nocra.xM (noeriu:, -HW); nocrie/IX. (nOCT"iISIIX), imperf., to put, to place

narpC6cH, norpefiHa, adj., necessary np~, npaa,.uiaa, adj., just np!u:, npUKW ; npAlHx, imperf., to)

do, to make npAe..Ko, adv., hearti ly ycra, f., mouth )"ITHIS, Y'fTKIIa, adj., polite, courteous ll!aCTAKBO, adv., happily, rortunately

I want to send this letter. this postcard.

How will you send them? By regula r mail or by airmail?

Registered or regular? Do you have envelopes and

stamps? Where is the window for foreign

mail? Where is the post box? Where is the window for

packages? I want to send this package. Do you have a permit from the

customs? You cannot (send it) without a

permit from the customs. There is a package for me.

8,

ltauul ,4a ro nOAfqa. A06pe· AaJiT. C"W61116<.ero •

nacn6pTa CM.

8.

I want to pick it up. All right. Give me the notice

and your passport.

LE SSON 12

The Pluperfect - The Future Perfect

The Pluperfect (MHHaAO npeABapHTeAHo BpeMe)

The pluperfect is a compound tense formed by the imperfect of "to be" plus the aorist past participle of the verb.

Examples: 6HX nHTftA I had asked 6HX OHCftA I had written 6HX peK"}'A I had said 6HX H6cHA I had carned 6JlX AaA. I had given 6xx npoqeA I had read 6JlX AOBeA I had led 6HX A'bP}l(ftA I had held 6HX HanpaBHA I had done 6xx n03HiA I had recognized 6HX n030B::iA I had call ed 6HX Bi.pHiA I had returned

As in other languages the pluperfcct expresses action in the past which took place before other action in the past. Example: MY:JHKaTa 6ellle npeCTaHaAa, a lllyMi.T 6ellle )'THXH<lA, KOraTO BH.ltRX AeB6tiKaTa. The music had stopped and the noisc had ceased, when I saw the girl.

The Future Perfect (6i.Ac~e npeABapHTeAHo BpeMc)

The future perfcct is formed by l,I!e plus the perfect tensc of the verb.

Examples: l,1!e C"hW mhiA l,1!e C"hM n"ciA l,1!e C"hM pCK'hA l,1!e CbM HOCHA l,1!e CDM AaA l,1!e CDM npoqiA

I shall have asked I shall have wrtiten I shall have said I shall have carried [ shall have given I shall have read

The future perfect is used to express an action in the future which will be completed before some other action in the future. Example: WBaH I,l!e e H30pa.... H"BaTa, KOraTO MY AOHecaT 66eAa. J ohn will have finished ploughing the field, when they bring him his lunch.

The negative is HA:Ma Aa plus the perfect tense of the verb.

Example: HiMa Aa C'bM npoqb, [ shall not have read.

EXERCISE •• A

Koft He e CAyWaA 3a 3HaMeHHTHJI 6pDCHap OT rp3A ConOT? BeeKH, Ko~ho e MH.HaA OTraM HAll npocTO ce e p33COeapJIA. B

np33HlITe CH '1acoee npH eeCeAO HaCTpoeHHe C HJlKOft )KHTeA OT ConOT, HenpeMeHHO e '1yA Hel,1!o 3a X3A)KH AxHA (33 Tbft ,,"e co HapH'IaM) .

BpeA. OTAeTO e MIUlaBaA CAenHRT neCHonoeu H apTlICT KOA'IO, OCTaBHA e HJllCaKBa npHK33Ka HAH aHeKAOT 3a MOR repoA.

A KOA'Io e IThyYe3,A HaBCJlK"'hAe. KOAKO BeceAH CD6paHH JI e 33HUMaBaAa AH'IH0CTf3 H CTpaH­

HOCTHTe Ha X 3,4)K1t AXHA! KOAKO AyXOBHTH H3peqeHHJI Ha XaA)KH AXHA 06HK3AJIT H3

06l,l!ecTBoTo! OGUK3AJIT 11 ce J.13ry6BaT Ge3 CAeAa. 3allJOTO X3AJI<.H AxliA e eAHH 6eAeH 6pDCHap. eAuH BHA nOAy­

rpaMOTeH ~Hr3PO, KOitrO e 'leA caMO C'bHOTbAKOBaTeAJI, MapnrH 33AeKa, H 6u6AHJlTa, He 3anHCBa TOea, KOeTO pa>KAa O.aeaTa MY. H He 'I)'BCTB)'Ba CHAHO )KeAaHHe 3a 6e3CM'bpYHOCT npH 8CH'IKOTO Cn y6e)f(AeHHe, 'Ie e roARM 'IOBeK.

1/lDaH B330e - 1t3 "X3AJKH AXHA"

Hay<na, qe e 3aMHllaA 3a Cot".. MHCAHX, qe ca craHaAR no-y"olH. KoraTo cmmax B ~HJI, npeACTaBAeHHJITa Ha one-­paTa 611Xa npHIUI.IOQHAH. oitx Hay<uu.. CTHXOTBOpeHHeTO, HO Beqe He co nO).lHJI. KoraTO HAa naK B O'hArapHJI, a3 l,1!e CDM HanHCaA KHHraTa 3a )KiIBOTa H TBopqeCTBOTO Ha MeaH Ba30B. KoraTo AoAAew y AOloia (8K'h,,"H). a3 l,1!e C'bM ce BDpHaA OT ~3AeT Ha BHTowa, KDAeTO CMJlTaM Aa npeKapaM npa3HUXa, T.e. HeAeNlTa.

npeAH H:mecrHO BpeMe )KHBeeJC. y eAM" MoA crap npHJlTeJ\, rHMH33HaAHHJIT yqHTeA X . B KDl,ijaTa 611XMe qereopul.la: npHR­TeNIT MH. )KeHa MY, no-MaAKHJIT My 6paT, KoAro )KHBeeWe B eAHa TRCHa CTaHua Ha MaHcapAaTa - H 33. CKOPO, 06a'le, 6paTbT 3aMHHa B npoBHHuwrra H npHJlTeNIT MH CAO)KH 06J1BAeHHe B BeCl1fHu,HTe: AaBa ce DOA HaeM Mo6eAnpaHa CTaR 33 BD3paCTeH THX rocnoAHH. A ABa AeHa CAeA TOBa " BD3paCTHHJIT THX rocno­AHH" 6ewe ce JtBHA, xapecaA H HaCA CTaJITa.

EXERCISE •• B

I. When my friend's brother had moved to the province, an unknown man hired his room. 2. It was a.little room in Peter's house. 3. His brother had risen before sunrise. 4. Fifteen days after this I met him in the corridor and greeted him. 5. When I had greeted him, [ asked him how he was. 6. It seemed to him that everything was well. 7. He told Stoyan that his sister's friend had appeared some time ago. 8. [was living with my sister. 9. He had already talked with J ohn when [ saw him. 10. Can you tell me where the station is located? II. If we meet on Thursday, 1 shall return the book to you, because I shall already have read it. 12. Will you appear on Wednesday for examination? [ don't know whether I shall have prepared myself well. 13. At one o'clock [ shall not yet have had lunch ; 10 come later.

VOCABULARY

6tAeH, 6eAHa, adj., poor, wretched, ffiUeuble

6e3cvi.pntOCT, r. t immortali ty 6J1l>CHap. 6P'loCHapn, voc. 6P'1>cmiplO,

m., barber Btce.o., stce.o.a, adj., merry, happy .&;nmK, BtcrHHIlH, m., newspaper lilIA, BH"ri.T, nurn. form IlitAa, m.,

sort, kind ; aspect, appearance BpeA. adv., everywhere ri.3paCttH, Iri.3paCTHa, adj., grown

up, adult rep6A, repOlIT, repOlI, m., hero nDOIa31'IlU CH, nlMHaallma, adj. , of

the gymnasium rAau, r.t head A)'XOIIHT, Ayxo8lha, adj., witty e.U, eA.hc, imperativcs; come ""WHHC, n., wish , d esire ~, 'IUITeAfl, m., inhabitant 3aHHMaBaM (aaHHMb , 3aIIHMaclu) ;

3aHllloIbax (3aHHMax). irnpcrf. 10 occupy, to entertain

saml:cBaM (aarlltWa, 3amlwew); 330-nHCBax (3anHcax), imperf., to write in (a book), to register

3HaMeJIIIT, 3HalolcllI",a, adj., well known

Ibrpell CAl.HUC:, sunrise H3ry6!1aM (H3rY6.11 , -HW) ; " 3ry6aax

(H3rj6I1X) , imperf., to lose H3ry&

&aM ce, to be lost Ha.>.er, m ., excursion lf3nHT, m. , examination 1t3»C'1bm e, n ., a se:ntence: 1(0PKA6p, m ., corridor waHdpAB, f .• a uie wo&:...HpaH. wo&:...HpaKa. a dj ., fur-

nuhed "UcAKloAC, adv., everywhere ...aew, m., rent nOA m!.OoI, for rent .. aewaw (Haewa, -ew) ; lIa t .. ax (Haa.

aor. pl. Ha6\), to take, to hire Hapll'law (Haped, Ha»C'l t ru) ; Hapll­

'lax (HaptKOX, Hapt .. e). imperf., to call. to name

ltaC"l"pOtHHe, n ., mood .. CAe......, f., Sunday

86

HenO:IH:h, Henoomha. adj .• unknoWJ"l lIenpeMeHllo, adv .• unquestionably 06HK:i.N!M (06Hl(o ..... -HW) ; 06HKUn

(06HI(OAHx) , imperf., to ci rculate. to encircle

06I,lJCCTIIO, n. , society 06lD1Ab me, n ., advertisement, notice:,

announce:ment 06iAaaM; 06~, imperf. . to eat

lunch 0CTiuw (ocriu, -HW) ; ocrian

(0C"I""6.8IfX), imperf., to leave (tr.) OTAtTo. conj .• where. whence 0TJ"l!.M, adv., from there. thence necHOn6e~, llCCIIon6AuH, m ., singer n03,4pa8iBaw (nooapaBJi, -lIW) ; noo-

Apaaieax (nOOApaJIHx), imperf., to greet

nOAyrpaw6TCH, nOAYl1lllMOrna, adj., half literate

npA3HHK, np3.3HHUH, m .• holiday nptACTaBAeHHe. n. . representation,

show. performance npedpBaM; npeclpllM, imperf., to

spend (time) npHJ(a3Ka, f. , short story, anecdote npHKA!O'IBaM (npHKA!O .. a, -HW) ; npH_

KA.o .. aax (npHKA.o .. HX), imperf., to close

npolIIDtwu", f. , province. provinces np6cro, adv., simply pa*Aaw (po», -IIW) ; P&*Aax (po­

AiIx), imperf. , to give birth to, to b""

pa3r0a3.plDC ce (Pa3l"066p .. ce, _HW ce) ; paaI"OBli.pllX ce: (Pa3ros6PIIX ce), imperf. , to converse with

CAW, f .• consc:quence oJ.raw (u.6)1(3, -HW) ; oJ.rax (CAO­

)J(I\x) , imperf. , to place CAi.Hue. n ., sun C6nOT, m., name oftown in Bulgaria.

birthplace of Ivan Vazov cpiAa, f., Wednesday cra l1 ua, f., little room craaaw (ernHa, -ew) ; criBax (cra­

HaX) , imperf., to stand. to become cnnC:OTBopeHHe, n ., VCrlICII. poetry

apUutOCT. f., peculiarity ~HIft:, n., gathering CWtOTloJl.Ka.aTU, _lIT. VOC. -10. m. ,

interpre ter of dreaID5 TtceH, d Clta, TtiCHO. TtcHH. adj. ,

narrow n6p'lCCTBO, n. , work, worn TlIX, TKxa, adj., quiet nil, adv., thus

CONVERSATION

OrK"bAe M6ra Aa OOAJI TeAe~ HeH pi3roBOp c ... . ?

MCKaM Aa rooopll C .. .. B .... qaca.

Ka)Kae Tplhe CH "MeHa, aApe­ca H AO Kor6 Aa ce H3npaTlI nQKaHaTa.

H CKaM p.broSOP"hT Aa I51.Ae 06HKHoBCH.

In.P3. CBeTK.3.BHqeH.

uaTe neTHa~keT MHHpH npe­AK pi3roBopa.

K"JoAe ca TeAe¥HHHTe Ka6u­HH ?

AAo, KOro ripcHTe?

AAO, KoA e Hacpe'1!a? r OBOpere n6-BHooKo ("6-HII­

CKO). MH6ro ce pwa", 'Ie Il!e ce

BKAHM. K"hAe MU nOAaBaT TeAer-p.3.MH? AaATe M" 6AaHKa. H CKaM Aa "3np.3.TJI 06HKHoBeHa

(6i.p3a, CBeTKaBHQHa ) TeAe­rpaMa.

y6eM.AbtHe, n ., idea, thought , con­viction

)'weH, YwHa, adj. , se:nsible. wise: xapta.aw (upecaw:), xapl:aax (u­

ptcax). imperf., to like '1enri.pnoK, m., Thursday '1yaa .. (qya, -ew) ; '1jB:b (")'X, '1)') ,

imperf., to hear

Where can I make a telephone call to .... ?

I want to ta lk with ...• al . .. . o'clock.

Tell me your three names, your address and with whom you wish to speak.

I want the call to be regular. rapid. express.

Come fifteen minutes before the call.

Where are the telephone boxes?

Hello, with whom d o you wish to speak?

H ello, who is speaking? Speak more loudly (more

softly). I am very happy that we shall

see one another . Where does one send telegrams? Give me a blank. I want to send a regular (rapid, express) telegram.

LESSON 13

The Future in Past Time -

The Conditional - Conditions

The Future in Pa.t Time (lii.Ael,ije 8peMe 8 MHHaAOTO)

The Future in Past Time is formed from the imperfect of the verb lJ!a plas Aa and the present tense of the verb. The imperfect of!!!a is:

The future in Past Time of "to write" is then:

J,WlX Aa nHwa lJ!eWe Aa nHwew I1!twe Aa nHwe

qybc:Me Aa nHweM I,IJJ[XTe Aa nHWeTe qybc:a Aa nHwaT

The Future in Past Time indicates an action which is future to some past action or some past point in time.

Example: IlYoc Aa OTifAa Ha TeaTbp CHO!!!H, HO BaAeWe A"hllCA.

I was about to go (I would have gone) to the theatre last night, but it rained.

The negative of the Future in Past Time is composed of the in­declinable HRMawe plus Aa plus the present tense of the verb.

Example: HliMawe Aa qed. I would not have read.

Gram,marians also recognize a form of this tense (Future in Past Time) which is composed of the indeclinable particle l,ije plus the imperfect of the verb. E.g. lI!e qedx I shall have read. This form of the tense is rare.

There exists also a Future Perfect in Past Time which is com-

88

posed of the imperfect ofl,Qa plus Aa plus the perfect of the verb. E.g. IJ!n: Aa C'hM qeA. I would have read. This tense is also very rare.

The Coaditioa.al Mood (YCA08HO HaKAOHCHHe)

The Conditional Mood. is made up of the following forms of "to be" plus the aorist past participle of the verb.

6"" 6. 6.

6tbcMe 6HXTe 6Hxa

The Conditional of "to write" is then:

6ax nHcM 6" nHcM 6H \Ul:cM

6HxMe nHcAA" 6HXTe nHcMH 6Hxa nHcMu

The enclitics may be inserted between 6HX and the participle.

Example: lime MY 1'0 AaA. I would give it to him.

The Conditional occurs chiefly in hypothetical conditional clauses (see below) and in some polite circumlocutions.

Example: AKo CH HaMep. (6HX HaMepHA) Apynip, 6HX ontW'loA c YAoBoAcnme AOBeqepa Ha Te3.Tbp. If I find (should find) a companion, I would gladly go to the theatre this evening.

The U.e oflm.perCectives ia -BaM to Indicate Hypothetical Future

Imperfectives in -BaM will occasionally be found with the sense of future possibility, if certain conditions are met. Such usage is half ~ay between a future and a conditional. It is rare.

Examples: Op3.BAM, aKO He BaAR. I shall be glad to plough, if it does not rain. JlABaw AU nelleHo npace? JlABaM, aKO HMaw xy6aoo BRHue.

Would you eat some rout pork? I would, if you have some good wine. (Examples from Beaulieu.)

Conditions

The subordinating conjunction indicating condition is aK6, "jf". I. In simple conditions the conjunction is all that is need to

indicate the condition. With it are used the relevant tenses of the indicative, namely, present, aorist, perfe(:t, fu ture, in either the "if-clause" (protuis) or in the main clause (apodosis), ac­cording to the time and type of action described.

Note that in simple future conditions the present tense is regu­larly used in the " if:.clause" and the future in the main clause.

AK6 A6AAe, 33 l,I!e Tpi.l'Ha. If he comes, I shall go. Ax6 Ch6ephe napH, l,I!e onlACTe s E'hAnipIIJl. If you coUect the money, you will go to Bulgaria.

2. The Conditional Mood may be used in either the "if-clause" or the main clause to express doubt or some degree of the hypo­thctical.

Example : AK6 nOArra (6HX nOA)'quA) napH, 6HX cn KynHA KHH­raTa Ha £..uiH ilCAHH . If I receive (should re(:eive) money, I would buy the book of Elin Pelino

3· Unreal conditions in the present arc expressed by the imperfect j unreal conditions in the past are expressed by the pluperfect.

Example: AK6 ToA 6ewe AOuriA, 33 t,WIX Aa Tpi.l'Ha. If he had come, I would have gone. Ax6 HMax napH, I,I!liIX Aa KynJl KHHraTa. If I had money, I would buy the book.

EXERCISE '3 A

HOBltHT Cb:lKHTCA 6ewe, cnopeA AyMHTe Ha npH.lITeNI MH, qOSeK AeACTBuTCAHO TlIX, npHAlIqeH U 6AaroB'L3nUTaH. Aopu He TUX, a - 6e3wYMeH: npH6Hpawe ce BnHarn B onpeACAeH 'lac, OTKAJOq­same nOAeKa BXOAHaTa BpaTa, OO3ApaBuawe MDAqaAHBO, aKa cpelJ.!He HJlKoro B KopHAopa, n 6e3wYMHo ce H3KaqBaWe Harope, no TJlCHaTa cT'hA6Hua. YTpHH CTaBawe MHOro paHO II Bce TaKa HeyceTHO HanyJ,J!awe CTana, npeAH H3rpe» CA"bHue.

B "poA"bNKeHHe Ha ABe CCAMHUH He ce CAY"H H»TO BCAHalK Aa cpeQ!Ha H BHAJ( T03M qOeeK. Kolt 6ewe ToA? HHTO a3, H»TO "PHJI­TCNIT MH 611XMe q}'BaAH HJlKora nOA06Ho liMe. B aApeCHlIJI My AHCT HMawe TB"bpAe OCK'bAHH H He3HaqUTeAHlt cBeAeHMJI: poAeH B MaA'bX npoBHU,UHaAeH rpaA, '1CTHpHACceT H ABe roAHweH, CneWlaAHO TeXH"qeCKO 06paaoBaHHe. B rpacpaTa 3a 3aHJlTHeTO CTOCme - CB06oAeH; IKHBIlA AO cera B rpaAa ; Mecrewe ce OT CAlIa CbBceM Heno:maTa yAKUa.

KaKTo BH>K.AaTe, 6CAC3H, KOHTO MOlKexa Aa ce nOA03paT B'bB SCeK" CpeQ!HaT Ha YAHUaTa 'IOBeK. Bnpo'leM H"TO a3, HHTO npHJI­TeAn MH 6J1XMe oc06eHo 3auHTepeC}'BaHu OT Hero. CBeAeHHIITa y3HaxMe OT AOMaKHHRTa, KOJITO c BCHqKH CpeACTBa (a Te He 6J1xa MUOro) IfCKame Aa HH }'Beplf, 'Ie roA e HRXaK'bB oco6eH qOBeK, AOpH BeAHalK He Ha mera ce p33CbPAH, 'Ie HHe ce OTHaC1IXMe CbsceM AeKO K'bM HeitH»Te nOA03peHUR. HanpoTHB, AOMaKHH'bT, qOBeX npaKTH'IeH " paaYMeH, 6eme npeA08OJl.eH, ACTO My ce CAyq" T'hKMO TaK'bB YA06eH KBapr"paHT.

EXERCISE '3 B

I. I shall write a letter to the unknown man in my friend's house. 2. I shall buy the book, when you return. 3. He will probably see you at the station. 4. Stoyan will have read the books, when his friends ask him about them. 5. Where will you go when vacation comes? 6. They will write us two letters every day during the summer. 7. Shall we all take little rooms at our friends' houses? 8. Neither you nor their brothers had been there before the Turks arrived. 9. Will you be able to come to dinner tomorrow night? 10. The sons of the Bulgarian farmers have learned to read and write. II. If you want to go to Bulgaria, you must learn to speak Bulgarian. 12. If you wanted to go to Bulgaria , you must have learned to speak Bulgarian. 13. If you had wanted to go to Bulgaria, you would have learned to speak Bulgarian. 14. Would you have seen Ivan Vazov's house if you had not gone to Sofia? 15. They would have done it belter, if they had stayed at home.

9'

VOCABULARY

&ApettH, 8.Aptc_, adj., address, of the address

6e3wyueH', 6e3u.rj1.o1a, adj ., noiseless IitAer, 6tAe3lt , m., note 6AaroIn.3n1haH, 'WI'08'1103nKn.Ha,

adj., well educated ~, adv., onte IlliHam, adv., al~ys lIZlpOoIe .. , adv., besides a:6AetI, u6AKa, adj., entrance, of the

entrance I'O,A.Hll.IeH, I'OAHWlfa, adj., annual,

years old rpa4l', f., entry. written question Adi:cnuheMfo, adv., really, actually 33.HHTepeCYuI( , 3~UUrtepccfaaHa,

adj., interested 38Hirue , n., trade, profession H:UcaomaM (wKad . -HW) ; H3d...:aax

(IQKa'ubl: ), imperf., 10 mount "'1(1'0, conj., as Ml:CT, ,uiCT1>T, AI1CT08e, num. form

AHCTa, m ., sheet, list, page wtcr. ce, .. &TRW Cc ; loiter"", ee, im_

perf., to move N'JoA'IllAJiBO, adv., quietly, silently HarOpe adv., upwards HanY..ua .. (HanyCKa, -em) ; Hanyl,ijaX

(KanYCHax) , imperf., to leave He3Ha,ufieAcH, He:ma.uh~Ha, adj .,

insignificant HeYcemo, adv., imperceptibly 06pa30eaHHC. n., education onpc.ACACH, onpeAeAbta, adj ., defi-

nite OCIII:iACH, ocriAHa, adj ., scanty oc06eHO, adv. , especia lly OT1UIlb'laa... (orKAJO'Ia, oltw); OT-

CONVERSATION

HMaTe .... u cB066AHa tdca? Aa 3anoBMaihe. KaKBo 06n'laTe? AafiTe MH AnCTa. XM6DT D}>tcen .... H e?

9·

KAJb<uax (OTJt.'<JO .. ItX) , imperf., to unlock

nOA66eH, nOA66Ita, adj., similar nOA03Hpav (noA03pi, -em) ; nGA_­

pax (nOAoopix), imperf., to 1Uf­i>«'

nOA03J)6Ine, n., luspicion nptI,4H Aa, conj., before lJOAbca, adv., slowly, MJltty npH6Hpaw ce (npJt6epi ce, -tar cel ;

npH6Kpax ce (npH6pax ee), im­perf., to go home, to return homc

npKAlAeK, nplfAMqHa, adj., decent, proper, neat

npollKHUHiAcu, npoBltHWla..uta, adj., provincial

n~bI.HC, n., continuation , • npoA"loNKo!HHC Ha in thc course of

paNO, adv., early POACH, poAo!Ha, adj., born CB~CHlfC, n., information cao66ACIt, cao66AHa, adj., free CAf'!BaM cc (CAf-la cc -HW cc) ; CAj-'I-

aix cc (CAy..:mr. cc), imperf. , to happen

cnCIlHLo.HO, adv. , especially cnopCA, prep., according to cri.A.6HIJ3., f. , a little staircase C'1>BCe..., adv., complctdy n llUfieA, C'loJtUheAn, m., fcllow­

boardcr -ni.PAC, adv., very TOtHu..CCKH, TOtHH .. ccxa, adj ., tech·

n ical yrp_, adv., in the morning ...oa... (m , u.Hw) ; oiaax (on),

ce, rdI.., imperf. , to a ppear

Do you have a table free? Yes, please. What do you like? Give me the menu. Is the bread fresh?

AoHectre !>1M OMAtl c cnpeHe. Kaou roTBeHH $lCTuli C Meco

HwaTe? "waMe nHAe c oplb. He, BCH'lKO TOBa He MU xapec­

sa, HCKaw ne~o nelleno. KaKB6 HMaTe Ha CJ<apa? Aaih e MH Ke6anlleTa.

What kind of cold hors d'oeu­vres do you have?

Please give me some "tarator" soup (cold cucumbers, onion, and yogurt).

Bri ng me a cheese omlette. What kind of ready to serve

dishes with meat do you have? We have chicken with n ee. No, I don't like any of that, I

want something roasted. What do you have broiled? Give me " kebapteta" (some­

thing like hamburger!).

93

LE SSON 14

Indirect Narration - The Indirect Imperfect -

The Indirect .Fonn for the Aorist

Direct and Indirect Narratioll

Bulgarian distinguishes between a statement of fact which is vouched for on the empirical authority of the speaker (direct narration) and a statement which the speaker makes not on his own empirical authority (indirect narration ).

All the forms of the verb presented so far are used for direct narration. For each of them there is a corresponding form used in indirect na rration, although there are some forms which are w ed in two different ways or correspond to two different tenses of direct narration. The first such form is the " Indirect Imper. feet" .

Indirect hnperfect

The Indirect Imperfect is a compound tense made up of the present tense of the verb " to be" plus the imperfect past participle of the verb. The imperfect past participle is formed by dropping the ·x of the first person singular of the imperfect tense and adding the participial endings -A, -Aa, -AO, -AM. The auxiliary is omitted in the 3d person both singular and plural.

Examples :

mhaM OJlwa

mhax nHwex peqAx(tx) Hocex ""asax

mlTaA C"bM

",'WeA C"bM

pe'l1A(b) C'bM HoceA C'bM ""asaA C"bM.

I was (am) asking I was (am) writing I was (am ) saying I was (am) carrying I was (am) giving

A'loplKa A'>p",Ax(tx) A'bPJK8.A(b) OM I was (am ) holding

npU' npasex npueA CDM I was (am) doing

n03HM n0311aex n03HaeA C'bM I was (am) recognizing

n030Ba n030BAx n030B ..... CDM I was (am) calling

ripHa Bi.pHex Bi.pHeA CDM I was (am ) returning

The Indirect Imperfect form is used in indirect narration for both the present (cerawHo BpeNe) and the imperfect (NUHaAO HecB'bpWeHO BpeMe).

Examples : 11 BH)K K3J(BO HelJ!O ca H3MUCAHAH: KO/tTO ce 3aOUWeA (for KoAro ce 3anHwe) 3a qAeH, He TpA6BaAO (for He TJ>A6Ba) Aa XOAH AO Kpi.qMHTe. And see what kind of thing they thought up: whoever registered as a member, did not have to go around to

the tavem s. Tux AHH B eAHo A03e 6HAa 3a6w3aHa B'bAqHua CDC ce6me

B'bAtH~Ta, J(oriTo ru y..eAa (fo r y..ewe) K3K Aa HaniAaT. Those days in one vineyard there were noted a she-wolf with her wolf cubs, as she was teaching them how to attack.

The form of the perfect (t.UtHaAO HeonpeAbeHo speMe) is used in indirect narration to represent the aorist (MUHaAO cBipweHo BpeMe). In this usage the auxiliary (e, cal is omitted in the third penon singula r and plural.

Examples: T oA Kaaa, "Ie CDM TH AaA napuTe B'Iepa. He said that I gave

you money yesterday. lfyx, "Ie ToA My AaA napHTe. I heard that he gave him the

money.

EXERCISE '4 A

EAuH 6all!a HMah TpHMa CHHOBe. EAHH AeH rH nOBHKaA H HM K<l3a.A : " ll!e AaM Ha TpHMa BH no eAHa KeCHJI )K'bATHUH. B'bpBeTe no CBeTa II T'bpceTe Aa KynllTe H3it-CK'bnOUeHHHJI DAOA. KoATo

60 .. OT Bac MH ro AOHece, Il!e My AaM nOAoBHHaTa OT raTcTBoTO cn. B3eAn TpnMaTa cHHoBe KeCH"Te II Tp'brHaAH Ha TpH CTpaHH no ceeTa Aa Thpcn HaA-cK'bnHX DAOA·

95

CAeA TpH I'OAIIHH TpHMaTa ce B'hpHaAH npH 6al,l&a CH. "E," peK'hA ron-, Karo ce 06'LpHaA K'bM HaA~I'OAeMtUI CII CHH, "AoHece AH MH l{aA-CK'hnOueIIlfHJI DAOA?" A ToA My Kil3aA: "HaA~cK'hOO­

UeHHHJIT DAOA, TaTe, TpJl6Ba ,4a e T03R, KOmO e HaA~Ch<lA'LK.

H a3 Til KyO"" tAliH rpo3A. OT SCII'IKH IIAOAose, KOHTO pa)K,4a HamaTa 3eMJI, rpo3AeTO e HaA~CA3AK"JIT DAOA." "Xy6aso CH HanpaslIA, CHHKO," OTl'OBOpHA 6alj!aTa. "Xy6as MOA CII MH AOHecDA. AMH Til KaK'hB nAOA CH Mil AOHeC"bA?" 06'hpHaA ce roA K'bM CptAHIIJI CII CIlH .

"T anco, a3 MIICNI, 'Ie H aA~cK'bnOUeHHUJlT DAOA e TOOII, Kotho HaA~PJlAKO ce HaMlIpa. 3aTOBa OTHAOX B IOJKHHTe crpaHH II Til KyOIlX OT peAKHTe DAOAOSe, KOUTO He paCTaT y Hac. K youx Tn no WaAKO OT SCII'lKn peAKn nAOAose. Ero fU ; H36epll CII, Koiho TH xa~c I" " 11 _ .:' 6 r - a. ......vvpe Of lIanpaBUA, CUHKO; xy aBn nAoAose cn MH AOHeC'hh.. Il!e cn lI36epa eAIIH OT TJlX," Ka3aA 6a'1!a My.

n OCAe ce 06DpllaA K'LM na-tt~MaAKnJl cn CHII: "A Tit, ClIHKO, KaKBO loln AOHece? 3al,l&0 ce Bp'hl,lJaw C n paaHIl ?Due?" "SJlPHO e, TaTe, 'Ie a3 ce Bp1>lllaM C npa3HII p'LUe. Ho nap"Te, KOHTO MH A3Ae, II a3 noxap""x 3a CK'hnll nAOAoBe. A3 nOCTbOIlX, TaTe, e eAIIO y<lIlAIIl,I&e. 11 TaM Y""TeAIITe II KHHfUTe Me yqHXa UeAII Tpn 0004111111. flAOAOBtTe, KOIlTO Ha6pax, He ce BHlKAaT, 3al,l&OTO Te ca s npUeTO II YMa MH .... MIIChJl, TaTKO, 'Ie H Te ca C'LlllO CK'LnoueH~ "H IlAOAose ......

KaTO qyA Te31f AyMH, 6alllaTa ce 33.p3,4BaA II Ka3aA: "TH CH MH AOHeC'LA HaA-CK'bmITe f1AOAOSe , CHHKO! TH 3aCAYJKaSam Ha~ rpllAaTa. 3alJ!OTO HJlMa nO~CK'bnll nAOAOBe OT TIIJI, KORTO 3Ha~

"KeTO AaBa Ha q08eKa."

EXERCISE '4 B

I . H e said to me that he saw me on th e street yesterday. 2. The black horse passed the village. (Indirect.) 3. H e did not have everything that he needed. 4. I asked him, but he did not know. 5. T o whom did Aesop say: "Move!"? 6. When you said that, I moved. 7. I h ad a hundred words to read. 8. W ere you able to do what he wished? g. They said : " We knew them, but w e have forgotten them. " 10. Where did you look for it? J I. We looked for them in your room . 12. Did you have that when I

g6

asked you for it? 13. He thought that I would be in the hotel, but I was in the institute. 14. (He said that) you (pl.) thought that Velickov's story was in tha t book, but I cannot find it.

VOCABULARY

awH, conj., but 6oriTenlO, n., wealth rpo3A, rp6MT, rpOO.4OJ1C:, m., a bunch

of gnpes rp6;.:AAe, n. , grapes (collective) AOHacnr (AOHeca, ...ew) ; AOltaco:

(AOHttOX.), imperf., to bring )fC'loJ\.nlua, r., a gold coin 3aPa.uaw ce; 3apitAaax. ce, imperf.,

to rejoice 3IlCAy.a.aW (3aCAylka, -KW); 38CAY~

""-'ax (3aCAY)KJf)() , imperf., to doerve

3aroP, adv., for that n::ason, hence 3HaHHe, n., knowledge HHCTKTjT, m., in, titute Kecw.: , f., pune • , MKCU, .HW ; M HChHX, imperi., to

th ink Ha6M:pAIoI (lta6epa, ...ew) j Ha6M:pax

(Ha6p!x), imperi., to gather HllpAAa, f., reward nap", p l. only, f., money IlAOA, n,o,QA;'T, nAOA*, m., fTUit

CONVERSATION

OC8eH rosa. 611x UCKaA CaAaTa

aT AOMaTH. 3a AeCePT HCKaM KHCeAO MAiiKO.

JlO8HI(UW (nOBHxaw) i nOllHKAlf. (no-18HlCax), imperf., to summon

nocri.naaw: (nocn.ru, -HW)i nocrin­aax (nocri.nHlf.), imperf., to enter

nod.P'l18lUC (noUP'la, _HW) i noxAP'l­aax (noxiP'lHlf.) , imperi., to ,pend

npUeu, npUHa, adj., empty pacTi, ew; pacrox., aor. past part.

pac..,o" paCl\a, imperi., to grow piA"IoIC, p4AICa, piAICo, pCAK.H, adj.,

rare CIIIrl', CaeriT, CBeTOaC, num. fOITTl

CIIm, m., world crinou.cHelt, CK1>nou,cHHa, adj. , pre~

cioU5, valuable WA'I>K, GAMICa , adj., ,weet cpCAeH, cpCA.Ha, adj., middle cypatla, r., country, direction C'Iopu,c, n ., heart nO, pI. T61, Tis, TOIIoi, pron., these,

, uch yw., ywh, ywoe.t, m., mind IOlICeH, IOlKHa, adj., ~uthern x.0TiA, m., hotel

Besides this I would like some

tomato salad. For d esert I should like some

yogu rt. To drink, bring me a beer. AOHecbe Mil 3a mieHe eAHa

6Hpa. Ao K6AKO '1aca e OTlWpeH pec~ Until what time is the reslau-

rant open? TOpaHnT? Korn 3an6'1Ba Aa CBUP"

OPKeCnP'hT?

When does the orchestra begin

to play?

97

TYK TaHyysa AU ce? M6*e AU Aa MU nOKa*eTe HH­

Koii Mara3tt" 3a 06AeKA6? Ha K6ii eTa* ce npoAasaT 06ys­

KU? M6*eTe AU Aa MY nOKa*eTe

Apyr MOAeA (Apyr pa3Mep)? M6*e AU Aa npeMCPJl KOCTtOMa? I1:MaTe AU rpaM0$6HHU nA6'1l!

c 6i.ArapcKu Hap6AHU neCHU ?

npoAasaTe AU xapTttJl 3a KOOtt­paHe?

I1:MaTe AU Ape6HH naptt?

98

Is there dancing here? Can you show me some store

for clothing? On what floor do they sell

shoes? Can you show me another

model (another size)? May I try on the suit? Do you have any gramophone

records with Bulgarian folk songs?

Do you sell copy paper?

Do you have any change?

LESSON 15

The Indirect Plupenect - The Indirect Future -

The Indirect Future Penect

The Indirect Pluperfect

The indirect pluperfect is a compound tense composed of the perfect of the verb "to be" plus the aorist past participle.

Examples:

6HA C"hM nttTiA 6IIA C"hM OttCM 6IIA C"bM peK'hA 6HA C'bM HOCHA 6HA C"bM AaA GIlA C'hM A"hP*M 6IIA C'hM HaOpaS"A 6UA C"hM U03UM 6"A C"hM n030BiA 611A C'bM Bi.pUiA

I had asked I had written I had said I had carried ] had given ] had held I had done I had recognized I had called I had returned

The indirect pluperfect is used in indirect narration and cor­responds to both the perfect and the pluperfect in direct narra­tion. As in all other indirect narration forms, the auxiliary (e, ca) in the third person singular and plural is omitted.

Examples:

Direct: CAeA KaT6 TH 6J1x AaA naptt, OTttAOX B C6cpHJI When had given you money, I departed for Sofia.

Indirect: ToA My Ka33.A, 'I.e ITmp OTllllEbA, CAeA KaT6 C"hM My 6IIA AaA oaptt He told him that Peter departed when I had given him money.

99

Direct: KaJKH Ae! KaJKH ! H a KOro CDM HW HeJ,ijO, a? Tell me t Tell me ! Whose things have I eaten?

Indirect: X6AaH, 6aA B'hA'I:Ute! HHKOM)" HUIl!;O He CU 6HA H3M.. Ah, brother Wolfie! You haven't eaten anything of anybody's.

The Indirect Future

The indirect future is composed of the perfect tense of J,ija plus "da" and the present of the verb.

Examples:

JWIA CDM Aa DmaM 1J!.AA CDM Aa Duwa J,ij1lA C'bM Aa ped 1J!.AA CD>K Aa HOCJl 1J!.AA C'bJK Aa 'led. 1J!.AA CDM Aa AOBeA3. Il!;IIA CDM Aa AaM IJYlA CDM Aa A'hPJK3. 1J!.AA CDM Aa HanpuK IJYlA CDM Aa n03Hu J,ij1lA C'bM Aa n00083.

I would ask I would write I would say I would carry I would read I would bring I would give I would hold I would do I would recognize I would call

The indirect future corresponds to the simple future and also to the Future in Past Time of direct narration.

Example:

BjPHO AM e, 'Ie CM IJYlA Aa 3aMMHuaw? Is it true that you would go (or will go)?

The Indirect: Future Perfect

The indirect future perfect is composed of the perfect tense of J,Qa plus uda" and the perfect of the verb.

Examples:

100

JWIA CDM Aa C'bM rnIT3A IJYlA C'bM Aa C'bM "uciA 1J!.AA C'bM Aa C'bM piK"bA J,WlA C'bM Aa CDM HOCHA

I would have asked I would have written I would have said I would have carned

JWlA C'bM Aa C'ltM AaA I would have given I would have held I would have done

JWIA C'bM Aa C'bM A"bP>KiA JWlA C'bM Aa C'bM HanpilutA JWIA CDM ,1I.a C'bM n03HiA IJYlA C'bM Aa C'bM n0308iA

I would have recognized I would have called

This tense corresponds both to the future perfect and to the future perfect in past time of direct narration.

The 6HA Forma

A stronger form of all indirect narration tenses may be made by adding 6HA to the normal indirect narration tense. For example, instead of C'bM npaeeA of the indirect imperfect one can say 6HA CDM npaseA; instead of the JWIA C'bM Aa npuJI of the indirect futu re, one can say JWIA C'bM 6HA ,1I.a npasK ; instead of the J,ijllA

CDM Aa CDM DpasHA of the indirect fut~re perfect one ca.n use J,ijJIA C'hM 6HA Aa C'bM npaeHA. Where there is a lready a 6HA m the

tense, it is not repeated. H owever, these forms are very rarely used. The following table of direct tenses of the verb with the

corresponding indirect tenses may be useful:

Direct Indirttt

present

\ indirect imperfect nHwa

imperfect nHWeA C'bM

nHwex aorist indirect aorist

nHcAx nHciA C"bM

~rtW \ indirect pluperfect oHcM C'bM pluperfect 6MA CDM mfciA

610( mlc3.A

[utu,. \ J,ije oHwa indirect futurt:

future in p~t time WJlA C"bM ,1I.a oHwa

J,WIX A3 nHwa

101

future perfect I I!!e C'hM micM

future perfect in past time J,WlX Aa C'hM mi:clA

EXERCISE '5 A

indirect future perfect I!!M ChM Aa C'hM oHcM

TpJl6Ba Aa Ka)f(a, MaKap 'Ie TOBa HJlMa HHKaKBO OTHorneHHe K"hM MOil paaKa3 - a3 )f(HBeeX Ha naHCHOH. >KHBeexMe CII BecCAO H enOKoJiHO. CAeA aceKH OOeA, H OCo6eHO Beqep, 06HQaXMe Aa OHeM qait, Aa oyrnHM H Aa BOAHM WyMHO GeeCAH, KOHTO nOHJlKora 6HBaxa MHOro pa3ropeI.UeHH, HO BHHaru ee CB"hprnBa'fa TB"hpAe MHPOAJ06HBO.

IJpe3 eAlla TaKaBa AJlTHa Beqep. nOM"JI, B C'htKrra, HHe TOKy I!!O 611XMe AOB"hprnHAH BeqepKTa H ce roTBeXMe Aa nHeM qaA, KoraTO HaB"hH, OT BXOAHHTe BpaTa ce p<l3AaAoxa TUXH CThOKU. AOMaKHHKTa ce eeoHa, BCAyrna ee 11 npoM'hABU: "ToA e!" a npHKTCNIT MH CKOQH HeHaAeAHO H H3THqa HaB"'H, KaT\) 3aRBH: "IJo<l<u(aATe - I!!e ro nOKaHJI Ha qaA."

A3 oille yenOKooax paaB"hAHysaHaTa OT nocn.nKaTa Ha C'ho­pyra ell AOMaKIIHJl, KoraTO BpaTaTa ce OTBOP" " npHJrTeAJrT MH B'h8eAe TOO" qY>KA qOBeK. CTaHaXMe, 3an03HaXMe ceo ti HJlKOAKO MHR)'TH CACA TOBa a3 Be"le 6J1X y6eAeH, 'Ie TOA e CA"H TB"hpAe 06H1(HOBeH 'wBeK, caMO 1fe MaAKO CBIIT H epaMe)f(AHB. Ho 06I.UH­

TCAHHJIT H BecCA Hpas Ha npl1l1TeAJI MH CKOPO ro ycnoKOH, " ToA CTaHa pa3roBOpAHD, AOP" pa3nycHaT. Jil3BHHH ce, 'Ie ThA CBoeH­paBHO ce e A'hP)f(aA npea nOCAeAHHTe AHH, MaKap 1fe HHKOit HHQ!O nOA06Ho He 6erne My CnOMeHaA, n06AaroAapli 3a nOKaHaTa " OTKpH CKP'h6ra CH, "Ie B Co$IIJI xopaTa )t(HBeJIT 11J"hpAe OTAeAeHH H OT1fY>KAeHII eAIIH OT APyru.

HHe n06'hp3aXMe Aa ce C'hrAaCHM C Hero, nOThAKYBaXMe, 110M"h­ApysaxMe.

AO)'IaKHHJlTa CAy<lH MOMeHT H My npeAAO>klf BTOpH 1fait; TOit no6AaroAapH II npue "IaJl lf3BeAHa>K, 6ea Aa OTKa)f(e. TpJl68a Aa cnOMeHa, "Ie Bce 0l!!e He npeCTaDax Aa ro CAeAll BHHMaTeAHO. H HallCTUHa, OT norAeAa MH He Orollrna HIITO eAHO HerODO AIHf)f(e­HHe. TaKa, HanpHMep, 3afieAJI3aX, 1fe KoraTO Toli pa3roBapllwe, 06P'hl!!awe ce K'hM Hac, ABaMaTa M"h)f(e.

lO.

KoraTO TOn My 33.HeC'hA 61IAeTIITe, MBaH 6HA H3AJl3'hA Be"le. Toit 6nA My Ka3aA Aa He KynyBa 611AeTU, HO tiBal! 611A 3afipaBI1A H 611A KyOlIA 3a BTOpHHK. TJI My 6HAa Ka3aAa Aa HC lI,l1,Ba B oceM

"Iaca, 3al.J!OTO lA!Ma Aa e 113AIl3Aa.

EXERCISE '5 B

I. Peter's son said to his father: "Father, you have much moncy." 2. H is father said th at he had much money, but he did not give any thing to his son. 3. I gave books to workers every day. 4. I told him that I gave bread to the peasants in my village. He told him that I gave bread to the peasants in my village. 5. Yesterday I knew what he was doing, but today I do not know where he is. 6. Where did you see him? I saw him in your v illage and I talked with him. 7. Give me what you have in your hand. 8. One day my father came to my house with two friends. 9. I told my friend that my father came to my house yesterday. 10. Did I tell

you that he said that he saw you?

VOCABULARY

6ecl:Aa, f., speech, conversation 6KaaM, imperf., to be 6H.Al:T, m., ticket .ece..o, adv., merrily, happily . HMm;reAHO, adv., carefully aOAJI, .,oAHWj .,oAJix, imperf. , to lead ao.YWllaM ce (lICAywaM ee) j &<:"yw-

IWr. ee (8CAywaX cel, imperf., to lilIten

U6PHHJ(, m., Tuesday .. !l6KAaw (n8eAa, l:w) j nal:Jt(Aax

(nal:Aox), aor. part. nab, im­perf., to bring in

rOnll, roTlII'IW; romHX, imperf., to prepare

AIoH*ome, n., movement AOrlpw::aaloi (Aoe;,pwa, -HW) j ACt­

rlpWBaX (Aoei,pWUX), imperf., to finillh

AOlolaJ(HHII, f., mistress of the house ,.6eMi3I13.M (3a6eAl:lKa, -HW) j 3a-

6e.U:max (3a6eA~lKHX H :sa6eMi-3ax), imperf., to note

3a.dBaloi (:saliBi, -HW) j 3al[BDaX (3a.IIHx), imperf., to announce

HlTHqBaNj (u3THqaN); imperi., to run out

Al:Tc:H, AUHa, Airno, "tnm, adj. , of the summer

",adp 'Ie, conj., although "'"POAl061i110, adv., peacefully He"aA~ft ll o, adv., suddenly, unell-

pectedly HpaII, Hpall'loT, Hpaa ... , m., d illposil ion,

character 06llkHoal: ll , 06HkHoaeHa, adj., ordi­

ouy 061,ijlin:"eH, 06~Ha, adj., soci­

able ~ (oTld.~, -e11l); orxaall3.ll

(~), imperi., to refU$C OTAe...eH, OTAbtta, adj. , separated OTliowl:IUle, n., connection OT'ly)l(.4~H, oT'ly)l(.4~lIa, adj., es-

tranged, separated [lH.II, n1tew j [l1IX, imperf., to drink

no6i.p;saaw (no6i.puw), imperf., to hastcn

nOKiKa, r., invitation nOKiKaaw (nod .• u, -HW) ; (noci­

HKX), imperf., to invitc n6!oOU, -HW; n6MKRx, impe.rf., to re-

member nOIlAAPYnM, imperf., to speak wisely ROKu:ora, adv., sometimes IIOCA~CH, nOCl\.t..tHa, adj., last, re-

"''' noc:ri.nka, f., behaviour n~, imperf., to interprct, to

explain nodK6aM (nO'lbaM), imperf., towait npc..v.Ara .. (npe..v.6JKa, _HW); (npc-­

..v.6l1UOt), imperf., to offer npecri.aaw (npecri.Ha, -ew) ; (npe­

criHax), imperf., to cease npo~DaM (n~, -RW) ;

(npt»noABKx), imperf., to muller, to mumble

nywa, _HW; nywRx, imperf., to smoke pa3A.but (Pa3Aaw, pa3.AM~w);

(paa..sA.Aox), impen., to dutribute refl. (of a sound) to be heard in succe.sion p~, pa3~Ha, adj.,

excited paaroaopAliB, pa3roBOpAliBa, adj.,

talkative pa3f"(lptl,ij~H, pa3ropel,ij~Ha, adj.,

heated

CONVERSATION

HCKaTe AU Aa Bu 3an03HieM c rpa,d?

Aa. K6AJc6 Bpbte J,Ue HU OTHe­Me pa3rll.6KAalieTO Ha rpMi?

Il!e Bu 33nOOHieM C"bC 336e11.e­.lfOITeAHOCTHTe Ha C6ctmR.

Il!e nOCeTlhlll.H rp66a Ha fiBiH BhoB?

H CKaMe Aa nOCeTHM lioRHCKaTa u-i.pKBa.

10 4

pa:IIlYCKaT, punYauTa, adj., re­leased, free, uninhibited

CBKT, CIIKn., adj. , timid, bashful CBOeHPbHO, adv., capricious, wilful,

wayward CBl,pWMN (Clli.pwa -lUU); (cllip­

wrur.), imperf., to finuh CCneaw: ce (coma ce, -ew ee) ; (cen­

Hax ce), imperf., to start, to be ltartled

CKiqaM (cx6-<la, -HW) ; (exo.lix), im­perf., to jump

CkpW, CkJl'lt6nl., Crlp6H, f., sorrow CACAi, -Hw; CACAHx, impcn., to

follow CAj'laaw (CArra, -HW) ; (CArrRX), im-

perf., to find, to choose cnox6AHo, adv., peacefully cpaweJKAlis, cpaMeJKAHaa, adj., shy mnn, r., step cf.6on, r., Saturday C"ltfAaCDa" ee (C"ltrAad cc, -RW ce);

«(fbrAaclix ee), impen., to agree C"ltnpyra, r., wifc, spouse TOKY 1,ij0, conj., had just y6cAbt, y6c..lbta, adj., convinced ycnoxoOaw (ycnoxoj, -RW) ; (ycno-

KOrur.) , imperf., to quiet, to make comfortable

'1YlKA, '1ylk,4a, adj., strange, belong­ing to someonc else

wjMCH, wjMHa, adj. , noisy

Would you like us to acquaint you with the city?

Yes. How much time will the tour of the city take?

We shall acquaint you with the notable sights of Sofia.

Shall we visit the grave oflvan Vazov?

We want to visit the church at Bojana.

, I

I

B KOj roAMHa e nOCTpObla W 3at>eAeJtO.tTeAHa u-i.pKBa?

Or Kori AaTHpaT CTeHona CHTe?

MHoro 6HxMe HCKaAU Aa npu­ciCTB)'Bawe Ha npelofHepa Ha HlUC.OR Kll.aCHlieCKa RUeCa.

KOR OT KAaCH'IeCKlfTe ApaMlf HMa HaA·roMM ycnex?

MH6ro ce lfHTepeCYBaM OT 6""· rapcKHTe iBTOpH.

In what year was that notable church built?

From what year do the frescoes date?

How many inhabita nts does the capital have?

We would like very much to attend the premiere of some classical play.

Which of the classical dramas has the greatest success?

I am very interested in the Bul­garian authon.

105

LESSON . 6

The Participles - The Gerund

Bulgarian has five participles, as follows:

J. Present active participle (cerauIHo AelkTBHT(:AHO npH. d.CTJfe).

a. It ends in -aJ,y (-Slll!), and sometimes in elj!, for verbs of the first and second conjugations which have the accent on the ending, and in all third conjugation verbs.

Examples: " 'T' - '1eTJllj! reading Ted. - Te'lI<\11! flowing rAeAaM - rA~aJ,y looking npHcrnraM - npHCTHral,l! a rriving

b. It ends in -el,l! for verbs of the first and second conjugations whose accent is on any syllable except the ending.

Examples: ros6PJl )kHBeJl

HOC'

- roB6pelJ! - )ttHBeelA! - H6celJ!

speaking living carrying

The present active participle is rare in the spoken language, although two such participles at least have become regular ad­jectives: ropbJ! hot, and BOHel!! smelly. Both of these illustrate the fact that verbs of the first and second conjugations with the accent on the ending may also end in -elll as well as in -alll (-III,l!). Another example is in the following sentence: Cenle, xor.iTo n.pMRJ,yaTa MawliHa Ha6AJl)KH np6\e3a, TOft H3TH'la AO p6\cHTe.

<06

I

2. Aorist active participle (MHHaAO cripweHo AeACTBHTeAHO npHd.cTHe).

a. It is formed by adding -A to the aorist stem.

Examples: micax H6cHX rA~ax

- "HCM - H6cHA - rAcAL.

written carried looked

b. Verbs that form the aorist with -ox drop a "A" or "T" before the "A" of the participle.

Examples: '1CToX 66AOX

read pierced

c. Verbs tha t form the aorist with -ox that have roots ending h h "" "" dd ·" hi "" " in a consonant ot er t an A or T a a movea e ~

between the root and the "A" of the participle in the mascu line singular.

Examples: peKOX AOHCCOX

- peK1>A - AOHCC"bA

spoken brought

We have already met this participle as it is used in the formation of compound tenses: perfect, pluperfect, indirect pluperfect, future perfect, indirect future perfect; and also in the conditional mood . It can also be used as a participle independently of these tenses.

Examples : Toli ce pwawe Ha nX:TeHlma, AOwb. OT AaAC'IeH Kpatt. He was pleased with the guest come (who had come) from a distant region.

It is frozen in a few phrases like MHHaAaTa roAHHa last year.

3. Imperfect active participle (MHHaAO HeCB1>pWeHO AeAc­TBHTeAliO npH'IaCTJfe).

It is also formed by adding an -A, but this time to the imperfect stem.

Examples: '1erlix - 'leTHA read rAcAax - rACAllA looked x6Aex - X6ACA walked

.0)

In some verbs, where the aorist and the imperfect stems have the same form, the imperfect active participle and the aorist active participle also have the same form.

Examples: r.M~Aax

npaix looked endured

In some usages there is a difference in accent; in other words, some people make a difference between these two participles (as they do between the two tenses also) by using one accent in the imperfect 'and another in the aorist, even when the verb has a prefix .

Examples: pasfAe:lKAax - pa3rAe:lKAaA surveyed (imperfect) P:UfAe:lKAU - pasrAe:lKAiA surveyed (aorist) rAeiax - fA~aA

rAe,dx - rAeAM

In principle the accent on the final syllable for a verb whose accent in the present is on the root is dialectical.

This participle we have seen in the formation of the indirect imperfect. It has no other use.

Verbs with an imperfect active participle in -M in the singular, ·change -11- to -e- in the plural.

Examples: 'letHA, 'lerha, 'leTAAO, 'IeTCAH read.

But verbs of the third conjugation keep -H- in the plural also.

4. PreHnt pa •• ive participle (cerawHo CTpaAaTeAHO npHd­CTHe)

This is now a regular adjective rather than a participle. It is formed by the ending -HM or -eM.

Examples:

AI06H, AI06HW S6AH, S6AHW ros6p1l, ros6PHW

- A,ooHM - SOAHM - roSOpHM

being loved (beloved) leadable being spoken (spoken)

It is often found in the negative to indicate impossibility.

008

I

Examples :

(YMsA, YAOSHW) HeYAOSw. (no6eAi, no6eAHw) HenOOeAHM (06x6AA'. 06x6AHw) HeOOxOAHM

not to be found unconquerable, invincible indispensible

5. P •• t pa .. ive participle (""IHaAO CTPaAareAHO npH'IaCTHe)

The past passive participle is formed on the aorist stem.

a. Verbs in -Ha and monosyllabic verbs with roots ending In a vowel form the participle with -T.

Examples : SARma, BAHmu '1'111, 'Iyx n03Hu. nooHu

- 8AuI'HaT - ' YT - nOOH3.T

h. All . other verbs use the ending -H.

- mt:caH

raised heard known

written Examples: nucax, oucax rAeAaM, fA~a.x - rA~aH seen (looked at)

I. Verbs of the first conjugation with aorists in -ox and verbs of the second conjugation in -HX, use the ending -eH.

Examples: 'led., 'Ibox - 'laeH read AOHeca, AOHecox - AOHeceH brought ped., p6tox - pe'leH said HOcH, H6cHX - HOceH carried roTB1I, r6TBHX - rOTBeH prepared

c. Verbs in -ell with a monosyllabis.,root can have participles both in - H and -T, with a preference for -T.

Examples: nOAell, noAh H3n6l. H3m

Harpell, Harpflx

- nom. nom - H3nh, H3 niH

- Harpkr, HarpKu

poured sung warmed

d. Participles of verbs with an aorist in -JIX change the -Ji- of the participle to -e- in the plural.

log

Examples : nOAtR, nOAJlx - nOARH, nOAtHH.

All of the above participles can have articulated forms and change in gender and number.

The Ger1llld

This is an indeclinable verbal form not very frequently found and restricted to the written language. It is possible only for imper­fective verbs. It ends in -eAKH in the first and second conjugations and -aAKH (-JlAKH) in the third.

Examples: '1m, 'Ie-rem 'IeTtibm reading TeKa, Te'lem TeqeAKH flowing n6J, ntew nteitKH singing XOAJI, XOAHW xOAeAKlI walking r.M~AaM, rAtAalU rA~aAKH looking CTpb.ni, crpb.RW crpbRAKH shooting

Example of use: M rynaAKH c TOR}f(KaTa, l'OAOrAaB HMeac.

EXER CISE ,6 A

If eTO 'Ie AOAeTO OIA!e ce ry6ex H AOra,ltKlI, I'OCThT Aonu 'IaJ( CH, CAO}f(H 'IamaTa H , KaTO DOCTOR HRKOAKO MHra, OTB¢AHa}f( pR3KO «: H3BDpHa B KpeCAOTO, np<>CTpJl p1>Ka IC1>M 6AH3KaTa eTa}f(epKa H noe OT TaM CAO}f(eHaTa CB060AHO KHHra. T 33H KHHra 6eme eAlIff MaA'bK TOM OT p3.3K3.3HTe Ha MonacaH, Koiho AOMaKUHJrra "cyeme. Ton XIrhpAH 6p1>3 norACA 8'bpxy ITl>pSHTe CTpaHHI.lH, H3npasH rAasa, npHKosa O 'llt S AOMaI<ItHJlTa It DonHTa HRKaI< nOAHrpaoaTeAHo:

- Bile AH 'IeTeTe T3.3H Kllllra, rocnO}f(O? npH Tosa 8'bpxy YCTHHTe My TpenHa MHnlO8eHa yCtomSI<a.

6eAHaTa )KeHa np1l6AeAHlI OIye nose'le; TJI MeTRa DOCJI.CAo-8aTeAHO ABa 6e3nOMOIJ.!.HH norAeAa Ty K'br.( MeHe, T)' I\hM C'bnpyra CH " OTB'bpHa C OTn<l,/tHaA rAac, C'bIA!O 8nHAa norACA S Henoo­HaTHR :

- Aa, a3.

11 0

"

i

Bnpo'l.eM, He 38aM, )'(o)l(e 6u, SCH'IKO TOsa caMO MH ce e cropKAO TaKa, MO>Ke 6» He 6eme ce CAY'lHJ\.O HHI,I!O noseqe OT HJlKOAKO C;'bSCeM CAY'laAHo pa3MeHeHU AYMH. Ho npu311 asaM CU, MOUTt' HepsH C'bl1!0 6na seqe M3AI<O 06TerHaTH, a3 C'b,!!o "ysCTB}'Bax , 'I e C'bM roTOS Aa npeyseAHqaSaM AeACTBHTeAHoccra. A S Tosa npeMe rocnOAHH'bT HaneAe rAaBa U nOAeKa npoH3Hece - cera Be'le

C'bSCeM cnoKoAIlO H 6e3crpaCTHo: _ H a3 06u'laM T03" nUCaTeA; roA e eAHH OT MaA~OTO JlCHD­

BHAUM KOUTO ca HM cnoxOJK,AaAH AO AHec ... _ JlCHOBHAUH?! _ npeK'bCHa 1"0 npnJITeNl Mn, aaCerHaT He Ha

lUera. A3 H3Tp'bnHaX; 3Haex ynopHTHIIT H cnpHxaB "paB Ha npH­I1TeAl1 cn, OCOOeMo KoraTO cTaHeme pe'l 33 AlfTeparypa H HJlKOA ce OA'bp3OCTeWe ,!I,a He ce C'brAaCH H3BeAHa}f( C Hero. A TpM6Ba ,!I,a Bn Ka)Ka, npHKTCAI1 MH ce ,!I,'bp)f{ellle, c ynopHTaTa caMoy­BepeuOCT aa CTap npenO,!l,aoaTeA no AHTepaT)'pa, 0 HJlKOAKO H3TbpKaHH nOAylicTHHH, KOHTO OT HeaanOMHeHH BpeMeHa KpaCJlT

BCHtum YQe6HHUH no CAOBeCHOCT.

EXER CISE , 6 B

1. If you will read the stories of Maupassant, I will give yo~ a book by Ivan Vazov. 2. Vazov is the best known of all Bulg~nan writers. 3. My friend 's wife said that they would come to ~lOner tomorrow ifVazov would be there. 4. The poor woman dld not know what to say. 5. If she had seen her brother earlier, she would have been prepared to answcr the question. 6. I would have written you last night, but something happened. 7· He heard that the teacher would go to Sofia the following week. 8. My father would have gone to Sofia yesterday, but my mother

fell ill.

VO CABULARY

6i.\eK, 6tAKa, adj. , poor, WTetehed 6e:m 6MOl,ijeK, 6e3n6MOI,ijI,a, adj.,

helpless 6c::3cTpaCTKO, adv., indifferently,

pauioniessly . allluoaM (BIlI1., Bo.tew); (_notx), Im-

perf., to press into, to fix (of eyes or glance)

ry6J1, ry61'1W ; ry6Kx, im~rf. , to lose AeACTBH-reAKOCT, f., reality AoraAxa, f. , a guess, surmise AOAero, conj., while, until

"I

A1opd, A'l>p,.ut.u ; A1opa&x. imv., AP'WK, Api*"'C, imperf., to hold. refl., to behave

eTa.lItepKa, f., shelf Mdnu. (33.ccnta, -em); (33.cernax),

ppp. 33.CCnlaT, imperf., to touch, to affect

I1311CcreH, H3Bttnia, adj., known I13'Tpi.naaM (H.npi.nHa, -em) ; (H3-

Tpi.nHax), imperf., 10 shudder H3rlPUIi, H3n.pxaHa, adj., worn

out, rubbed off" kJ>'lCJi, xpacHm; xpaCJix, imperf., to

decorate 1lpeCA6, n., easy-chair, arm-chair MHr, MIn-l,T, MHrosC, num. form

wHTa, m ., moment MHmOaCH, MHmOllCHa. adj., mo­

mentary Heaan6NHeH, He3aI16NHeHa, adj., . beyond the reach of memory, un­

known 06"rcmaT. 06TCntaTa, adj., strained O.4"l>p3OCTDaM ce (OA-'p3OCTJi ce, -Hill

ce); (O.4"l>P3OCTJbc ce), imperf. , to dare

OTKAHa., adv., suddenly nOAl"6nteH, nOAr6neHa, adj., pre­

P"''' nOAHrpaa.heAHO, adv., mockingly nobw.i (noCMa, -em) ; (no6c.), im_

perf., to take up nOAYttCTHHa, r., half-truth nOC,\CAOUTeMlO, adv., successively,

in succession nOOBOldaaM CH (nooBOM CH, -um Cli) ;

(n03I1OAHx CH), imperf., to alIow oneself

npericBaM (npericHa, -ew) ; (ope­xi.(:HU), imperf., 10 inlenupl, to cut short

CONVERSATIO N

KaK-bS e HHTepeCbT K"bM TeaTb­

pa y sac? TYK TeaTpiAHuTe npeAcTaBAC­

HHII ce nOCeJ.,1!3.BaT A06pe.

II.

npenoAaMTeA., npenOAaJl..i~, m., teacher, instructor, lecturer

npeyae.>.H'lbaw: (npeyBe.\H"la, -liw) ; (npeYIle. .. wn"O.:), imperf., to exag­gerate

npH6.0.CADaM, imperf., to become pale

npHxoaaaaM (nplixoaJ. , -cw); (npH­f(oux), imperf., to fix on

npoH3H!i.(IM (npoH3Heca, -cm); (npo-1f3HecOX), imperf., to pronounce, to uller

npocrnpaw (1IJ)OC1"p8., -cw) ; (npo­crpJix) aor. part. npoctpu, npo­crptu, npocrph.o, rrpocrpC.\H, imperf., to lIPread

pa3M.eH6t, pa.:!WCHcHa, adj., ex-changed ~, ~,~If,f.,WOro pi:JKO, adv., briskly caMO}'IICpeHOCT, f., self-confidence o.cAlla!,ij, o.CAoal,ija, adj., following CM)BecHOCT, o.OBeCHOCTTlI., f., litera-

ture cnox6~ (CI1ox6~, -liW) ; (cno­

X6AIIX), imperi., to visit cnplixu, CI1pHxatla, adj ., irritable,

quarrelsome crpiHHua, f., page TOM, T6.n.T, roMOBe, m., volume -rpCraaM (tp6rna, -ew); (",cnHu),

imperf., to start , to wince, to flinch, to flicker

ynopih, ynoptha, adj., persistent YCMHBf(a, f., smile YCTHa, f., lip yq.C6HHX, yq.C6HlfW'l, m., textbook wera, f., joke; He Ha wera, seriously "CH08HAC\I, "CH~, m., prophet,

forecaster, clairvoyant; short art!­culaled form .. CHOliHAeua

How great is the interest in the theatre in your country?

Theatrical performances are well attended here.

, npeACTaBhCHHeTO J.,1!e aan6qHe

cK6po. OT * ce BH>K,Aa A06pC. CheA Tpe-rHK CiiTHM He nYCKaT

B 3v.aTa.

KaKBU q,UAMH AasaT Ta3H ce,.,.­MHua?

EuxMe UCKaAH Aa rAc!AaMe use­TeH xYA6*ecTBeH q,HAM.

KacJtTe ca OTB6peHH npea ye­AHK AeH.

Aa cmt.AeM S HapOAHaTa (YHH­sepc"mcKaTa) 6H6AHOTeKa.

HHTepec9BaM ce OT npoH3BeAC­Hl-urra Ha 6i.ArapcKHTe nH­CaTeA" KAaCUUH.

KOM OT SaWHTe C'bspCMeHHH aSTOPH MH npenop-bqSaTe Aa qeT!?

OT K6r6 TpA:6Ba Aa nOAjquM paapeWCHHeTO Aa u3n6A3Y-8aMe apXHsHJI .p6HA?

AasaTe AH KHHrn 3a H3B-bH-6H-6AUOTCqHO H3n6A3)'BaHe?

K6AKO SpCMe M6ra Aa 3(lA"bp*a KHUraTa?

KHHrara we 3(lA'bP)Ka. 6J.,1!e HR­KOAKO ACHa.

EH6AHOTedpHTt ca MH6ro Y"­rnSH.

The performance will begin soon.

One can see well from here. After the third signal they don't

let anyone into the audito­rium.

What films a re they giving this week?

We would like to see a color film.

The box offices are open all day.

Let us go to the National (the University) Library.

I am interested in the works of Bulgarian classical writers .

Which of your contemporary authors do you recommend that [ read?

From whom must we get per­mission to we the archives?

Do you give out books for out­side library use?

How long may I keep the book?

I will keep the book several days longer.

The librarians are very polite.

"3

EMlL\H.IIH CraHeB

Cl\EA AOBA

CAeA eAHH AOB Ha In,An 'hA'hUH HHe TaKa ce U3MopHXMe, "Ie HJlKOA­

KDTO KlL\OMeTpa n 'hT AO 6AH3KOTO CeAO, KoeTO HanYCHaxMe paHO

CYTPHHTa, HU ce cropH 6e3KpaeH.

ABrycroBaTa HO~ lUi 3aBap" 6A" 30 AO p eKaTa. TaM " 3 6yAHO

H3paCHaAHTe UapeoHUH HaMepHxMe AocTa n"hAITbA'hUH. Ho BUCD­

KHTe cn6Aa H CAOl'OBe npe'le"a Ha CTpeA6aTa. Y AapeHHTe nTHUII

MD'IHO ce HaMHpaxa. KyqeTaTa HH, o6oApcHH OT BeqepHaTa

XAaAuHa U p alApa3HeHH OT 'IeCTHTe U3CTpeAH, TH"laXa KaTO AYAH

H He CAym axa HamUTe 3an OBeAH .

- Aa npeKpaTHM AOBa - npeAAO)KH ApyrapJlT MH. - YTpe '}fa

paH~Ha, AOKaro pocaTa He ce e A HrHaAa, II!e 3anO"HeM OT TH.II

MeCTa. A cera xaAAe B CtAo.

- 3al1&0 Aa He npeHOI,yYBaMe T)'K? - Kaaax aa. - HMaMe MY­waMH. Te ~e HH 3ana3.11T OT BAaran H pocaTa. I1!e HaKA<l,AeM

OIDH }I llJe CH Hanp aBHM OTAH"HH Aer Aa B OHaa Ky n a ceHO.

- KaKTo HCKaTe - C'hrAaCH ce MO.IIT APyrap.

HHe HaKA<l,AOXMe OIDH, H3neKOXMe HJlKOAKO y6HTH nTHU" H

Karo ce HaBeqepJlXMe 6oraro, npHl'OTBUXMe AerAaTa c u. H aTer­

HaTH KpaA TAeelJ!ll .ll OIDII , M'hA"laAUBO ce HaCAa;KAaDaxMe Ha

nO<IHBKaTa. AOB'hT C nTH"ap e yMOpHTtAHO 3a"HMaHHe, HO nOllHB­

KaTa CAeA AOBa e BTOpa YAOBOACTBUe.

n OA MeTHaTiITe B"hpXy ceHOTO My m aMH ol!!e ce ycelJ!am e TOIlAH­

HaTa Ha 3eM.IITa, Han e'leHa npe3 AeH.II OT )KapKOTO CA'hHUe.

Mltp1l3MaTa Ha ceHO It np'hCT cTaBawe n O-OCTpa " on}lBaIl!a B'hB

BAa)KHU.II B'h3Ayx KpaA p eKaTa. H a mltTe Ky qeTa, AerHMIt KpaA

OrbHJI, AeHHBO n OMaXBaxa K'hCHTe Cit onaWKIt It KaTO HH r A(:Aaxa

KOt!: 3Hae 3al.l&0 BHHOBHO, BCAYIUBaxa ce B r aCHe!J.!;HTe 3BYU" Ha

nOAtTO.

"4

- Xy6asa HOIlJ - Kaaax a3, 3arAeAaH B A'hA60KOTo, '1epHO,

aBl)'crOBCKO He6e, ocno C eApH 3Be3AH, KORTO np)KeCTBeHO MM­

raxa B nMHHJl KynoA.

- X y6asa, HO 6t3AYHHa - OTrOBOpM Apyr apn MH. - nD­

xytiasH ca JOHCKHTe HOIJ!H.

T oA nOM1>A'Ia H A06asH.

- IOHCKHTe HOIlJH, KoraTO BD3AyX"hT e HaCHTeH C apoMaTa Ha

yapeAH 'TptBH H Ha MA<lAa 3eAeHHHa.

- BcH'IKH HOIJ!H pa3Ht)t(BaT '10BeKa - 3a6tA.II3ax a3.

HHe M'hA'IaxMe A'hAI'O BpeMe. H OlJ!Ta 6asHO 06qn.~awe BCH'I­

KO. HawHn CAa6 OIDH 06pa3ysaw e MaAI(O qepBeHO n eTHO,

OTBpeA npHTHCHaTO C nMHHHa. OKOAHHTe KyKypy3H 6e3M'hABHO

ce H3AHraxa KaTO Mpa'lHH H CTpawHH peAHUH Ha H.IIKaKBH nOA­

KOBe, cnpeAH CBO!! nOXOAeH Maplll BcpeA paSHHHaTa. B TOnAn!! H

BAa)KeH B"h3Ayx IJ!YPUHTe ce'06aJKAaxa KaTO AYAH, a Kp.llKaHeTO

Ha )Ka6HTe pe)Kewe HOIl!Ta.

- CAY'lBaAO AH BU ce e Aa nOIJ!<tAHTe AUBe'la, Ko raTO H.IIMa

DOllTH HHKaKBH BHAHMH npH"HHH 3a TOBa H KoraTO ToA caM ce e

HasHpaA Ha nymKaTa BH? - OOOHTa HeO'laKBaHO MO.llT Apyrap.

- CTp}'Ba IdH ce, 'Ie He •..

- XM, TOrasa He nOOHaBaTe oc06eHOTO YAOBOACTBHe, KoeTO

AOBeU'bT H3nHTBa np" nOAOOeH CAY'laA.

- Ilop <tAH? ..

- IIopaA" HAena 3a Be'lHOCT, aKO lJ!eTe! - HanpTH Apyrapn

N" H Me n orAeAMa C TOil OpAHTD-HaCTOA'IHB norAeA, C KoAro

'IOBet<. rAeAa o6eceAMHKa CH, KoraTO ce 6oA, 'Ie nOCAeAHHn

npHeMa A}'MHTe My C HaCMeWKa. IlOCAe, 6e3 Aa ce HHTepeC}'Ba

AaAH ~e MY OTI'OBOpll, roA MH p aaKa3a Tall Hcropn.ll.

" IlpeAH AeCeTHH.a l'OAHnH Y"HTeACTB}'Bax H3 OKOAHHTe ceAa,

AOKaro HaA-ceme ycnJIX Aa n OAY'la M.IICTO B POAMOTO CH CeAO.

Orrorasa HacaM )KHBe.ll T)'K. Me'lTaTa MH 6eme Aa ce 3aB"hpHa

H yCTaHo B.II B 6a~HHaTa CI1 K"hlJ!a, KO.IITO Bl1e Be'le BHAJlXTC n oopa­

BeHa H nOAMOBeHa. AOBHaTa crpaCT 6em e Me 06XBaHaAa o~e OT

Aert. B HamH.II POA T.II e HaCAeACTBeHa 'lepTa. AopH T.II Me

3aCTaBH Aa CTaHa CeACKH y 'lHTeA H Aa )KHBell B ceAO. '-loBeK ce

npHB"hpB3Ba ClL\HO K'hM MeCTaTa, H3 KOHTO A'hAl'O BpeMe e XOAHA

Ha AOB, " rn 06uKBa KaTO CBoA HMOT •..

B eAuH JOHCKH AeH, KaTO AOB.IIX pH6a 6AU3O AO CeAOTO B rOAe-

",

MH. .a Ita BOAeHHUaTa, 3a6eA.3ax 00 MeKH. n.CbK Ha 6pera

CAeAH OT BHApa. OCTaT'bUHTe OT AIOCOH H KOCTH OKOHqaTeAHO we

ysepHXa, 'Ie 8HApaTa A08H pH6a Ha6AH30.

Oll1e Cbl,Qara 8eQep peWHX Aa YCTpo.ll 3aC:tAa 8 ropHH.II Kpait

Ha BHpa, n OA caMH. &bp3elt

I-h6pax CH M.IICTO, MHOro YA06HO 33. TaJI UeA. TaM pe!<aTa

npaBH MaA1>K 3a80ii. B AeeHH. 6p.llr HMa CKaAH - CHItH, AeCKOBH.

rIOA TH.II eKaAlf et HaMHpa Hel,QO KaTO nAoI,Q3AKa, KO.IITQ ce BAaBa

IrhB 8OAaTa. EAHa 3ary6eHa B wyw:aTa rn.Te'lKa H38(:JKAa Ha HeJl.

On:PHTO M.IICTO H KpaCH80. 3Ha.IIT ro MaAUHHa, KOUTO MHHaBaT

OTTaM H ee orouBaT Aa nun OT 6HCTpaTa H CTyAeHa BOAa Ha

KA:tAeH'IeTO, KOCTO H3BHpa OT CkaAHTe. H:tA AeCKHTe KaTO

xpaCTH Ha AIOA.IIk ce H:tABeCBaT HlA peKaTa H.llKOAkO Ape6HH

AHnH. ToraBa Te 6.IIXa Oll1e nO-HUCKH, HO HMaxa usn U TOKY-1l10

6xxa U1>THaAH.

BeqepTa C nYWKa B p1>Ka a3 ce npHTaHX Ha TOBa MIICTO.

OrHa'laAO ce B3upax B1>B BOAaTa" T'bpneAHBO OqaKBax BHApaTa

Aa ce nO.llBH. IjRAOTO MH BHHMaHHe 6ewe HaCOqeHO K'hM npe­

ACTO.llIl\H.II AOB. B CBoeTO Hen.pneHHe H CTpacr nOH.llKora MH ce

crpysawe, 'Ie BH)l(AaM rAaBaTa Ha nAysall1aTa BHApa. ETO .II,

pa3uenBa 80AaTa H 'hrAOBaTa 6pa3Aa OT ABere H cTpaHH 06pa3YBa

WHpoKH KJ>'hroBe, KOlfTO 6'hp 30 TpenKaT H 6srraT KDM 6pera .•.

B3HpaM ce nO-A06pe, r AeAaM, nAYBa >Ka6a H H30YCHa C B'h3AHWKa

Ha6paHHJI A1>X B n.pAHTe CH ...

c.....eA 'lac ce yMOpHX Aa 'IUaM H n OCTeoeHHO H3ry6HX H:tAeJKAa,

'Ie BHApaTa T,ije ce nOKa>Ke. EABa TOraDa 33.6eNl3aX KOAKO e Kpa­

CHBa IOHCKaTa HOIl1.

Til 6ew e THxa, C8eTAa H WenTJlll1a. rIoA A"hqme Ha AYHaTa

peKaTa A1>l,Qew e KaTO HJlkaKBO 3AaTHO TeqeHHe. Or BpeNe Ha

BpeMe C AeK nAJlCbk nOACKa'lawe pH6a H 6AJ1CBarue HilA BOAaTa.

)Ka6HTe HaAaBaxa A1>Anrre CH kypKaHH.II, CJfKaW ce MOo'I.exa.

AHmfTe HaA MeH AeKO nOMaxBaxa WHpoKHTe CH AHCTa U TexHHTe

ceHKH eABa 3a6eAe)l{HMO Tperrr.llXa B r A3AJ{HTe BOAU Ha BHpa.

A B KAaAeH'IeTO, YAaBeH H, ce nOAIOMlBaxa H.llKOAKO 3Be3AH, KaTO

Ape6HU )l{1>ATHUH, naAHaAH Ha A"hHOTO My. H e BU AH ce e CAY'I­

BaAO Aa CTOHTe HenOAl!H)I{HO H Aa ce BCAyllIBaTe B TakaBa HOIl\?

CTpysa BH ce, 'Ie 'IYBaTe Kak paCTaT TpeBUTe, KaK KHOH MA3.AH.IIT

>KHBOT HaOKOAO, KaK HCH'IKO C.IIKaW HU roBOpU 3a CHO.IITa PilAOCT,

,,6

qe e MA3,AO, CHARO U 1fe )l{lfBee. 3eMJlTa H He6eTo ce CAHBaT B tAKo

6HTHe H CaMHTe BHe nOT'bBaTe U ce 3a6paene 8 Hero. P3,AOCT

H3IThA8a URAOTO lIH CbT,ijecno. J.icKa eH ce Aa rA"hTHeTe OT AK>60e

CBeTa •••

A:J OCTaeux nywKaTa HaCTpaHa, Aemax B1>PXY TOnAUJI kaM1>k

H BAaAeH B xy6aBU p33MHWAeHUiI, rAtAax 'IYAecHOTO IOHCKO He6e.

Ii eTO, T'bKMO KoraTO 6.IIX 3a6paBHA 3a BHApan, TJl ce nOKaaa.

EAHH HeoqaKBail IlAJICDK, CAtA KoATO )l{a6HTe H3BeAH"h)l{

WA'hKHaxa, Me HaKapa Aa norAeAHa B'hB BHpa.

r AaBaTa Ha BKApaTa ce BH)l(Aarue KaK UenH BOAaTa cpell1Y

tt'leHHeTO.

rI"hpeara MH MHCDA 6ewe Aa rpaOHa n YWKaTa. H o a3 c:w6pa-

3HX BeAHara, 'Ie MoeTO ABH)I{eHHe ll1e H3A3At "PHCDCTBHeTO MH.

'/\'YHaTa 6ewe ce H3AUl'1IaAa H orp.IIAa OAOIAJaAKaTa, Ha KO.llTO

CTO.llX, T'bit 'Ie no UeBHTe Ha nywKaTa ee otpa)l{aearue CHHKaBaTa

CBeTAUHa Ha 3Be3AHTe.

Tp.ll6Bawe Aa OCTaHa HenOABH)I{eH H Aa 1faKaM YA06HaTa MH­

Hyra.

BHApaTa AocntI'Ha 6"hp3e.ll. T.II ce 030Ba Ha n.llC"h'lHHII HOC H

A'heHa TaM KaTO qepHa KOTKa. CAeA TOBa H3A3Ae TUX, HeonpeAe­

AeH 3B)'K H Aerna.

K'hM He. ce HaCO'lHXa 1'pH '1epHH ceHKH. Te .II 3a06HkOAHXa H

33.nO'lHaxa Aa AywaT MYUYHaTa n. n OCAe KaTO n o AaAeH 3HaK H

'Ient:pHTe H3THqaxa AO KpM Ha Hoca, AeTO 3a MHHyrKa OTH080

ce cnpllXa. M3.AKO no-K'hCHO Te ce HapeAHxa Ha 6"hp3e.ll H 3ano'l­

Haxa Aa 6HJr1' 80AaTa C onaruKHTe CH .

CTapaTa Y'lewe NaAKHTe cu Aa Aoe.IIT pH6a. C 'IeCTH H CHAHH

YAapH Ha onaWkaTa CH TJI npHHYJKA3BaWe plf6aTa Aa ce CKpHe

B nOAMOAHT(:. MaAKHTe nOAp<UKaBaXa Ha Maiika cn.

KoraTO Ha H.llKoe OT T.IIX ce YA3BaWe Aa XBaHe flA.IIqKaTa CH, TO

6.11r3.we C rn.pxaT,ijaTa 8 YCTaTa My plf6a Ha n.llC'hqHH.II HOC H TaM

R 1f3RJKAawe.

Toea 3aHHMaHHe npoA'bJ\}t{H URA 'lac. 1.{eTHpHTe "';IfBOTHIf T)'

8H(:3anHO H3'1e3Baxa, . T)' ce nO.IIBJlBaxa Ha nOB"hpXHOCTTa KaTO

qeTHpH 6-hp3lf ceHKH.

THXHOTO YC"hpAHe Aa AOBHT pH6a nOCTeneHHO oTcAa6Bawe.

BRxa ce HaxpaHHAH H cera 3anO'lHaXa Aa Hrpa.IIT. KOTeruKHTe

HM TeAa ce Hocexa CeeTKaBlf'lHO 6"hp30 1{3 BO,!I,aTa. Tc ce ronexa,

"7

06p'bl,l!axa ct: no rpo6, CIlAHTaxa ce B I'OAJlMO lIepHO k'bA60. HHpBaxa Ct CDC CAa6 llAJICl>K H OTHOBO Ct nOKa3BaXa, nOBAeQtHH

OT TtqtHHero Ha peKaTa. IlOHJlKOra ce 'IYBaWt KaK MAaARTe ce

xamrr H AaBJIT C Jl.eJ(o, XpHflJl.HBO X'bpKaHt, HanOMHJUI,!O KOTellll(O

M'bpKaHt.

KaTo H3Ae6Hax NHHYTaTa, B KOJITQ ce rMypHaxa BDB BOAaTa, a3

IJla6Hax nywKaTa, onpJlX npHK.II.lUa 0 paMOTO CH H C npKT Ha

cnyC'bxa 3a'laKaX TJlXHOTO nooOaHt.

M eTO, AO caMaTa nAol,I!a.AJ(a, Ha KOJITO 6JlX KOAtHHlIHJI., ce

nOKa3a I1JI.OCKaTa rAaBa Ha crapaTa BHApa. TH 6twt T'bA 6AH30,

'It a3 BH>KAaX HeRHHTe 06J1.H, MaJKHH O'lH, B lIHAro nOrAeA Ct

'1ertwt HtlJ!O lIOBtWKO.

MmKt 6H 6twt 3a6e.M13aAa CRHKaTa MH HJI.H n'bK 6e nOAywHJl.a

MOeTO npHC'bCTBHt. TR Me rAtAaWt BTpeH'IeHO H Ma.AI(O Y'lYAeHO,

CJU(aw He 6ewe MHoro CHrypHa, 'Ie BHJKAa lIOBeK.

HJlKOAl<O ceKyHAH ce npH"eABaX B rAaBaTa H, 6ea Aa "OCMeR

Aa rp'bMHa. DAH3OC1Ta Ha HdtHnR norAeA CKOBaBawe DOMITa MH.

IlpeA MeH CToewe eAHO >KHBO C'bl,l!ecTBO, B O'lHTe Ha KoeTO BH>K­

Aax Aa CBeTH C'bIJ!HJIT BDTpemeH n AaM'bK Ha AywaTa, KaK'bDTO HlIIa

H B QlIuT<: Ha Hac, xopaTa.

AOKaro ce npH"eABaX, 33 He AHwax H cera yCentx, 'Ie He lJ!e

Nora Aa CA'bp>KaM nODe'le Ha6paHHR D'b3Ayx B" n.pAHTe MH. Bea A3 uCKaM, B'b3A'bXHax H >KlUHO noex npeCtH B'b3AYX. TOBa 6ewe

AOCTan'lHO BUApaTa Aa ce cKpHe B'bB BOAaTa. B MHr DHp1>T

OnyCTJI. MAlUHTe U3'1e3Haxa C'b1J!0 TaKa, KaKTO 6J1Xa ce nOOHAH.

OcraHax Ha OJI.OI,I!3.AKaTa H3HtHaAaH OT cwe CH H MaAKO

CK)'TeH. IlOCJl.e, Koraro JKa6HTe OTHODO aanO'lHaxa Aa H3,AaBaT

NeAaHXQAH'IHHTe CH KypkaHH_, OTBeAH'b>K nOllYSCTByaax Heo-

6HKHOBeHO cnQKoRCTBHe H MMp B AymaTa CH, TaKORa, KaKBOTO

'IOBeK ycelJ!a caMO KoraTO e l,JJaCTAlfB H 06H'Ia. no O'bTJI aa B

IO>IJ!.H 33 ce nOACMHB~ B ce6e CH, nOAcBHpBax CH DecCAO H

rAtAaX MlI.3AHR Mtee" . .• "

ApyrapJIT MH ce 3a8H c "'ywaMaTa H Aerna. HawnTe Ky'leTa

cmDca MHpHO KpaA 3araCHaAHR On.H. PeKaTa n'bAHeWe C ycno­

KOHTeJl.eH wenOT HOl,ijTa. AaJl.elle H3 nOAeTO ee lIYBawe AaRT Ha

eeACKHTe KY'leTa H Ap'bH'lCHeTO Ha 3aK'bCHllAa KOAa.

- Aa, H0J,UTa pa3He)f(Ba - Ka3ax a3.

- HHMa e TOAKOBa AOWO TOBa? Pa3He>KBa?! XopaTa lIeCTO ce

"s

•

6o1lT Aa He rH 06BHHJIT B caHTHMCHTaJl.HOCT ToraBa, Koraro Hlf

ce CAYllBa Aa nOCTbnJIT KaTO HCTHHCKH 'lose,," - OTl'OSOPH Mon

Apyrap. - A HOI,JJTa He pa3He>KBa. HOJ,ijTa nOTIICKa C T'bMHHHaTa

ClI. He6eTo e, KOeTO HH B'b3AHra .••

Ha ApyrnR AeH RHe RanpaBHXMe lIYACCCH AOB.

"9

HBaH Ba30B

CAYfllHJI

CrORH PaXOB 6ewe OCTaHaA 6ea CAymHR nOCptA 3UMa. nC>C..\CA­

HaTa My ro HanYCHa npeAH TpH HeAeAn, 6e3 HHKaKlla BHAnMa

npH'lIma. 3a eAHO c04mlkxo ceMeiiCTBO TaKaaa CA)"IKa e tVlAa

6eAa. eroRH PaKOB 6ewe Ha'laAHHK Ha OTAeAeHHe B eAHO MHHH­

CTepcno, )KeHa My - MA~a H nO'lHTaeMa rOCOO)Ka, Aa)Ke 0004-

npeAceAaTeAKa Ha ABe )KeHCKH APY)KeCTBa; HO THJI CBeroBHH

6Aara H nO'leCTH He 6J1Xa cnoc06HH Aa rn HanpaBJiT l,l!aCTAHBH;

B TJlXHOTO Hroe HMallIe CAHa 'IepHa TO'lKa: HRMaxa CAyrHHR. TOBa

6ewe )KH3HeH B'bnpoc 3a nO'lTeHHTe ChnpY3H, TOii 3aHHMaBaw e

YMOBeTe HM, Toli AaBawe xpaHa Ha P33roBOpHTe HM, Toii 06rp'h­I,l!awe BCH'IKJITe AaMTeHHR Ha AYlllHTe HM.

PaKOBH HJlMaXa CAyrHHR.

11 rocno>tCa PaKoBa B 'lfepKBa, H Ha rocTH. H B APy"'ecTBa - Bce TUJI rop'lHBH OOAaKllaHUJiC

- I1peACTaBeTe CU, rocno>tCa (CO$"iiCKHTe 6AaropoAHH A3MH ce THTyAysaT TbA, BMeCTO "rocno}KO" - 33 OTAH'IHe OT kaAyrep­xHTe), npeACTaBeTe CH, rocn o>tCa, HJlMaMe CAyntmd

A B THR opocrn AyM" ce aaKAlO'IaBaWe WlAa illeKcnnpoBa

TpareAHR 3a MAaAaTa If nO'INTaeMaTa rocno}Ka PaKoBa ; Te HCKaxa

Aa Ka)KaT: "npeACTaBeTe CU, rocno)Ka. TOBa Y}I{aCHO Ch6HTHe

040 KaKBII CKaHAaAH HH AoseAe; 33, KaXTO CAIIO BpeMe 6a6a MH -

H MaAKa Mil, ol,l!e AlIec - caMa CH nepa ApexnTe n ce YMHpHCBaM

s KyxHJiTa Karo HilKOil .•• 11 HilMaM 'lac cso6oAHH'I'bK Aa nOCBCTR

Ha no-B'b3SHWeHa H 6AaropoAHa rpn}l{a .•. IIpeACTaBeTe CH: Aa}l{e

He MH OCTaBa BpeMe Aa }fAa Aa cn Kpoil HOBaTa poKMI Empire,

a nAaThT CTOilH'IO e KynHA OT TOAKOBa BpeMe ••. CTOHH'lfO, H TOit,

6eAIIHRT. OT SUCO'l}fllaTa Ha CBOiI Ha'lilAIIH'IeCKH CTOA. e npHIIYAeH

Aa CAaaR AO 3aHJlTIfilTa Ha npocTaTa T'bAna ••. MO}l{eTe AH Aa CH

1.0

OpeACTaBHTe - TOB<l BH Ka3BaM B CelCpeT, - 'lfe Be'lep, Kayo ce

CTbMHH. TOft B3eMa CTOMHaTa nOA naATOTO H OnlBa Ha 'IeWMaTa

Aa HaAee BOAa? EAHH Ha'laAHuK Ha OTAeAeHHe! H eroBHRT P33-

CHAeH TOBa He B'bPWH ..• n eT IT'hTH Aocera ropKutt e XOAHA Ha

<JlypHaTa Aa B3eMe noDe'lfa. Bue 3HaeTe? .•• HHe nOBeqe noDeq cn

npaaHM: Hape)I{H MP'bBKH, X8'bpAH HM .... 'b'I(HUa MaCAO, na xaA

Ha cIlYPHaTa, Ta APyro H He 3HaM. KoA My e "'MCAHA H"Kora,

'Ie IRe H3n3AHa AO TaKaBa HHCKa TO'lKa - Aa &bAa npHHYAeua

a3 Aa cn 'IUH" XH3MeTJI ..• Ta H M'b}l{'bT MH ICOAKO ce B'b3MYlI&aBa!

E, 'IyAO .... H ce e nOA06Ho HelYaCTHe?"

PaKOS" HJlMaxa CAyruHiI.

CrOilH PaKoB " TOil neThK ce Bp'bl,\!awe OT na3apa C BKHCHaro

AHue. )ReHa My BCAHara paa6pa, 'Ie Tbpcem!TO My e 6HAO 6e3ycnew­

HO. TOBa Hel!!aCTHe npocro II: OTpasRwe c'blYecnYBaHHeTO. ·

PaKoB H3M'bpMOpa meSHO: .

- T'bpcHx, npeA,harax AYAH 3an .... aTH. HHKoA He HCKa Aa CAy­

ryaa. HilKOH CeAJ!HKH AaJKe, KaTO 'Ie ce nOAHrpaBaxa, r .... eAaxa we

noqTH c npe3peHHe, KaraTO rn n"Tax ..• CRKaw He AHBH won­

KHHH. a JKeliH Ha HcnaHCKH rpaHAOBe .•.

- TH TOBa He K33BaW cepu03HO. UHaK lYe 61>Ae rAY03BO -

OTB'bpHa }l{eHa My ..• CAyrnuH BClDCora ce HaMHpaT - KaK rn

HMaT xopaTa! - HO patXrraTa e, KaTO iI HMaw. Aa 3Haew AaR npH­

BAe'lew ... Ero U nOCACAllaTa IIH CAyrnHR. CTOHAa: He l,ijil Aa we

n<>CAywa U HU HanyCHa. Cera ce ry6HM KaronaTKH H3M'br .... a .. •

- Ta xaKBQ nose'le Aa II: AaM? - O1TOBOpH p33ApaaHeH PaKos.

- MaAKO All 6JlXa TOAKOSa napH MeCe'lHo. H xpaHa, If 06 .... eKAo.

H 06Yl,IJa? QCTasaIUe caMO CAHO: Aa II: AaM nOAOSHHaTa CH

33OAaTa. 3a Aa.ce He ChIlA3.3HJlBa Aa 6J11ra, KoraTO R MaMRT Apyrn.

TH no-A06pe. rocnO}l{o. KpHBH ce6e CH. TH S JlAa CH R rpy6ewe

nOHJlKora: eAHaJK Te qyx, 'Ie II: K333 "CDHHbO". KaraTO Til CTJ>OWH

4tap$QPOBHJI CyOHUK. B AHeWHaTa KpU3a OT CAyrH TaKOBa OTHo­

w eHlfe K'bM TJlX e onacllo ••• He rH MHCAH C'hl,l!ecna 6e3 caMO­

.... J06He.

PaKosH HllMaxa CAyrHHJI.

Be'lepTa. TOH ChI,l!HR AeH. KoraTO C'bnpy3HTe CilAaxa npH H3-

CTUHaAHR U 3aMHpHCaA Ha AHM noseq - aAcflaTa Ii OMeraTa Ha

BCHQKaTa roTBapcKa M'bAPOCT Ha MAa..,aTa H nO"UTaeMa rocno>tCa

I"

PHOBa - BpaTa ce 6}'THa, 6e3 Aa ce nOllYKa, H oP"4aHaTa rAaaa

Ha CAH" won ce nOKa3a TaM.

- A 06pa 8H BellepR, n poJ,UaBame! - Kaaa ToA rp'I>MorAacHo.

Karo CBaAH w anKaTa CH. - '-IeTe AH Aa BH CAywa e roBa AeBoAlIe,

HAH OHO, He BU Tpe6U CAymHR?

Ii ToA H3TerAH npeA ce6e CU e.4H0 C llAax norACA WONH'Ie.

npeA TUR AyMH Chnp Y31ITe n OMHCAHXa, 'Ie He6ero ce OTBOpH

H cepalJluMOOI rAaCOBe CTlfraxa AO YWKTe HM !

"TpR6Ba All HM CAymHR!It .• . Khoce, >KeA.aew AU MyCTaUH?

HCKa AH AYMa? T OR won ro npa,,"a caMOro npoBHAeHHe. foc­

nO>Ka PalCosa ce 60ew e Aa He fuAe BCH'IKO roBa ChH A'hJt<AKB.

H e, He e ChH •.• CeARK'hT CTOH C BCIt'lKOTO Cit wonCKO SeAH'IHe,

C ocKOTeHaTa CH lJIH3HOHOMHR, C ApHnHTC cu, TR Aa>Ke 'IYSCTBy­

Bawe He6AaroyxaHHaTa an,foc4>epa OT KHp H AyK, KORTO WOJl'hT

HOCH HaspeA C'!tC ce6c CH ; H l,I!onKHH'IeTa TaM C >KHBO, C'hB'hpWeHO

","so H, KaKTO n OA06asa : napUaAHBO, l'HltAaSO, rypeAHBo H C

TeA.eWKH Y'lYACH n orACA.

HaKoHeu, 6AaronoAY'lHcTO SAe3Ha s K'hl,l!aTa.

PaKoB npcAAara H3SeAH'h>K ABaftCeT H nCT Acsa 3allAaTa H, 3a

roARMO YllYABaHe, 6al,ijaTa ce He Thprysa H BeAHKOAYWHO CC ChrAaCHBa.

nH"raT roraaa aa 3HaHHRTa Ha MOMHlIeTO. MOMHlIero HC 3Hae

HHI,I!O, He e CAyrySaAO HHK'hAC, HO rosa WaAKO 3HallH.

~ H a xapH3aHO Marape neTaAaTa ce HC rAeAaT - w YWHe c

Thp)KeCTBysalU SHA PaKOS Ha )KeHa cu .

- J.l!a ro A'hp)Ka rosa CSHH'Ie 6ape BOAa Aa MH HOCH, AOKaT

CH HaMepa n o-cBJlCHa CAyntHR, n a IUc MY AaM Jl'hTR - MHCAH CH

AYKaBO rocn O)Ka PaKosa: - HAH BRpBa TOR rAaMaB won, 'Ie TQA­

KOBa napH ce AasaT Ha CAHO AHSO roseAue, Ha KOeTO lUe TpR6sa Aa CAyrysaM?

Ho, Aa COIl Kylle n OA KaM'bK. Cera WOn'hT H A:hlUepR My ca

npReTli KaTO BUCOKonOCTaBCIIH I'OCTH. EAllaM HaRAcHHHT noBC'I

(npH S'hAUCHHR OT roAnia PllAOCT OXOTaTa CC ry6H), npHrOTBcH

OT ACARKaTHHTe p'hUe Ha nOAnpeACCAaTCAKaTa Ha ABCTC )KeHCKH

APY)KCCTBa s CTOAuuaTa, MUHyaa B pa3nOAO)KeHUC Ha roCTHTC.

EAuH roARM onH B Ky xlIRTa C npa3HH'ICH CSCTAHK ocBclUaBa

nHpwcCTSOTO HM. f acnoARH PaKOB H rocnO)Ka PaKosa rH rAtAaT

H HC MO)KaT Aa HM ce napllABaT.

<22

/ i I

I

KaTO m cHa6AHXa H C TOllAa nOCTeAKa, :JaBH8Ka H B'b3rAaBHHua,

Q'lTerAHXa ce s cnaAHRTa CH, CACA KaTO HM nO)KeA.axa y 'lTHBO

AeKa HOI,!!. B TaR KpH3a OT CAyrn y'lTHBOClTa K'I:oM T1lX C 30l,!1;'hA)KHTeAHa.

H o npeAH Aa CH Acm c, rocnO)Ka PaKOBa CAe3c AOAY, Ta AaAe

HRKaKBH HaCTaBACHHR Ha CAyruH'IeTQ H cc B'hpHa B cnaAHRTa.

n pea HO'lP"a PaKoB H IKeHa MY HMaxa no eAMO CHAHO ccnBaHe

BCRKoft: Hero ro np06YAH BH(!3anHa MHChA, '1C TOft AaIKe He no­

nHTa 3a HMeTa Ha MOMH'IeTO H Ha CeA.OTO My - onYlMeHHC BaJKHO ;

HcA H ce np"CTOp". 'Ie ce KAona ABOpcKaTa noyra. 3a Aa ce

ycnOKoH, TR 3CMa cscl,ijTa H OTHAe Aa Ha,!I;HHKHC B KyxH~Ta;

onHRT OIUC ropeWC H OCBClUaBawe WHPOKOpa33HHaAHTe YCTa Ha

wona, KOftTO X'hpKaWC KaTO UHKAon; ACSOft'leTa cncwe ChI,l,!O.

Torasa TR cc S'hpHa ycn oKoeHa.

CyrpHHTa C C1)'A. PalCOB cc c'h6Y>KAa, rAeAa, '1C IKeHa My R

HRMa s CTaRTa.

- OTHUlAa C Aa HaroAH CAyrHH'ICTO, 3a Aa HaKAa,!I;e onHR.

CAaBa 6ory, CAaBa 6oAY.

11 ToA cc yaRBa C YAOBOACTSHC B IOpraH_, 3aIMOTO '1ysa, 'Ie

HaB'hH nHIWi c¥t>P1)'HaTa.

BAMR IKeHa MY. AHUeTO H e H3MCHCHO, YllAaWCHO.

_ lUOIThT H MOMHlIero rH HRMa - Ka3a '1'_ - H3Ae3AH, KaKTO ce

BHAH, olUe NROro paRO.

PaxOB CKOKHa OT AcrAOTO CH.

- n OAUUHR! AP'bIKTC! - H3BuKa ToA.

H cc cnycHa no 6eAu rail!" HanH; HO KaTO ce AOCeTH, 'Ie TOBa

e AYAOCT, nonpHa ce. H RKOAKO ceKYHAIf H ABaMaTa CTon a C

P'bue CKonqeHIf If HCnOABUIKHIf Karo CTaryH.

- naK HCIJ!O CIf m OCK'hp6llAa CHOIUIf - Kaaa OrORH HanOCAC

Ha IKeHa CH. - Tu "nc YMeew Aa n pTlfw CAymHII KPOTI<.O, '1osew­

KH. n OHC cera He MO)KeM MCHe Aa KpUBUW j a3 Aa,!I;OX TpoAHO

nOBC'IC, OTKQAKOTO 6al,!!aTa MO)l(CWe Aa nOIiCKa.

r ocnoIKa PaKOBa He npue '1'03 yKOp. HanpoTUB, BCH'IKaTa SllHa

e Ha MO.)Ka H; 3alJ!0 He C nUTaA 3a HMeTO I-{ ceAOTO lIa CAyrHHRTa,

3a Aa MOIKC Aa R ThpcH, aKO n06cme, 11: 3al,l!O He e 3CMaA KAIO'Ia

OT IThTHaTa nopra, 3a Aa He MO)l(e Aa n06em e? liaauMHuTe

OKpUSHBaHHII H HaTRKBaHHR MClttAy C'hnpy3HTe ce npoA'hA)KaSaXa

6e3 HHKaKBa nOA3a.

123

Ho HHKOIt He ce Cent Aa pe'le AOWO 3a n06ll1'HaAHTe •••

PaKOSH HlIMaXa CJI. yrHHII.

CAeA HIIKOAKO MeceUa I'OCnO>Ka PaKosa. eAHH na:JapeH AeR.

ChrAtAa n0611nIaAOTO WODlutH'Ie npH tAHH Apyrn CeNIHKH. KOHTO

npoAasaxa KOKOWKH.

TlI ro YAOSH CbPAHTO 3a AaK'bTlI.

- 3al!!O 6era Torasa. MapH MOMH"e?

MOMH'IeTO ce YIL\aWH H xsana Aa ce A'hpna. Ho eAlla OT

~eNlHKHTe. AeNI Ii. 06l1CHH 3araAKaTa Ha rocno}l{a PaKosa: 6a­

lI&aTa Ha MOMH'IeTQ HSMaA HaMepeHHe Aa 11 Aasa 3a CJl.yrHHlI. HO

KaTO 3aMp'hKHaA Hero AeH B Co$UlI H He JWl" Aa npeHOI,I!}'Ba B

xaHa. 3a Aa He Xap'lH - MHOro CTHnua 6H/\ '10BeK'hT - H3npo<:H/\

rocnmpHeMcTBO OT PaKOB" no pa:JnpaseHHlI no-rope "a'llHH!

THfr rAynasH wonH, a?

, f

~ ) •

Appendix'

I. The Verbal Stems

In predicting the present and aorist tenses of Bulgarian verbs from the verbal stem, one must begin by distinguishing the following verbal stems:

I . stems in -i, stressed and unstressed krivt- doi-, nOsi-, nezi-

ll. stems e~ding in stressed -a after a palatal or palatalized consonant or -J

3·

4·

5·

6.

7·

8.

t'rpja-. leza-. stoja- . stems ending in stressed -a not after a palatal or palatahzed

consonant or -J kova-, pomena- .

stems in unstressed -a except those In -na Hza-

stems in unstressed -na digna-

stems in -0

neso-stems in -ij

PIJ-stems in -aj (or -j aj)

igraj-

• I am indebted to Dr. J oseph Van Campen, Assistent P~fts$()r of Sla~ic Languages and Literatures at Harvard University for thlS system, which represenu an application to the Bulgarian verb of ~roressor Roman Jako~ son'. conception of the R ussian conjugation. It 15 treated more fully . m Dr. Van Campen', doctoral dissertation. Cerlain changes have been m· troduced ror pedagogical purposes.

9. stems in -uj (or -juj) t':uj-

10. -stems in -ej pej-

J 1. stems in -aj (or -jaj) vikaj-

II. The Present Tense

Step One. Rules for Desinence in the present.

J. Stems in -i, stressed and unstressed (no. r) or in stressed.a after a palatal consonant or -j (except for monosyllabic stems ending in COIllJOnant plus -r plus -ja, no. 2) have the second person singular in -i§.

2. Stems ending in unstressed -aj have the present in -m, _§ added directly to the stem, which ends in -a.

g. All others have the second person singular in -d.

Step Two. Stem Changes.

A. A verbal stem ending in a vowel (nos. 1- 6 above) drops that \!'owel before the endings of the present.

I. Stems in -i, stressed or unstressed, use the palatalized corre­spondent for the preceding phoneme, if one exists, before the ending -a of the first person singular of the present. The ending of the second person is -i§, which is added to the stem without palatalization of the final consonant.

krivi-, kriv- plus -ja, krivja, krivi§ n6si-, nos- plus -j a, n6sja, n6si§ nefi-, neta, ne!i§

If the phoneme before -i is a vowel, a -j- is inserted before the ending -a.

doi-, do- plus -j- plus -a, doja, doi§

2. Stems in -a, stressed or unstressed, are identical, except for pronunciation (see Introduction, p. 13), with the fint penon

126

,

f 1 t

I )

singular of the present. The second penon singular haa the ending -d, except as noted below under a) .

kova-, kava, kovB pomemi-, pomena, pomenB digna-, digna, dignd

a) Stems in stressed -a after a palatal or palatalized consonant or -j, except for monosyllabic stems ending in consonant plus -r plus -ja, have the ending -i§ in the second person singular. Note that the final -j of the stem is dropped before this ending; or a final palatalized consonant is depalatalized.

t'rpja-, t'rpja, t'rpi§ leM-, leM, leZi§ stoja-, stoja, stoi§

b) Monosyllabic stems ending in consonant plus r plus -ja lose the palatal or palatalized consonant before the -a (pronounced ') of the present endings, and have the ending -B in the second person singular.

umr'a-, umra, umre§

c) Stems in -a change an immediately preceding k (g, h) to t': (f, §) respectively before the -e endings of the present. (Cf. below 3)

t'ka-, t'ka, t't':B (This is the only verb affected .)

d) Stems in unstressed -a change an immediately preceding s, z, k, g, sk, and zg into §, f, c, f, §t' (§t before -e) and :!d' (:!d before -e) before the present endings, and in the case of other consonants use their palatalized correspondent, if there is one, before the -a endings of the present.

opasa-, opah, op:i§e! Hza-, kaza, Htd plaka-, placa, place! I"ga-, I"fa, I"ie! draska-, dr:i§tja, drMtd glozga-, gloidja (mod. gloZda), glM.dd kapa-, kapja, kapd drja.ma-, dremja, dn!md

3. Stems in -<> normally shift the accent to the endings. The ending of the second person singular is -d. An immediately preceding k, g, and h, is changed to e, z, and § respectively before the -e endings of the present. (Cf. above 2C)

neso-, nesa, nesB reker, reki, reCB mog6--, m6ga, m6zB v'rh6--, v'rha, v'riB

B. Verbal stems ending in -j (nos. 7-11 above), except for those

f

in unstressed -aj (no. II above), add the present endings directly , to the stem. The second person singular is in -d. Note that the f final -j of the stem is dropped before the -e ending-of the present.

pij-, pija, pid igraj-, igraja, igrad euj-, euja, CUd pej-, peja, peeS

a) Stems ending in unstressed -aj drop the -j and add the present personal endings -m, -§, -, -me, -te, -t.

vikaj-, vikam, vika§, etc.

III. The Aorist Tense

A. Verbal stems ending in a vowel (nos. 1-6) are identical with the aorist stem. The endings -h, -, -, -hme, -hte, -ha are added directly to the stem.

krivi, krivih doi-, doih n6si-, n6sih neE-, nezih

t' rpja-, t'rpjah Id'-, Id.h stoja-, stojah kova-, kovah

pomena-, pomenah kaza-, kizah digna-, dignah neso-, nboh

I. Stems in -0 replace -<> by -e in the 2nd and 3d person singular with the same consonant changes as in the present, i.e. an im­mediately preceding k; g, and h is changed to e, z, and§respect­ively.

reko-, rekoh" reee

uS

\

B. Verbal stems ending in -j (nos. 7-11 above), except those in -ej (no. 10), drop the -j and add the aorist endings.

pij-, pih t uh cuh igraj-, igrah vikaj-, vikah

I. Stems in -ej replace -e by -a and palatalize the preceding consonant, if possible.

pej-, pjah gr~i-. grjah zivej -, zivjah

English-Bulgarian Glossary

atMe, be, ~ w6.em, ~. NO-

rlA, uorAA, imp(, about, 3a, prep. • crou, ll)J'C:'. 113, prep. after, CAeA, prep. c:IooeA "TO, conj. ago, npcAli:, adv. all, acKo.:JUDT, liICNoIan, adj., lie!:

Leaon Ten already, .e.tc, adv. also, ci.I,\IO, adv. and, " . conj. amwet, 6Tr0e0p, m. aniwa, ~. -!tW, -ttX (orro-

up ... ), pf. (impf.) apple, iiIh.Mta, f. April, &npKA, m. arrive, A6R.Aa. A6iAew, A6AAOli: (N)-

JlOac.Aaw), pf. (impf.) iU, uro, prep. and conj. ut, n-.lTaw, imp(, at, RaJ I , prep., • rlp. at lMNnc

baby. 6t6e, ~. n. t.dly. A6mo. adv. bandit, pu66jbntx, m. be, nx. imp(. beautiful. xj6u. adj. bc:cau.e, _Po. conj. become, crba (criuw), pr. (impf.) before. npe..vi, prep., RpCAJt AA, conj. best. HiI'AoMp, H&A-AOOpa, adj. better, no.A06't.p, nO-A06pa, adj. big, roMw. ro.o.6.m, adj. black, 'IItpeK, 'I(~., adj. blackboard, '14m. ,4"loCd. f. bUnd, CAMI, CAenK, adj. blue, emi, aUu, CKHJ.o, ClOtH, adj.

body. riAo, TeA!, n. boil, ttpb, ap'om, "P'" (""'"""),

pC. (impf.) book, XHKra, f . Botton, G6cr0H, m. boy, wo_e, KOIAaa, n. bread, llNI6. x.o.i6t.T, ~. m. bridge, MOCT, .. 6c:n.T. MOCT6ee, m. broad, ump6x. adj. brother, 6paT, 6pATIoT. 6piTJI, m. Bulgarian, 6i.MaplUl. 6iMaPK, m.

MAraplUl, f. Bulgarian, 6i..vapcltH, adj. btu, _, HO, ooa<lC, W, :ud., axH,

conj. buy, xYn-, -Hm, -KX (kfIl'Yaaw), pi:

(impf.) by, a book by, OT, prep.

calf, TCM!, ~, n. can, ..on, ...&.ew. w6ah. wori..\,

..,..Af., impC. car, .oAf., r. cat, .Onta, r. cave, nel,i!CP&. f. chair, CTOA, cr6A .. T, CTOII.6ee, m . challr., Te6ewHp. m. cheap, ~, adj. child, Aert • .aeua, n. chorbedzhi, qop6a,.vtuU, m. city, rpa.A, rpa,ai.T, rpaAoet, m. cao.e, __ po. (3aT86pa:, -Hm, -KX),

imp(, (pr.) cold, C'f}'AtH, adj. comc, li.IaaM, impf., iterative; A6w,

A6JtAe1U, A0A.46x, pC.

comrade, .4pynP, APynP-T, APY­n.po,m.

corricLoI', KOpIlA6p. m. council, ~. m.; cb.cKH CJ>atr,

c~,m.

cow,~. f. erath, croeapNW ee (c::ro.ap- ee,

-MW, -KX), impf. (pf.). _, onto cry, begin to, ~ (unUqa.

-em, ~), imp{. (pC.) cultivated 6dd, tuiBa, r. cut down, ~ (0TCCd, OTee­

q~IU, OTcUOX), impf. (pf.) cut through partly, 3ace.ctI, ppp.

aaeed, ~ aacmwl(, pf.

daughter, ,a"""epi, r. day, Acn, Acuh, AHH, m. Dclcho>, AtAqo dairc, .cW, .eA!em, .eA!x, impf. dinner, Be'I~, f. dil tant, ,4aA~qeH, ,4aA~Ha, adj. do, npan, -Hm, -HX, impf., H31ri.pm­

eaw (Hsai.pma, -Hm, -mt), impf. (pf.)

dog, ~e, .,.y..:era, n. door, lipan, r. Dragoj, A,parOA, m. during, npc3, prep.

early, pauo, adv. eat, DII, 11,46u, uOJC, impf. end, KpaA, kpin, kpaulW', m. enough, ,46cTa, Aocnin.tOIo. adv. Enyo, &u.o, m. CVU)', adKH, DCixa, adj., sec Lesson

Tm. everything, IoC:11uO, pron. examination, H3nHT, m. eye, 0,"" O"IH, n.

face, II.H!.Ie. n . factory, +'6PHIt3., f. fall asleep, aaCllHBaw (aaen.i, -Hm.

Menu), impf. (pf.) fall ill, pa360ADaN (paa6oAi, -Hm,

-h), impf. (pf.) farmer, e~HH, eWHH, m. father, 6aI,KA, m. feel , "Yacn}'BaIl, impf.

field, ~, nOAb"a, n . find, Hau:MpaM ("-4'11, - HW , -10:),

impf. (pf.) fine, xYfiaa, adj. fire, 6nH, 6r1.Jt.aT, 01"11..-, m. 3&-

nw ol"1l"""e, (n .) to light a fire tUh, p.roa, f. following, cMAaaJ,U, participle food, j,otcne, n. for, u, prep. foreigner, qy*AOltv., .ylll(,4eHuH, m. forget,3a6pauu (u5pW, -ItW, -HX),

impf. (pf.) four, . enrplt, numeral friend, npKirell., npldre.uT, npHi­

TeJOO, m. np..m.ua, f. frpm, "3, or, prep.

George, rc6prH, m. girl, MOM!, f. YOtoUi.e, "'o..m..era, n. give, ,4&aa.w (AIIII. AaA~W, AiAOll),

imp(. (pf.) go, 0THBau: (O'T1iAa, -ew, OTKA611),

impf: (pf. ) goat, .,.03A, f. good, Ao6i.p, Ao6pa, adj. grandpa, A!Ao, AAAOIIUK, m. gt"CIIl. ro.o.i:w, roAe_ , adj. p-eed, "'."OCT, f. p-eedily • ...aKOWO, adv. green, 3Cl\.6t:, adj. greet, n03.ApaaDau (nOOApW, 'HW,

-li:x), impf. (pf.) guard, nUa, ohKw, nUlix, impf. guest, rocr, r6cn.T, r6crK, m.

hand, '"'ItA, '""'~, f. hat, wino, f. have, HW&W, imp!. have not, H ....... impf. he. ToA, pron. hear, 'Iy..tot (qy. , 'Iyem, 'I}'l' ), impf.

(pf.) here, TYI(. -rYl(a, adv. hill, nAM. Xi.All'JoT, xi..l.woee, m. hi re, Kaa..aw (Haa..a, -ew, Ha~ll,

Ha~A). impf. (pf.) his, H~roB, caoA, cll6_, adj. often ell­

pressed by "'y or CK after the noun. Sec Lesson Eight.

13 1

home, at, to, II ri~ honey, "'eA, MeAi.T, m . hone::, KOH, KOIUT, KOHe, m. hotel , XOTell, m . house, riWa, f. How are you? KaK CTe how many, KOIIKO, adv. (p lus the

numerical form ) how much, KGAKO, adv. (plus the

numerical form ) huge, ro,uw, mAeMH, adj. hundred, CTO, numeral

I , a3, pron. if, uo, conj. in, into, II, 1I'1oB, prep. inkwell, _CT'lI.UlHua, f. inst itute, KH~, rn. it, TO, pron . . Ivan, HsaH, m .

J ohn, HBAH, m .

keep, 3a.d,pJt(3M (DA"'PIKa, -HW, UA ... plKix), impf. (pf.)

key, KAIO'II, XMb.",T, KAJOorOllC. m . kill, y6Keaw (y6.u.:, y6Hew, y6.o:),

impf. (pf.) know, 3nb. 3Haew, impf. 3Hb 38.,

to know about known. H3B1!CTeH, H3KcTHa, adj.

lamb, arne, anteTa. n . land, 3eN1Ii, f. la te, K'i.cHO, adv. learn, y..a, -HW, -HX, impf. leave (for ), crrHBaM (OTHAa. oniAew.

OTHAOX), II. impf. (pf.) 3aMHHbaM (3a~lihla ) • .la, impf. (pf.)

leiter , nHCMo. n . liar. A ... IKe!.!, A"'lIqIH, m. library, &roAHOTiJta. f. lift up, IWiraM (BAllma), impf. (pf.) light, 3amUIlaM (33.nW, -HW, -HX),

impf. (p f.) 3anw omMWe, to light a fire

like, 06H'IaM, impf. lillie, Ma... ... K, MhKa, adj. live, ~I, lKHlu~ew, IttHdx, impf. located, to be. HaMlipu.c ce (HaMep_

ce, -HW, -1tX), impf. (pf.)

13'

London, A OHAOH, m . look a t. rAelKAaN (rlleAaM). impf.

(pf. ) look for , rlp<:JI, -Hill, -.0:), impf. IOS t', H3rY6eH, ppp. H3rj(iI , -Hill, -RX,

p. lot, a many, MHoro loud, IIIl COK, adj. loud ly. IIHooIIO, rp'IoMOrllacHo, adv. love, 06H'IaN, impf. Lozanka, A63aHlla, f. lunch, 06t,uaM, impf. lunch time, MeA, Ha 06eA, at lunch

time

make, prepare, npHr6nIM (npH­r6nI. -Hill , -HX), impf. (pf.)

make fun of, nOAHrpaaaM ce (noAH-rph ce, -aew. -b), impf. (pl.)

man, 'IOBtK, m. many, ~Ulom, adj. or pron. me, Melle, Me. pron. meadow, AHBliAa, f. meat, MOCO, n . meet, cpel,QaM (cpe~a) , im pf. (P( ) middle, eptAa, f. epeA, prep .• midst mine, MOIrr. Mona, pron. M itko, Mtinco, m . money, napH, f. pI. mother, MaAKa, f. move, 3allUUlallaM (3aMMua, -ew,

-ax), (38), impf. (pf.) much , WHom must. -rp-'6aa, impf .• imper$Onal my, MOlt, MOI, M6e, MOIf. adj. mH.

following the noun possessed is often used, See Lesson Eight

nearby, 6111't:n.K, 6I1H:3Ka, adj. necessary. to be, -rplli6Baw, impf. need, -rpmaa, impf. , impenonal

"'YlKA&' .ce, -aew, (OT), imp(. ntither, nor. HKro ... H.no, eonj. never, HltkOra, adv. next to, 1Cpalt, AO, prep. Nikola, HHKOJl.a, m. night, HOI,ij, f. ue'lep, f. evening ;

elfol,Wl, last night yYPe ~ep, tomorrow night

no, He

nor, M.nO, conj. not, He

not yet, OWe He notebook. ~. f. nothing, HHWO, pran. now, cera, adv.

oak tree, AW, AWloT, ..rt,6oee, m. o'dod::, '1aca on, Ha, prep. one, eAHH, tAKa, numeral only, caMO, adv. open, onapIM (am6PI, -Hill, -.0:),

impf. (pf. ) others, APyrH, OCTinIlAH, p l. our, Haw, adj. HH, is often used a fter

the noun possessed. See Les.son Eight

ox, 1IOlI, ..6A'loT, 1IOlI0se, m.

parent, POAmv., poAJheAlO, m. part (of country) , KpaA, Kpa.,.,

Kp3.Hl,ija , m. pus, ","lfbaM: (..rnna, -CIII , -ax),

(npt3), impf. (pf.) past, nOKp3.A, prep. peace, IoUlP, MHpi.T. m. pear, J(PYwa, f. pea38nt, CWHHH. CU.HH, m. Pencho, n elf'lO, m. pencil, !<oIGAlfa, m. people, lIapOA, m. Peter, ntn.p pick up, BAHraM (BAlin la ), impf.

(pf.) pile. KYn"lflfa, f. please. M6M, M6..u B1I ce ploughed, pa30pan, ppp. pa30pa,

ew. -.ix. pf. poor, miserable, 6t,.!;en, 6eA ... a , adj. prepare, npHrOmnt (npor6Tu. -HW,

-1Dt), impf. (pt. ) ; nplfrOTllaM ce (npHr6Tu ce), impf. (pf.), to pre­pare oneself; nOArOmeK, participle, prepared.

president, npeACCAATtlI, npeAce-AllTAIl', m . KMeT, KMmT, KNerol!e, m . head of village in form er times

pretty, x-ytiaa, adj . probably, lfadpHo, sepo.rn.o, adv.

property, HNOr province, npoeHnWtI. f. put, rYPlDf (rYPI, -HW. -HX). imp(.

(pr.)

question, .... n p6c, m.

Radoj. Pa.A6A, m . read, 'fera, ~w, '1erox, imp(. recogni:u:, n03HUa... (OO3I<&., ·'ew,

n03lfu), impf. (pf.) rest. IlO'fHuM (nO'lMna), impf. (pf.) return, v. trans., Bpi.t,Uaw (n.pHa),

impf. (pf.) return, v. intrans., 1lpi.l,UaM ce (rip-

Ha ttl, imp(. (pf.) rise, cr!aaw (criMa.) , impf. (pf.) river. pen, f. rock, dJ.n.K, JUi ..... _ . rn. room, cnU, f. ron, 1f36iraaM (MW_raN), (II), impf.

(pf.) to run (Aee) into (the hOllle) 33.nf'lIIaM ce, 3aTlNaw ce (33.Tek' ce, 3aTe'leW, 33.,-tKOX) (100M). impf. (pf. )

say, rOB6p_. -IfW, -HX. impf. iliu.M (KalKa. -CWo Kbix), impf. (pf.)

school, }"iMlIlfl,Ue, n . see, BHlKAaM (1l1iA-, -Hill , IIHAIix),

impf. (pf.) set:m, cypyu., impf. (im per$Onal) sell, npoAiaau (n poAht, ' npoAAAew,

npoAiAox), imp(. (pr.) Serb , dp6HH, dp6H, m. set out for , T])'1oI"UJoC (TJTl>ma), impf.

(pr. ) several , HAxOAKO, pron. plus the

numerieal form. she, TI, pron. shepherd, OII'1ap, OR'I'p.,.. m . shoemaker, 06yw:\p, 06Yl,QaplO, m. silent, to be, MAi.KlIaN (MAi.KHa),

imp(. (pf.) sing, neI, neew, nIX, impf. sister , cecrp!, f. sit d own, cliAaw: (ctAlfa), impf. (p(.) six. llleeT, numeral sleep, cn_, cnHw, cnax. impf. small , Ma... ... k, ..a...Ka, adj.

133

to. Tad, adv. Sofia, C64Hu, r. solditt, -oAHIix, IIOAHKuH, m. ~e. HiKOAKO, ~n. lOtnething, HeWO, Hewa, n. ton. CHH. CJDri.T, CKHOBt, m. lOD8", ntceH.nt.-cHH,r. IOUp. cYna, r. .. op6*, r. (usually with

meat in it) .peak, roe6p. , · KW, -HX, impr. Spring, np6AcT, f. npe3 rtpO.o\C"1"T.i, in

the Spring Itand, no" ·MW, ·Ax, impf. .. tion. C"TiHWU. f. rapa. f. "y, 0C"1"baM (CICT&Ha), impf. (pf.) still. Owe, KC 6We, adv. Stojan, CroiH, m. Stojanov. CroiH08, m. "OM. abnlC. 1dl.rwIH, m. • tory. HCT6pH., f. pUKa3, m. • trange. "YACH, "YAMa, adj . • treet. YAHIPo, f. • tTcngth. c ...... f. strike, YApDI (yAip., ·HW, .HX),

impf. (pf.) Itrong. CKAcH, cKAKa, adj. .tudent. CTYAeKT. m . (univenity)

CT)'AtKTlCa, f . (univenity) )"IoUnr:, ~'n'UM, m. (vade and high school) )"tCH"'u, r. (gr-ade and high school)

suddenly, BHe:S.inHo. adv. IWIlmcr, AJ-ro, 1oC"ri. n . sunrite. tUrpca CA;'Hge. m . Svoctana, c.traHa, f .

table, waca, f. take, a3b&aM (B3twa, -ew • .xx), imp(.

(pf.) ta"e a room, Hat.waw (Nabla, -ew,

Hah. HatA) impr. (pf.) en.. talk, ro.6p., -MW. -KlI). impf. tavern, xpi'lMa. f. tavern keeper. ICJn.nd.p, ICJn.uuipn-,

m. teacher, Y"MTCA, rn. )"IKTcAxa., f. tell, xAuaw (Jdw.a, -ew, llisAx),

impf. (pf.) pullina .. (pudw.a, -ew. paaltbax), impf. (pf.) to relate

than, OT, prep.

'34

thank you. 6.0.ar0AaP' (_, Te) that, omH, 0KiM, <loIK*&, OIIbR that. "e. ,4a (See I..e.on 5eYCn) theater, Tdn.p, Td."tpII, m. their, Tt.xetr. rixHa. adj.; _ .. often

used after the noun posscs.ed.. See Lc:uon Eight.

them, TU, nI. pron. acc. then. TOI'""iu.. adv. there, TaW. adv. there is, theTe iU"C. Mwa they. Te, pron. nom. think. JootKCM. ·HW. ·KX, imp(. this, T63M, ri.3H, -raU, TbH, pron. three, -rpH. numeral Thursday, qc:nri.pnlC, m. time. apewe, lllpeweHi, n . moT. rri .. raT,

rri .. rn, m. in one time. twice, three times, etc.

to, III, Ha, 1C"WoII, prep . today, AKCC. adv . tomorrow, y,pe, adv . troubled, to be, crUa (cnI.Ha) wi.'IHO,

impf. (pf.) Turk, TfpqHN, TYPUH, m. twenty, AN-AeceT, numeral two, ABa, m. AIIC, f. and n.

uncle, aylAo, a~OIIUH, m. (~ ther', brother) .m..o, ..... 08UH, m . father's brother)

under, noA, prep. unknown, He:n63HaT, adj.

vacation, rtO'IKaka, f. ukiHqJu:, f. valley, AOAJltf3. f. very, WH6ro. mpAe. adv. village. ciAo, n . villager. ct..uH_. ciADtH. m. voice, rAaC, r ..... ci.T, rAacoet.. m.

wagon, 1Ccv.i. f. walk, XOA.l. -KW. -KX, impf. want, HCxaw, impf. lIlv.&., -aew,

lKeUx, impf. water, BOA!, f. we, HHC, pron. Wednaday. cpw, r. week, ct.~ua. f. well, AOOpe, adv.

what. nu6, IjQO, mttt. pron.. wbat son of ........ X&IIBi. adj. QIO

» when. 1Wd. conj. adv. when:, 1noAt., adv. whether, A&Ai, inta". particle which. a6ITo, lCo6ro, aotJo, XOIkro,

reI. pron. white. 6aA, ~. adj. who. aoI:, lCoro, xowY, inter. prtJI) •

1C6A, 1C66, IC<X. ~ inter. pron. adj. whom. xor6. peon. ace. whole .......... ..e ...... inter.

pron. adj . wilY. _W6, mler. wile. *CHi. f. CWlPYn, f. willing, to be. MexaM. impl. wirKiow, npoI6peu, npo36pcpf, rn. wiIh. HCJt&M. imp(. RO:aeAUaw (no-

.e.W., .'em. Roae.Wi:). imp{. (pl.) with. e. n.c, pnp.

wolf. w.AX, ~T. rlAuM, m. woman, JUHi, f. word, Atwa. f. work, p&6ar:., -lUll, _KX. imp(. pl-

6on.,f. worktt, pa66n&.a. pa6Onncp, m.

paCi6 ........ f. write, ninua, n*mcm, mida. impl. writer. mccaTeA, m.

year. I"O.4Ii:Ra. f. y ..... yesterday, ...ep.. adv. YOU. nI. aKe. pron. young. IIIA&A, adj. young man. ~t.... m. ......t.. ~era.n.

YOU'"', TII6fI(T) , ~, n6c-r0, -06 •• Te, AlIDUI(T), Awan, Umno • UW>n<

Bulgarian-English Glossary

at conj., and, but UryCT08, adj., of Augwt bryCTOBCKH, adj., of August arNe, al1lna, n., lamb aApCcCH, M~cHa, adj., of the ad. d_

ax6, conj., if ....a. conj., but .... +a. r., alpha ....... HOCT, r., greed, 3a, for awH, conj., but anpiU, m., April apOiciT, m., fragrance ancoc¥Pa, (., atmosphere

6a6a, r., old woman, grandmother 6iaHO, adv., slowly 6ape, 6apeM, adv., at least 6acH.I(, r., fable 6aw', m., father 6alJ,IHJ!, Oa'WIH3, adj., of falher,

father's 6e6e, 6ffiera, n., baby 6eA:i, r., misfortune. misery 6t4CH, fitAHa, adj. , poor, wretched,

miserable 6e:J, prep., without 6e3l(paCH, 6e3KpaAH3, adj., endless 6e:iA91lcH, 6e3Aj'Hlla, adj., without a

moon, moonless 6e:uri .. ,w CH. 6e3Mi.AaHa, adj., silent 6e:n.ri.AoHO, adv., silently 6e:m6MOI1!CII, 6e3n6MOlJJlla, adj.,

helpless 6e:JCwi.PTHOCT, r., immortality 6e3crpaCTHo, adv., indifferently, pas.

.ionlessly

6e3ycn~UleH. &:3ycnewna, adj., un-successful

6c::I.wyMeH, 6e:nuYMHa, adj., noiselCSl ~,66AC3Jf, m., note, mark 6e.:tAa, i., speech, conversation 6tt6AHOTexa, f., library 6H&aM, impf., to be 6KAh, 01., ticket 6HCTbp, 6HCTpa, adj., clear 6HTHe, 6HTl1i, n., being 6iU, 6Hew, 61ll(, impf., to strike 6Ali.ro, n., treasure 6MI'OIn.3J1Hratl, 6AaI'08'lonlhaHa,

adj., well educated 6MroAApi, -HW, -me, impr., 10 thank 6Aa.ronOAy.me, n ., bliss, blessedness,

prosperity 6Aarop6AeH, 6Aarop6AHa, adj. , noble 6AeCHa, -ew, 6A~Hax (6NiCBaM), pf.,

to shine 6.Mbo, adv., near 6AH3OCT, 6Nt3ocrra, f., nurness 6A1i3'1.x, 6AH3xa, adj., near, nearby 6MC;lIaM (6A~Ha) impf., to shine 6or, 66",T, 66lKe, 6orose, 01., god 6onb, adj., rich 6oraTCTlIO, n., wealth 6OAH, 6oAlIT, 6oM, 6oAb,a, impf., 3d

pen. only, to pain, to ache, plus dirttt objttt of person hurt

60Ji ce, 60Hw ee, 60Jix ee, impf., to r~,

6paAA, r., chin, beard 6paua, f., furrow 6paT, 6paTloT, 6p!TlI, m., brother 6poi, 6POHW, 6poUx, impf., to count 6pw (6l>P3), adj., fan, rapid

6p1.cHap, 6pbCHapJIT, 6p'l>CJuiplO, m., barber

6pllr, 6peri.T, 6perolle, m., bank of river or of any body of water, in­cluding a ditch

6yA)tAHHK, 6YAHAHHIPi, m., alarm clock

6yw, 6YAHa, adj., turbulent fiYAuo, adv., turbulen\ly fiYua, f., leller of the alphabet 6YntaM (6Ynta) , impf., to push, to

push open fiYnta (6fTaaM), pf., to push, to push

op<n ~, 6i.Aew, 611A0x, 6HAe, m.AH,

611J\, pr., to be 6i.AraPIUI, 6i.Arapn, m., a Bulgarian 6i..>u'apKa, f., a Bulgarian lhArapHll, f., Bulgaria 6i.AraPCXH, adj., Bulgarian m.p3 (6pou), adj., fast, rapid 6i.p38M, impf., to walk or go fast, to

hurry 6i.p3eA, 6ip3en, 6i.p3CH, m., a rapid 6i.p30, adv., fast, quickly &l.pcAAxa, f., eraser 6iraM, impf., to run away fast, t~ flee 6J1A, 6b.H, adj., white

a, !I'WI, prep., in, into BLti:w, d._Ha, adj., important aad.H"HlI, f., vacation .apeH, uapeHa, ppp. uapJi, -Hw, -Ux,

boiled &AauaM ce, (BA8M ce) impf., to give

on, to lead into ' BAiAeH, &AiAeHa, ppp. IlAiBaM MaM ce, BA8Aew ce, BAaAOx ee (IIAA­

BaM ee) pr., to lead into ~raM (&AHma), impf" to raise, to

lift &AHnea (8AHraM) , pf., to raise, to lift BeA.Hara, adv., immediately BC:,.1Ha}K (BC:,.1Hi}K), adv., once, .once

upqn a time 8e)f(Aa, f., eyebrow BeAHXOAYWHO, adv., magnanimously BeAU'me, n ., grandeur sepeH, BRpHa, adj .• loyal, true stceA, adj., merry, happy

KceAO. adv .• merrily, happily &ecn!HK, Kcnt.HWI, m., nc'WSpaper sbie, adv., already sbiep, f., evening Be-lepeH, BtoIeptta, adj., of the evening Be"lepB, f., dinner abtHOCT, Be'lHOC"TTi, f., eternity 83aHMeJt, 83aKMHa, adj., mutual B3bla, B3i .. eUl, B3CX (II3bIBlI), pl., to

take B3bfaM (B:lI!"a), impf., to take B3iu.ta .. , alternate fonn of NiNa"', to

take, imp(. B3flpaM ce (B3plt ee, -eUl), impl., to

Slare, fO peer fl3pa ee, 83pCW ee, eapp ce (.aifpaw

ce), pr., fO StaTe, to peer . BHA, BJlAi,T, sMAose, m., :IOrt, kind,

upect, appearance B~, adj., which ean be JeeR, evi­

dent, visible sHApa, f., otter IIH.AA:, oHAHW, BKAix (BK*AAN) , pf., .. ~ BH:..AaM (BH.4Jt, -HW) , imp., 10 see BKxaM, impf., 10 shout, to call out BHAH"a, f., fork BHHa, f. , fault, blame BHnam, adv., always II"HO. n., wine BHHOII(:H, BUHOBHa, adj., guilty IIHHOBHO, adv., guiltily IIUP, BHpiT, 8HpoBe, m., pool, deep

place in river or stream BHooK, adj. , high, loud (of voiee) IIHCOXO, adv., loudly, high 8HCOKon0CT3BeH, BHCOKonOCTasella,

adj., highly placed BlICO'HlHa, r., height BHTOwa, f. , name of mountain near

Sofi, BlITpKHa, f., show window (of a store) BluicHaT, adj., rour llAara, f., moisture, dampnC55 W}KeH, 8~)KHa, adj., moist, damp W31!M, see llAK3aM, impf., to enter BAH38M (IlAba, B,,6eW), impf., to

enter BAiaa, 1I ... 6ew, IlAJi30X, llAe3C. SAO .......

llAma (-..ut38N), pf., to enter

'37

aA.6aaaw (a.UaHa ..... 6Hew). impf .• to m.~

aAbHa ..... ~3Hew. -...i:utax and Mb­HAX (~). pf .• to enter

_CerO. prep .• instead of _eMneH, IIHmnHa. adj.. . udden.

unexpected IIHmnHo. adv .• sUddenJy INOUd.Hl1e. n .• attention alDlNlheANo. adv .• carefully BOM. f .• water lIOAeHtrua. f.. mill a6A.c, -I1W. B6AKx, ompf., to lead BOSbuh:. BOAHtrUH. m .• soldier BOAcd. f .• army BOA.II6JI"IoT. BOA6ee. m .• ox .6.u. f.. will amb.aM (emu. IInHew), impf.. to

praI into. to fix (of glance) .a, aDHew. IIDHX (anDaM). pC .• to

press into. to fix (glanee) anp6otew. adv., besides apar, apanT. apa.ae. BpAn::-t, m., '-y

apari. f. . dOOI" Bpe.ol. adv .• evttywher-e apbIe. apeMeHi. n ., time api.Q,J&W (.n.p.ca). impC .• trans., to

return. to give back api..pw ce. (ripKa ee) impC.. in-

tra"' .• to return. to gQ back lICe. adv .• ever. a lways . lICe owe, adv., still IICJf..JtK. pro., everybody, all (lee

Leuon Ten) eanKKn. IICHttJtaTa, pro., the whole

(ICe I..eMon Ten) JlCirqxo, pro., everything IlCAj-waM ee (1ICAfwe.a.w ee), pf.. to

listen KAYuma.w ee (IIC.\YWAM ce), impf., to

IUten agJCA, prep .• in the middle of, midst dxora, adv., always mpH, aropa. ord. num .• teCOnd IIT6pKHI(, m., Tuesday .-rptH'IeH, lITpbNeHa, ppp . .-rptK'I.,

-HW, a-rptHdx (IITpbNBIUof), pf .•

(impf.), fixed (ol gaze), concen­trated on (a)

aYi"o. aj1t'lOBWl. m .• uncle (mother's bro<hu)

u6Aea.lIXoAHA, adj., en trance, oftbe entrance

1I'1~. adv., yesterday ....e.P. -bu. naCAOX, II'Ub.. ( .... ~)K­

AAW). pf.. to bring in ....elkAAN (n.Be.Aoi, -~J.IJ). impf.. 10

bring in n3IIHweJt, adj., lofty, noble Jno3rWHHua, f., pillow B'Io:lAIirau: (II'103AJi:ma). impf., to rade II'103AIima (lI"l>3.AJlrau:). pf. , to raite 1I'WAIi1UJCa. f .• sigh. breath IIioMYX. m .• aU 1I"Io3,4i.xaaw (Jno3.ri.xHa). impf., to take

a breath lI"Io3,4i.xHa (1I103Ai..xBaM), pf., to take

a breath W103kAl'tICllaM (B'103X.UilO'la). impf., to

call out, to shout B'103X.UiKKa (n3v.MxaaJ.I ). pf., to call

out, to shout II'IolMyTj ee. -"w. -Jix (lno3M)'wUaw

ee), pf., to be indignant ~ ce (JJWMYri ee. -tiw),

impf., to be indignant aWpaCTeK, ri.3pacnta, adj., grown

up. adult .......... In.AXi,.T, ai...\wI, m .• wolf II"Io.AJI~KKe, D., wave, a.gitation. excite-

mm. 1nonp6c, m .• question .... p68, f .• willow Inopd. -Hw. ·ix, imp(.; to move, to go ripKa (1Ipi.~), pf., to return

(transitive) ripHa ce (api.Q!aw ee), pf., to return

(intransitive) Inopd. -Hm, -n, impl., to tum, to

whirl, to handle .... pxy, prep .• on top of, onto ripwa, -HW. ripwMx, impf., to do.

to accompli.!h rlTJl'CweH, riYpCWHa, adj., inner,

inside dpaaw, impf .• to believe

I I

ri.pe., f., ltation (French, pre) rM:ReI,l,J" pres. active paM. riata,

(impf.) going out (of a fire). be­c;orRing (:1ltinguished. dying down or out.

ral,lH, pl. only. pang, 6b.K ril,lpl, underpanu

Te6pnI, m .• man's name (George) repOA, tq)6n, repOH, m .• hero nnntaMlAAOI, ~, adj., of

the 8')'mnuium r.....a, f., head r...&.4"1ox , rA4Alta, adj., smooth r~, adj., dull_witted, stupid rMC, rAadT. rAaco.e, m., voice r~. impf., to look at r"Ynu, adj .• stupid r,,"TUM. (rA-ioma). impf.. to swallow rhnc.a (rAi.naw) , pf., to swallow I"MjpeAM ce (rw)'pJla ee), impf., to

dive, to plunge in rwfpKa ee (rMfpaaM ce). pf. to dive,

to plunge in nlCKK, rHtaHa. adj .• angry .... 61110, adv., angrily nulAIUI, adj .• lousy ~e, n. dim. of roatAo, n ., cow.

bull, ox roe6p., -HW. roaOpHX. impC.. to speak fOAMHa, f., year roAIi:weH, fOA.Ii:UDI.3, adj., annual,

yean old J"OADa, fOAe..K, adj .• big, large rON., -HW, rowi:x, impf .• to drive, to

,h", ropa. f., woods. forest rOpe, adv., up, above. upstain rOpeH, rOpKa, adj. , upper ~w. adj., hot ropHqJta, f., grove ropxHJrr. m ., the poor wretch roP'uCa, adj .• bittu ropj. -Hw, -Hx, impf., to bum rocnOAHK, rocnoAi, 01 .• gentleman,

M,. rocnon, f., lady, Mn. rocr. r6cTIoT, r6cTH. m., guest I"OCTOnpK~MC"J1IO, n., hospitality ron.ipekK, adj., cooking

..on.. ~, r6nIb, impf .• to pre­.... rpa6e.aM (rpAfiHa), impf .• to grup.

'" .ott rpa6Ma (rpa6aaM), pf., to gt"asp, to leize

r-pa,A, rpaAioT. rpaAoM:, 01., city rpaMiAeK, rpawiAHa, adj.. huge,

very large rpaHA, rpa~T, rpaHA08C, m .•

Spani.!h grandee rpa~. f.o entry, written question rplUxa, r., concl!tfll, care rpo3A. rp6:u-.T, rpOAOIIe, m. , a

bunch of grapes rp6aAe. n., grapes (collective) rpt&r, -HW, rpYVIix. pr., to xold. to

speak rougJily to rp""M), n.p6i.T. npOO.e, m .• back rpi.MBa.w: (rpioMHa). impf., to thun·

der, to fire (a rifle) rpi,wKa (rpi.~M) . pf., to thundcl",

to fire (a rifle) I""Jl'IoWOrMCflO, adv., loudly rY6-. -HW, ry6Jix. impf., to !ole rype.uUo. adj., rheumy- eyed nopAif. r. pl. , chest, breast n.pH~, npHha. n., jug. earthenware

veuel, pot n.cr. adj., thid: no.eor. m., (Turkish) dWl of meat,

greeN, rice, etc.

AAaaw (AlUI AM~W) , impf., to give ..... , _Hm, ,UIIKx, impf., to pwh

lower in the water, to drown (trans.)

WeH, AiAeJta, ppp. ,4a.M, Autw, g;-

"'--e, adv .• even .AIIAbI (AIoAe.e). adv., fu .AaAJ4:, conj., whether AIIW, AAAew, MAO"", A&A (Aha.w), pl.,

to give 4iMa, f., lady AlIA, m., ABC. f. and n .• IWO AU.AeceT, numtTal, twenty .4JIAAcer. numeral, twenty A.B4..a, .coll. Dum .• two AIIKlItou.e, n .• movement

'39

AB6pc:aK, adj .• of the COUrtyard AbeT. numeral, nine ",eaOAIo:a. r .• girl AeaOihe. AeBOihera, n .• dim .• girl ACAcnnrrc.AHO. adv., really. actually AeAcmKre..utOCT. f .• real ity Ac.A.nmttH. AeAHd,nla. adj .• delica te Aboo, D., deed, act, work Ae.-."o. m. , man's name AnI. Aeair, AJIIt, m ., day, no U.-.A

AaI, all day long Aftat, ,AiCHa, adj .• right (side) ACCeTKHa, r .• numeral, about len Acre, Aeua, n. , child Aero (rAtro), conj ., where AMB, adj., wild, barbaric. uncivilized ~, m., (coli.). wild animal or

bird being hunted, game AMI'aIf (Alima). impf .• to Iirt, to raise AKnta (.vI:raw), pr., to lirt, to raise AMW, AII.n.T, m .• lIlloke, steam A"MKnP, m., man's name AI\:WAM, impr., to breathe AAiolKHOCT, r .• duty Allee, adv .• today AIIeweH, AHeUlHa. adj., today's ,010 , prep., to A06au, ·Hur, ·KX (Ao6ieaM). pr. , to

add, to supplement A06!uM (",o6aBa, .HW), impr., to add,

to supplement A06pl:, adv., well Ao6i.p, A06pa, adj., good ' AORe.d., -cw, AoatAox (AOa6KAaN),

pr., to lead, to bring AOB6It.4IlM (AoBCAi, -cw), impr .• to

lead. 10 bring AOR~aHe, au revoir Aoei.pura, ~Hur, -HX (AoBipWBaM),

pr., to fiOish AOBi.PWllaM (Aoripwa, .Hur), impr. ,

to finish AortAn, r., guess, surmise AOAtto, conj., while, until ",oAAa, A6ft.Aew, A6ftAox, AOwi.A,

AOlUA3 (A0Jt6"'AAW). pr.. to come AodJlla, -ew, AOxUax (AOXa.,BaM),

pr., to prove AOXa.,saM (AOxl.JIIa, -cw), impr., to

prove

'40

AoUT (AOUT6), conj., until , while, ulong ..

AOx-rop, m., doctor Aw"eH, A6.vu., adj., lower A~m\. r. , valley AO"y. adv., down. below, downstain AOWaXHtu, f., mistreu 01 the house AOHaCDi (AOHed, -cw), impf.. to

bring AOHcea, ~. AOHttox (A0K8CDi),

pf., to bnng AOpl\:, adv., even AOCera, adv., to the present, until

now Aoctra ce, -HW, ·HX (AOCel,ijaM ce),

pr., to remember, to think again Aocet,UaM ce (Aoem ce, -Hur), impf.,

to remember, to think again A6cra, adv. , enough AOC'T'ln.'lHO, adv., enough AOCT'iIra~ (Aocni:ma) , impr., to reach,

to arriVe at AOCTHm~ (AOCT'iIraw), pf.. to reach,

to arrive at AOJt~ (A6AAa, -cur), impf., to -, Apt6c:H, Apl:6Ha, adj. , small, little Apexa, r., garment, rrequently in the

p lural ror clothes ApHna, r., rag, tatter Apyr, adj., other APyrap, -J!T, APyriplO, m., fri~nd,

comrade APYlIIeen.o. n., sociely ApiH';jeHe, n., tinkling, rattling,

clanking Ay.ca ; r. , word AYXOIIHT, adj., witty Ayma, r., soul, spirit AW, A'Io6i,T, Ai,6oec, m., oak tree A'Io,,66x, adj. , deep Ai.Mo, adv., long. for a Jong time A ....... "r. Ai.Ara, adj .• long AioHO, n., bottom, depths A'IopB6, A'IopBtra, n., tree A'Iope.a, n.,

wood A'b.p.a, ·Hw, -ax, Ap1>Jit, ApiJICTC,

Impr., to hold , reR. to behave AipnaM ce, impf .• to draw back, to

pull oneself away

I •

xw:u, f .• board. AU, ,.n.r...T. m., breath, .pirit ~Q,lcpi, A"we, f., daughter AieoA, m., devil AlAo, AMOBUJI. m., grandfather,

ACAR, anceston AiCHO, adv., right (direct) Ha ,AiCHO,

on the right

·e..THH, adj., cheap, inexpensive ~T1IHO, IIdv. , cheaply eAIIA (c.u.aM), adv .• ICarcely. with

difficulty eAMH, CAlfa, numeral. one i (indefi.

nite article) cAMiJel; (CAJRlK), same &I 8C,Utalll),

adv .• once e.np, t4pa, adj., big, large F..6n, m., Aesop ~, Wtt, imv., come! c.o.a ryxa,

come ben! E..ltHa, f., woman's name (Helen) ENH", m ., man'. name tH.a. m., man's name enllItepu, f .• shelf tro, particle, there, lo !

Jd6a, f., frog Jd,ACH, lKi,4Ha, adj. , Ihinty lKi,4Ho, adv., thirstily JdJl'1oK, .apKa, adj ., hOI, burning lKW HHe, n., wish, desire .w., ~ew, Jl(CIo.aX, impr., to

wish, to desire lKCHA, f.. woman, wife .e..cXH, adj ., woman'., ladies' *D, adj., alive ~, lKH!lteW, lJCIIBix, impr., to live *lfB6T, m., life lIUIII6THo, :lKHB6nIH, n., living being,

living creature ..M3HeH, adj. , vital, lively lKIiTeA., lKJhe.,uy, m ., inhabitant ..no, n., grain ....... THlolB , r. . gold coin

33, prep., ror, about 3a AB, in order to 3a6eAellillMo, adv.,

noticably perceptibly,

U.6eA~CH, U.6c:AcllliUe.AMa, adj., remarkable, noteworthy

336eAellCa., -HW, u.6eA6KHx or sa· 6e.U3ax (33.6eAi:maM), pf., 10 note

336c.U3aaM (336eAeJlla, -HW), impf., to note

336pt._, . HW, -ID( (336paBaM). pf., to forget

aa6pi.uM (3a6pUa, -HW), impf., to

r""". 3aBipBaM (aaeap., -HW), impf., to

find , to Clilch, to come upon 3aBipx, -HW, -KX (3a!dpAN), pr., to

find , catch, come upon laBHBaN ce (3aBHa: ee, -Hew) , imp.,

to cover oneselr, to wrap onClCU' (e.g. in a b lanket)

33!lHeJ(3. f., blanket. covering, wrapping

33!lHa: ce, -Hew, 3a!IHx cc (3a!lNaaM ce), pr., to cover oneself, 10 wrap oneselr (e.g. in a blanket)

33116,., 33.B6Jrr, m., bend, curve 3aBpiol,ij&M ee (3a&ipHa ce), impf., to

tum back, to tum aside MripHa cc (3aBpioJWU( ce) , pf., to

tum back, to tum aside 3aripwa, -HW, ·ilX (3aB'i.Pll.lUM), pr.,

10 finish 3aJri,pUIBaM (33Bipwa, -HW), impr.,

10 finish 3araAKa, r., riddle 3araCBaM (3araCHa) , impr. , to ex­

tinguish 3araeHa (3a..aCBal>l), pr. , to cxtinguish aanmaw (3anfHa), impf., to perish,

to be killed :JaniHa (3anfNM), pr. , to perish, to

be killed 3ar"eAaH ppp. 3ar"tAaw, imp(. in­

tent upon, (one who is gazing in­lenity a t)

3arf6eH, ppp. 3ary6., .HW, -H" (33-rf6Nw), pr., lost 3aA~H, ~a, adj.,

obIiglitOf)', compubory 3aA'bP-a, .MI,U, -ix, (3a,AiopltlaM) , pf.,

to hold, to keep 3aAioplKAM (3aA"pJidl, .Hw), impf., to

hold , to keep

Mc.AHO, adv., lofrether _0.., -em, _be (aaOtax), pl., to

.. k, uo..w (",0.., -eru), tmpl., to take ~, -e1U, -b. (3alIUfdaaM), pl.,

to live, to begin to Jive _Daw: (33o~, -em), impf., to

live, to being to live saKHTepecfaaH, adj., interested sa"a"a, -Hill, -HX (saJ(allaw), pf., to

catch, to suspend, to hang up, to hook on

_o'!a .. (33oKa"!, -Hili), impf., to catch, to suspend, to hang up, to hook on

33oltModaaw ce, impf., to be included 3atrJoCKU, --elll, -ix (saJn.CHiaaw), pl.,

to be late salnoCKiaaw (33oJn.CHU, -ew) , impf.,

to be late sawHHa, -em, -ax (sa_H_W), pl.,

to leave, to depart for sallUtK3.aaW (sawHHa, -ew), impf. , to

leave, to depart for 3aWHPHCUW (aa_pHUIa, -elll), impf.,

to smell, to be fragrant j Ha, to ameli of, __ PHeBa lta AIOf, to be steaming

3aWMpKIlI.A, --em, 3aloIltPKcaJl (sawH­pHcuw), pf., to smell

:saw6.uaw (_MW, -HJU), impl., to beteech, to ask, to pray

aaM6.u, -Hili, -KX (3aJ:'6J..aaw), pf., to beteech, to ask, to 'pray

_Wp"'JtBaW (saMpiotula), impf., to overtake by darIme.

:taWpi.J(lta (saMphaaw), pf., to over­take by darknes.

3&IIa,0I (ulteea, -ew), impf., to

"'''Y _lted, .tw, 3aHttox (3&IIaCDIl, pl.,

to any . H_baW (3301lllMib, -em), impf., 10

occupy, to entertain 3AHHwAaaw ce (aaHKYU ce, -em),

impf., to be occupied, to do 3Alt_aHKe, n., occupation _KMAI, -ew, -ax (3altHw!Ba. .. ), pf.,

to occupy, to entertain

3a~ ce, -eru, 4x (aaHKMUaw ce) , pl., to be occupied, to do

3aHbHe, n ., occupalion, profCllion, ,<>d, sao60L.0t (33oo6Hxo,.o.J:, -Mml , impl. ,

to surround, to go around 33006f1)(0 .... , -"Ill, -Ibr. (33006HJCi.uIc),

pf., to surround, go around aanau.a.M (aanaa., -IfW), impf. , to

keep, to pre.erve aanW, -HW, -KX (33onhaaM), pf., to

keep to preserve aan3.Aaaw (33onW, -HI1I, -KX), impf.,

to light, to set fire to aanliAa, -Km, -KX (33oniAaaM), pf., to

light, to set fire to 330nKCBaW (3aUMUJa, -ew) , impf., to

write in (a book), to regislCT aan.naw, pf. , to ask aanKwa, -ew, aanMcaJl (unKcaaw),

pf., to write in (a book), to tegittCT 33onM.1CIIaM (aanM.'!a, em), impf., to

"y aanM.n., f., pay, salary 33oRAari, -HW, -Ibr. (33onMwaM), pf. ,

.. pay 33onM. .. , -em. 3&f1Aiux (33onM)(­

a&II) , pf., to cry sanM.J,I!&M. (_nAari, -HW), impf., to

p.y slino.eA, 3~Ult»eATi, f., command,

."'" sanoeUaw (3An~M), pf., to ."'u 33onOlli..uaw (aanod.4aw;), impf., to

."'u 3AJIOIIa&II (Mf16.nu.), impf., to begin 33R00ma (3An6omaM), pf., to begin 3ap/lAaaM ce, impf., to rejoice 33ocW, f., ambush, trap 3aCaAA, -Hm. -m (33~) , pl., to

plan, 3A~ (3aCaAi, -Iiw) , impf., to

plant 3Aced., 33Cf:11bD, :sac:HoX, 33cb1:e,

3aCnn....., 33ctxJuc (:sacli'l:_) , pC., to cut part way through, to being to cut

3ace..:C'H, ~CKa, ppp. 3Ace",a, 33-ceocCw, partly cut through

~ (uced. ~) . UDpl., to cut part way through, to being to

"" .-cAt .. , -)lUI, -IIX (_CA.,.......). pl., to dexrw

.u.piaaM (aACAY.a. -1lUI), imp., .. ......,.,

....:mbaw (_cnJ, -Jiw), impf., to fall uk<p

saenJ, -Hill, -Ax (_COHeaw), pf., to f.1I asleep ~, -HW, -MX (saTMmi), pf., to

_"" aacri.Pw (acra.... -HW), impf., to

_"" aacUHa (sadraM), pl., to touch, to .ffect

MCbI, -«w, -0: (33ciaaw), pf., to lOW (.ecds)

MCDaM (_ct., -6ew). impf., to sow (-'0)

3adraw (sadrHa), impf., to louch, to affect

sa-nAPaw (:saTB6pI- -HW), impf., to clooe

sa,.opI, -H.., -..x (:saTNPJIM), pl., to

cl"" 3111" .... 101 ce (33nrua... eel , pC., to run, ~, lowards

saTWmaw ce (:saniuw ee), impf., to run, to rush

.. 'f08Ii, adv., for that reason, hence saxalitta (saualJPW) , pf., to begin -mW- (~Ha), impf., to begin 3111,1,16, intC1"., why .r,u6r0, conj., because: saaj, -Hw, -m (3UaDaW), pf., to

announce "'.D .... (3&Di, -HW), impf., to an-

~,f.,.tar :.yK, :saj1n.T, Dy.o.e, m., sound :teA, pp. Xwa, -eW,3CX (XwaM) , taken XAbI, adj., green XACHflHi, f., foliage, verdure XMa, -ew, 3CX, XA (;,bJa ... ), pf.,

Nbca, to take 3I!ata ... (3bta, -ew), see ~ ... , impf.,

.. "k< 3e1d, f., land, country

sKwa, f. , winteT sMTeR, NTHa, adj., golden 3M, adv., badly SHU, ~T, SIiA)(oee, m., sign, mark 3HaweHKr, adj. , well known 3KAHHe, n. , knowledge 3Hiu, -IUJI, -KX, impf., to mean SHU, 3iliw, impf., to know 3pCI, 3ph;W, 3P1X. impf., to ripen

H, oonj., and lbiH, m., man's name (John) HaiH BiloB_ famous Bulgarian writeT IfrpMl, -!em, Hrpax, impf. , to play HAa, HAew, impf., to go K.Aaaw, impf., to come IlAU, f., idea H3, prep., from , out oi, along, over _, -Cw, .,.,... (."""'), pC.,

to choose: H36Hpaw (H36epIi, -ew), impf., 10 ,h_ 1f36jraw (lf36jru.M), pf., 10 Ree K361:n!.aM (fl36firaM), impf., to Ree 1f:aBe.Ali, -em, ~ox (~ ... ) ,

pf., to lead out H38C.AHa))(, (Jl3l1e,AKi.))() adv., all .t

once, suddenly 1f*))(IIaW (H38CAa, -em), impf., 10

lead OUI

1UIICcTal, loI3ICcTHa, adj., known, certain

_-KdW (~), pf .• to call out fl3IIJilUl&M (H38iIIUUoI), impf., to call ~,

H3IIHpaM (_p4i, -HW), impf. , to issue, to Row out, to spring

_pili, -Mw, H3IIpb. (K3eKpaw). pf., to issue, Row out, spring

ti3rpea CA.1.tqle, sunrise: ~ (fl3rj6a:, -Hili), impf., to 10M: ~ ce (K3rj6a: ce, -HW), impf.,

to be losl IUrf6eH, ppp. H3rj6a:, -HW, 100t 1UIrf6i, -HW, -HX (H3rj61.a"' ), pr., to

"'" 1f3rtfiI ee, _Hill, -fiX (H3r)r6u ... ce), pr., to be 1051

lQAiaaw (K3A8w, KSAMew), impf., to

'43

give out, 10 produee, to utter, to rcvea1, 10 beuay ~, JQ.AMtw, IIa.U.AOIl (113M­

aaw), pf., to give out, to produce, to utter, .0 reveal, to betray

UAHiBaw (1dA~) , imp{., to sur_ priJe, to catch 'unawares

JOAMJla (M3At6eaw), pf., to , urprise, to catch unawares

Jll.4KraN ee (II3AMnta ce), impf., to rite, to be lifted up

KlAHnta ce (K3Al\;raN cel, pf., to rix, 10 be lifted up

113M""', -Jhq, -I1ll (1I3"a'l8aW), pf., to mount

I13Uuaw (lilInd, -Kill), impf., to mount '

Ma.o.eT, m., excursion HV.Ii3aM (JUAha, I13Abew) , impf., to

go out KJAt,a, Jf.1AOeIll, Jf3A.i3ox (1t3.A1b.a,.),

pf., to go out IQU~HeH, ppp. H3MeKi, -HIU, pf. ,

changed, altered lQUoU, -JiUl, _0 (II3M6tn.), pf., to

change _bow: (ilaMeHi , -Kill), impf., to

change KUIOpi, -HIU, -0 (ilaMOpnaw), pf.,

to give out, to exhaust (refl ., to be exhausted)

1CIMOpiaa.K (MSWopi, -Kill), impf., to give out, to exhaust, (reft ., to be exhausted) ~ (MlW'Iopw6p_, -Hm),

impf., to muttcr ~, -lim, -Il]( ()f.3),n,pw6p­

lIAM), p{., to mutter ~ (K3I1ella.uau) , pf., to

... uprise - ...... .. 'Pri>< (1I~lIell~aw) , irnpf., to

~, -li:w, -Ji!.: (1I306pa:n.aN), p ., to exprc:u

Mi06paUNN (II306pW, -Hm), impf., to express

KXJUaM (M:m!Alla) , impf., to fall down, to topple off

"WAHa (H3mi.Aaw), pf., to fall down, to topple off

1130ed, 5C3lJc:q~w, H:un!"ox (lima­"aw), pl., to roast, to bake

H:mJIT, m., examination H30.Hnw (1I3nHTBa.w), pf., to expe­

~ence, to feel , to investigate, to Interrogate

H3n.maw (II3nKnu.c), impf., to expe-.. ~u!.:nce, to feel, to investigate, to mterrogate

H3nK'IaM (H3nexa, "3ne,,~w ) , impf., to roasl, to bake

H3flpOC.aw (H3np6c., -HIU), impf., to beg, to entreat

H3np6c., -!flU, -Ill( (H3npOe8aN), pf., 10 beg, to entreat

I13nycxaw (H3nycHa), impf. , to le t drop, to emit, to leave out

H3nYCHa (lt3oycxaw, 113rrYij,jaw), pf., to let drop, emit, leave out H3~ (w.mYCHa), impf., to let

drop, to ernil, 10 leave oul It3rriAeaw (H3rri. .... U, -Hm), impf., to

fill H3rri..AH_, -Hm, -KX (K3rrl.AJtaM, 113-

O"ItAHieaw), pf. , 10 fi ll H3m...utiBaw (H3rri...uu, -11m), impf.,

to fill I13pacHa (1I3p3cnaw), pf., 10 grow up H3p3cnlaM (H3pacHa), impf., 10 grow

up I13peoil!lIlIe, n., 5CIltence I13cnlHa...uu, f. , arbor, shaded ter­

raee (?) H3C"1'pCA, m., shot H3Tl!rAJI, -HW, -KX (H3Tl!rJl.Dt), pf., 10

draw, to pull oul I13TirJl.Dt (It3TirAJI, -HW), impf., to

draw, to pull out K3Tima (HlTjraN), pf., 10 streich, to

slrain H3Tef(a, H3Te'l l!w, HmI(OX, H3TiJn.A,

H3TI!KAa (H3TH'IaM), pf., to run oul H3TH'Iaw (H:rrH'IBaM, Huen, K3"Te­

'I l!m), pr. , to run out lI3TIi:'Ieaw (H:rrH'Iaw), impf., 10 run ~,

H3Tpi.nuw (H3Tpi.oHa), impf., 10 shudder

H:rrpi.nHa (H:rrpi.mr.aM), shudder

pf., to

I

H3Ti.PKaH, adj., worn out, rubbed off H3'1 t3BaM (Ha'lt3Ha), impf., to dis­

appear U3'1t3Ha (H3"t3saW), pf., to disappear Hd*A&W (1I3n.:, H3I1Al!m), impf., 10

devour, to eat up H3_M, HUAl!m, HUAOX (lt3!VttAaM),

pf., to devour, to eat up H"'H, conj., or HMa, Ihere is, Ihere are HNaN, imp£., to have Hwe, n., name, HweHa. Hwet-(I( O, adv. , thai is, namely, thu. HN6T, m., property HHax, adv., otherwix HHCTHTYr, m., institute HHTepecjB.aw ce, impf., to be inter­

a 'od HCKa all ce, you feel compelled to,

you long 10 HCltaN, impf., to wanl, to require, 10

be willing HCKAlO"I!HHe, n., exception Hcna.HCIGI, adj., Spanish HcnmCKII, adr, lrue, real, actual HCT6pKJI, f., history, siory AOPAU, m., man's name (Jordan)

x33aaM (xalKa, -ew), impf., to say "'.3MM ce (nlKa ce, -ew), impf., to

be called; xaua ce, impersonal, it is said, one says

kalK.3., -eIU, xmx (I(baaw), p£.,lo say 'talKa ce, -em, xbax ce (KhllaM ce),

pf. , to be called UK, inter. , adv., how? uKB6, interr. pro., what? nKTO, oonj., as KariB, xaxu, adj., of what $Orl , what Itaritrro, xaxuTo, reI. pro. , such as,

whatever, which K .... HHa, f., woman's name It .... yrepKa, f., nun n .... x, K!vJ,HH, m., n one Kipau, irnpf., to d rive (cattle or a

"") "apr6lfi, m., potato KaT6, eonj., as, since Kb.llep, m., waiter ltecl\;lI , f. , purse

"IV.OWmp, "H"'OMmj>"bT, XH"'o­Mapll, " H"'OMapa, m., kilometer

XHHO, n., kino, movie theat re, movie xHn_. -lim, -ix, impf., 10 seelhe, to

boil, to bubble XHP, f., grime KAaAell'le, n., well, spring JU.aC, KAaci.T, KAaco8l! , m. , class KA1O'I, KA.oon.T, KA.o"OIlC, m., key lUter, xMmT, XMtrOBC, m., kmel,

head of a village KHHra, f., book KOra, inlerr. adv. , when JeOraTO, oonj. , when X0:J3, f. , goat xoll.:, inter. pro., who x6m-o, Itom, Jeae-ro, 1t0HTO, reI. pro.,

who, which ltox6wKa, f., hen 1t0Ni, f., wagon, cart, car KOACHH"', -HW, -KX, impf., to kneel K6AXO, interr., adv., how many, how

much XOH, ItQHI!, m., hone "OPIlA6p, m., corridor ItOCT, f., bone it6TewxH, adj., cat-like, feline x6TKa, f. , cat xpasa, f., eow "pall.:, prep., beside, next to "pall.:, Kp3.u, KpaHJ,Wl, m., end,

region xpaJe, JeparlT, JCpan, m ., leg Xp .... , KpaA.U, KpV.C, m., king xpaeliB, adj., beautiful xpad, -Iiw, -0, impf., to decorale xpa .. a, -Hm, _HX, imp£., to walk, to

stride "pa"u, f., a step xpecA6, n., easy-chair, arm-chair KpHB, adj. , crooked, guil ty, to blame xpllaj, -Hm, ->ix, impf., 10 twisl, If)

blame "PUla, f., crisis JepH., xpHem, XPHX, impf., 10 hide tq>6Txo, adv., gently xpoi, -H1I.I , -lI:x, impf., to make OIl'

have made by tailoring xpyma, f., pear, also a pea r tfee

145

Kp-1or, Kp-1oriT, Kpl.I'OIIC, m., circle, ring

JePi.'1wa, f., tavern KP'W'ap, KJl"q!oliPIIT, m ., tavern

keeper KpiKaHe. -11_, n., cawing, croaking KYKYPy3, m., com K)'M, K)'Mi.T, Ky,.oec. m., godfather Kywa. f .• godmother Kywa-"lica , f., children's name for a

fox KfM'iO. n., dim. of K)'N. godfather Ky,.qo-ri."qO, m., children's name

for a wolf Kyn, Kyn'l>T, Kyn08e, KYmU.L!a, m.,

heap, pile, a lot of Kyna efHo, hay stack KfnOA, m.. cupola, vault. " e&:!ceH

trYnOA, the heavens Kynyaaw (k}'fIi. _liw), impf., to buy KYn'lHHa, f., pile. heap Kyni, -Kw. -Kx (KynruM), pf., to buy KyPKaHe, -HII , n., rumbling K:YJuu, f., kitchen Ky..e, Ky..era, n., dog K'1o.Ae. adv., where K'1o.Atro, conj., where 1OoA60, n ., ban nw, prcp., towards fC"loC. KioC'loT, ricoac, m ., a piece (of

something) m HO, adv .• late riwa f., house ri""""qxa, f .• dim . . of Ki.~ KloOCe, KloOCha, n. , beardless man

A.i3ap, m., man's name (Laaarus) "-'rep, m., tamp ..... A, ...au, "aeee, m., a bark "-'fCOMO, adv., greedily "-'K1>T. "aIOTIIT, "aK1'H, m., elbow ~He, _"II, n. , longing, craving ...a., ""'ew, illx, impr., to bark "ce, "en.T, "taose, m., lev (money) ,

the unit of Bulgarian currency "er"O, n ., bed "tma ("ira",), pf., to lie down, to

takc a lying position "e-a, -HW, -ix, impf., to be lyi ng

down, to lie

"eK, adj., light. not heavy "w, f., aunt M:HKBO, adv .• laaily M:c:.:u, f., hazel bush or tree "ccK611, adj., hazel M~CIIO, adv., easily "mH, "*nio, adj. , of the summer Mt, interrogative particle MlJI..iAa, r., meadow Mtna, r. . lincten MtCT, " HCTloT, "KeTOlIe, m., sheet ,

list, page Mlue. n. , face AIl'l.HOCT, f., person, personality A06, AOI!I'I,T, m ., hunt, hunting ,,6.eeH. ,,06Ha, adj., of the hunt, hunt­

ing; ...6nHa crpaCT, passion for hunt­;ng

AoeeU, I\OBUIl, m ., hunter "od, _HW, -lix, impr., to hunt AooaHKa, r., girl's name "ooApcrBO, n., vine gTOwing, viti-

culture ,,6w~. adv., badly "y,ll.., .... yAKU, "y,ll..K, m. , a crazy person AY,lI..OCT, r., madness, stupidity AyK, AYIOoT, m ., onion AYKUo, adv .• slyly, craftily AYHa, f., moon "'I>ltIeu, A"ltIUH, m., liar "'I>ltIKUa, r .• spoon "'I>JKAK6, adj., deceptive, false "i.ellaw ("i.eHa), impr., to shine Ai.ella, ("i.eeaM), pf., 10 shine A'I>'1, ",,<ri.T, "'I>'I.H, m ., ray, beam A'I>~, 'HW, -ix, impf. , to shine, to

gleam Ai0666, f., love A'O ..... K, ".oMUII, m., lilac:.: AtOena, f., husk, peel, scale (ofa fish ) AiraM ("ema) , impf., to lie down, to

take a lying position AiTo, "CTa, n. , summer

Wara3HK, m ., store Mani-pe, Mani-pera, n., donkey MARKa, f., mother Mad.p 'I. e, conj ., although Mmo, adv., a little MaA'I> K, Ma"Ka, adj., small , little

Ma.AUKHa, r., a few (ofpenons) M:Uu, _HW, -IIX, impf., to deceive, to

entice MaHCapM, f., allic:.: MapH, particle, u$Cd in addressing a

woman or girl MapK., f., woman's name (Mary) M>lPW, waplUltT, WapWOIlC, m., march,

procession Mica. f .• table MiCAO, n ., butter MaC"l"H.NtIl"", f., inkwell MacrH..\O, n ., ink MaW¥lIla, f. , engine, train MCA, MCA"T, m ., honey we,ll..eu.. dim. or MCA, honey MClKAY, prep., between weK, adj., soft MCAaHXOMt'lOl, WeAaHXOAHtlHa, adj.,

melanc:.:holic M~ceU, m ., month Mfc:.:e'l.lto, adv., monthly Mcc6, n. , meat w&:ur ce, _KW, '!lX, impr., to move Mema (w.tnaw), pr., to plac:.:e Me'lTa, f., dream MHr, MKri.T, MHrellt, m ., moment Mifraw, impf., 10 wink, to blink MKT06eK, adj ., momentary MKHa (MKHaeaM) , pf. , to go past, to

"'" MKII.i8aw (MHlta). impf. , to go past, to pass

MKIIKcrtpcTao, n ., ministry MltHYaaw see MIIH:baM, to go past. 10 p~

MKHYra, r., minute MKlfYrKa, f., instant , minute, moment "'"p, MKpi.T, m., peace MflpeH, MHPlla, adj ., peac:.:eful, calm MKPH3Mi. r., odor, smell "';:PHO, adv., peacefully Mllp<Mi06,ia, adj., peaceru l, peace

loving MKpoM06HBO, adv., peacefully MK CA.l, ' HW, -KX, impf. , to think MKC"bA, WHCAH, r .• thought MHTKO, m., a man.s name, dim. of

.t'\HM'·ITIIP MAa,ll... adj .• young

~6K, m ., young man MAi.KAM (MAi.KHa), impf. , to be silent MAi.KKa (MAi.KBaM) , pf., to be silent MIIOI'O, adv. , muc:.:h. very Mo6eAHpall , adj., furnished M6ra, MOltleW, MO"'ax, MOri.A, MorAa,

impf., to be able W6"H6, m., pencil )016 ...... -HW, - ItX, impf., to ask, to beg.

to implore, to pray woMA, f. , girl MOMH'!e , MOMH'l.CTa, n ., gi rl !>IOM'l.e, MOWlera, n., boy !>I6M"hK, MOMU.K, m., young man,

youth !>lOpe, MOptra, Mopi, n. , sea MocKd, f., Moscow !>IOCT, MocrlT, wOCT6ae, m., bridge Mpa'l.eH, Mpa'!Ha, adj., dark !>Ipl.BKa, f., a piece of meat MYcri.x, wycrau,H, m., moustache MYllyHa, f., muzzle M)'WaMa, f .• oilskin, waterproof, ra in-

.... r....a, f., m is l, fog wi.,lI..po, adv., wisely wiApocr, f.. wisdom M"hltl, "",,,,i.T . .... "'e, m .• man, hus·

band M"hA'!a, .MW, -ax, impf., to be si lent l>noA'!aI\KBO, adv. , silently Mi.'1110, adv., with diffic:.:ulty Mi.pKaHe, .1tlI, n ., purring (of a cal ) Micro, wccri. , n ., place MhaM, MiTuw (Mtnta). impf., to

place

Ha, prep., on ; widely used to cxprc,., possession and also indirec:.:t objet· t

Ha6epa, -ew, lIa6pA.x (Ha6HpaM), pf.. to gather

Ha6HpaM (lIa6epi, _ew), imrf.. \ .. gather

Ha6..w30. adv., nearby Ha6paH, ppp. Ha6epa, .em, .I(alhrrroi.

c:.:ollccled IIase'l.epB3.M c:.:e (HaBe'lfp.M n· ). ;"'111"

to dine, to sup (to satisfaction ) . HaBe'leplI'" c:.:e (Hase'l.ep";)M ,,1' ) , J11 .,

to dinc, 10 sup (10 satisf" .. ti .. ,, )

'47

HaBHpaM ce (H~pa ce, -em), impr., to intrude, to push one's way in

HaBpa ce, -em, llaBpaX ce (HaJnipaM ce) , pr., to intrude, to push one's way in

lIaBptA, adv., everywhere IlaBClI:l(""hAe, adv., everywhere HaBi.H, adv., ouuide HaBi.pTaM ce (lIaB"hpTlI: ce, -Hw),

impr., to Slay around, to "hang" around

llaB"hpTlI: ce, -Hw, -lI:X (liarip-raM ce), pr. , to stay around, to "hang" around

Hara*AaM (HaroM, -Hw), impr., to instruct

HaroAx, -Hw, -Hx (HaraJKAaMl, pr., to instruct

Har6pe, adv., upwards HarpiAa, r., reward H3.A, prep., over, above HaA3.BaM (1I3A:I.M, HuaAew), impr.,

to emit, to give (a sound or cry) lIaAll.M, HuaAew, lIaAaAOX (H3.Aa­

BaM), pr. , to emit, to gh'e (a sound or cry)

HllABecBaM ce (HaAsecll ce, -llW), impr., to bend over

HaABtcB: ce, -llW, -!'IX (HaA.BttBaM cel, pf., to bend over

Hue*Aa, r. , hope H3A.HHI<Ha (lIaAHH'IaM), pr., to peek

into, to look H3A.HK'IaM (HaA.lflll<lIa), impr., 10

peek into, to look HaeM, m., rent, nOA HlieM, ror rent HaeMa, -ew, Haa, naeA (HatMaM),

pt:, to take, 10 hire lIaeMaM (HaeMa, -em), impr., to take,

to hire lIa3aA, adv., backwards, back lIa30Ba, -ew, -ax (Ha30aauaM), pr., 10

call lIa30BaaaM (IIa30BA, -ew), impr., to

call lIaHCT!'IlIa, adv., in truth IIaA-n6cAC, adv., fi nally lIaKlipaM (liaKlipBaM), pr., to rorce

(drive) someone to do something Hal<apBaM (llaKlipaM), impr., to force

148

(drive) someone to do something Hal<AaAa, -em, HaKAaAOX (IIaKA3.JK­

AaM), pr. , to build (a fi re) naKA.3.)K.4aM (HaKAaAli, -ew), impr.,

to build (a fire) Hal<Olleu, adv., finally lIaAell, HaAec:w, lIaAKx, IIMM, lIaA6uc

(HaAHBaM), pr., to pour, to get a liquid in a vessel

HMHBaM (lIaAell, lIaAl~ew), impr., to pour, to get a liquid in a vessel

HeMeptillle, n., intention HaMep", -HW, -!'IX (lIaMHpaM), pf., to

fi nd, refl. to find oneselr, to be lIaMtipaM (llaMeplI, -HW), impr., to

find, refl., to find oneselr, to be lIa61<0AO, adv., around, about nanel<a, Hane'leW, lIanel<Ox (HanH­

'laM), pr., to bake Hane..eH, ppp. Hanel<a, lIanC'leUl,

baked HanH'IaM (llanel<a, lIanC'lem), impf.,

to bake lIan6MHII , -Hill, -HX (lIan6MIIIIM), pf.,

10 remind of Han6MHIIM (Han6MHJI, -HW), impr., to

remind of HanpaBJI, -HW, -UX (!tanpaIlllM), pf. ,

10 make, to do lianpallllM (lianpaBJI, -HUI), impf., to

make, to do lIanp(rmB, adv., on the conlrary Hanycl<aM (HanycHa), impf., to let

go, to abandon, to give up, to leave lIanycHa (HanYCl<aM, .IlanYJ,WlM), pf.,

to let go, to abandon, to give up, 10 leave

Ilany!J&aM (HanyCHa), impf., to let go, to abandon, to give up, to leave

Hani.AoaM (Hani.AHII, -HW), impf., to fulfill

Hani.AHJI, -IIW, -HK (lIani.ABaM), pf., to fulfill

Hapil.A.BaM ce, impf. , to have com­plete joy, to have one's fill of joy

liapeM, -HW, -tix (lIapt)KAaM), pt:, to arrange, 10 set in order

HapeJKa, -em, HaPX3aX (lIapX3BaM), pf. , to cut up, to slice

HaptJKAalol (Hape», -Hw), impf., to a rrange, to 5(:t in order

Hapel<a, Hape'lew, naptl<ox, Hape'le (HapH'Ialol) , pf. , to call, to name

HapH'IaM (Hapel<a, Hape'lew), impf., to call, to name

Hap6A, m., people, nation HapX3BaM (Hap6Ka, -ew), impf., to

cut up, to sl ice Hacalol. adv., hither, this way HacKTeH, ppp. HactITJI, -!tw, satisfied HacHTII, -HW, -HK (HaCHl,IJaM), pf., to

ila tisfy HaCHl,Yalol (HacH'TII, -Hlli), impf., to

satisfy HaCAaAJI ce, -tiw, -Hx (HaCAaJK..USaM

ce). pf., to enjoy, to take delight in HaCAaJKAasalol ce (llaCAaM Cl::, -HW),

impf., to enjoy, to take del ight in HaCAeACTBeH, adj., inheri ted HaCMellll<a, f., ridicule liac6'1a ce, -11m, -I1X (Hac6'lBaM ce),

pf., to point at, to turn to, to direc t one$Clf towards

Hac6'1BaM ce (lIac6'1a ce, -lIW), impf., to point at, to turn to, to direct oneself towards

HacraBAeHHe, n., advice, instruction HacrpotHlle, n., mood nacroH'IHB, adj., stubborn, insistent,

persistent HacTpalfa, adv., Mide, at on~ side Hacrpi.XfIalol (HaCTpi.XHa), impf., to

be frightened liacTpi.xHa (HaCTpi.xsalol). pf., to be

frightened HaripTBaM (narip-rJl) , impf., to

stress, to emphasize HaripTll, -HW, - HX (lIaripTBaM), pf.,

to stress, to emphMize HaTlI:l<Salle, -1111, n., reproach Hay..a, -lilli, -llX (Ha)"lbaM), pf., to

learn, to have learned Hay..a ce, -11m, -IIX (HaY'lilaaM ce),

pf.. to learn, to have learned Ha)"lbaM (HaY'Ia, -HW), impf., to

learn HaY"ilaaM ce (Haj'la ce, -IfW), impf.,

to learn

HaXpallBaM (HaxpaHJI, -HW, -HX). impf .• to feed, to nourish

lIaXpaHJI, -Hill, -If X (llaxpaHBaM), pf., to feed, to nour ish

Ha'la....IIHI<. m., chief. director Ha'laAHH'IeCI<H, adj. , of the chief or

director lIa'lHH, m., way, manner, method lIaliAeH, ppp. HaxM, lIaUew, HaliAox,

consumed He, particle, no, not He 6tiBa, it is impossible He6t, (He66), n. , sky, heaven ne6AaroyxaHeH, HWAaroyxaHHa. adj.

not sweet smelling, not fragrant HeAeAJII , f., Sunday, wcek He3an6MHell , adj. , beyond the reach

of memory, unknown HC3Ha'ltITe....ell, 1iC3l1a'"ITeAHa, adj.,

insignificant HeKa, particle with the impera tive,

"let" lIe"d, inter., particle, is it not so? lIeHaAeAHo, adv., suddc:nly, unex­

pectedly He06IiKHoBtIi, adj. , unusual lie06xoAHM, adj. , necessary, indis-

pensable: Hl::onpeAe....eH, adj., indefinite HeO'laI<BaH, adj., unexpected Heo'laI<BaHO, adv., unexpectedly HenOABHJKeH, HenOABHJKJla, adj.,

motionless, immobile HenOABH1KHO, adv., without moving Hen03l1aT, adj. , unknown lIenpeMeHllo, adv., unquestionably lIenpollHuae .... , adj., impenetrable lIen.pneHHe, n., impatience Heychllo, ad\·., imperceptibly neJ,lJlicrl1e, n., misfortune, unhap-

piness lIel,ijO, n ., thing, something HHBa, f. , cultivated field lIHKaI(""hB, IIHl<aKBa, adj., pro., of no

sor t, no kind of HHl<ora, adv., never HHl<oii, pro., nobody HllI<6Aa, m., man's name (Nikola) HHl<"hAe, adv .• nowhere

149

HHloIa, partide in quesuons; indeed, really (indicating surpriiM:)

HHpBaloi ce (HHpHa ce), impf., to dive, to plunge

HHpHa ce (HHpsaloi ce), pf. , 10 dive, to plunge

HHCltK, HHCKa, adj., low HHTo, conj., nor HHWO, pro. , nothing HO, conj., but HOB, adj., now Hora, Hoot, f., leg HO)t(, H6lK"bT, 116)t(6ue, m., knife IIOC, HochT, HOCOue, m., nose HOCll, -Hill, -lD[, impr., to carry HOCll ce, -m.u, -HX, impf., to be car­

ried, to float, to behave HOij/;, f., night Hpas, IlpiB"hT, IIpaBH, m., disposition,

character Hi KaK"bB, KliKaKHa, pro., of some sorl,

some kind of wIKora, adv., sometime HliKOA, HiKoll, HiKCIe, KliKoH, indef.

pro. , some HiKo.l\Ko, pro., iM:veral HiMalol, impf., to have not

0, prep., on, onto 06w ce, -HW. -HX (06altlAaM ce),

pf. , 10 announce oneself, to appear, to call out, to speak up

06i)l(AaM ce (o6W ce, -HW), impf., to announce oneself, 10 appear. to call out, 10 speak up

06a'le, conj., but 06I1HHi, -Hill, -Ii:x (06BHHliBaM), pf. ,

to accuse 06rpi.WaM (06riplla) , impf., to en­

circle, to grasp, to indude 06ri.pHa (06rpi.l,ij3.td) , pf., to en­

cirele, to grasp, to inelude .:..tkA. m., lunch, lunch time 06epi, -tlu, 06pax (06HpaM), pf., to

gather 06HKWM (06HKoAi, -.tw). impf., to

circulate, to encirele 06HKHaM (06HI(Ha), impf., to take a

liking to, to become fond of, to come to love

OOHKHa (06HKBaM), pf., to take a liking to, to become fond of, to come to love

06HKIIOueH, adj. , ordinary ooHI(OAi, -HW, -Ii:x (06HKa.......w:). pf.,

to circulate. to encircle 06HpaM (o&:pa, -t w) , impf., to gather 66If'1, f., affection, fondness, love 06H'IaM, impf., to love 66.1\acreH, 66J\acrHa, adj., diala::tal ,

regional 06"eKJ\6, n., dothing 06.1\H3BaM ce (06"H)I(a ce, -em), impf.,

to lick onc's lips 06.1\HlKa cc, -em, 06.1\H3ax ce (06.w3-

BaM ce), pf. , to lick one's lips o6oAP", -Hm, -HX (o6oApJiBaM), pf.,

to cncourage o6oApJiBalol. (o6oApi, -Hill), impf., to

encourage 06paaosiHHe, n. , education 06paay.,aM, impf., to shape, to form,

10 make, to organize 06pi,waM (o6i.PJla) , impf .• to turn 06pi,waM ce (o6ipna ce) , impf., to

turn, turn around 06TtrnaT. adj .• strained 06YIIKa, f. , usually in plural; shOOl,

whatever is worn on feet 06YI,ij3., pl., no sing., footware, shOOl 06y!,ij:l.p, 06ywa.pJIT, 06YW;iplO, m.,

shoemaker 06XB3.lIa (06XB3.ij/;aM), pf. , to clasp,

to embrace 06XB3.lJAaM (06XB3.Ha), impf., to elasp,

to cmbrace 06WCC"TlI6, n., society 06J,W1Ha, f., administration ofa town

or community 06ij/;HTeJ\elt, 06IJAl1Te"lta, adj. , socia-

bl' 6fu...., 66.1\a, adj. , rounded 06ipHa (06pi,!JAaM), pf., to turn 06ipHa ce (06pi.!JAaM cel, pf. , to turn,

to turn around 06.uv.t HHe, n., advertiiM:ment, notice,

announcement 06n" ce, -Hw, -Ii:x (061lBiBaM ce), pf.,

to announce oneself, to da::lare oneself

06l1BiBaM ce (06I1B. ce, _Hw), impf., 10 announce oneself, to da::lare oneself

06Ii.1{BaM, impf. , to cat lunch 06I1CHli, -Hill, -Hx (oo.cHiBaM), pf., to

explain oo.cllmM (06RcHN, -Hw), impf., to

explain oll'lap, OB'IapJIT, m., shepherd ornHlJAc n. , hearth Orpell, -tew, orpix (orpuaM), pf., to

shinc on, to warm up orpUaM (OrpeR, -eew ), impf., to shine

on, 10 warm up 6n.1t, 6n.HRT, orn»6ue, m., fire OA"Lp3OCTi ce, -Hw, -HX (OA"Lp;iOCTli­

BaM cc), pf., to dare OA"Lp30crliBaM ce (oA"Lp;iOCTli ceo

-Hw), impr. , to dare O3QJIa ce. -t w, 006BaX ce (03osisaM

ce), pf., to find onl:SC':lf O3OBauaM ce (oooea ce, -t ill), impf.,

to find onl:SC':lf 01(6, O'lH, n. , eye 6K6"eH, 6K6.1\Ha, adj., surrounding,

neighboring 6KO"0, prep., around OKOH'IaTe"eH, OI(OIl'laTeJ\lIa, adj. ,

final OKOH'IaTeMlO, adv. , finally oK6cBaM (oKocli, -HW), impf .• to mow OKOcK, -Hw, -H" (01(6oUsaN, oK6cuaM),

pf., to mow OKocJiBaM (oKocR, -Hw). impf., to mow Ol(pHmallC, -HlI, n. , blaming, com-

plaint oMt ra, f. , omega onacell, onaClia. adj., dangerous onawKa, f. , tail Olll1BaM (OIlH • • oIlHew), impf., to

intoxicate Olll1paM (onpA. -t Ol), impf., to lean

against, to touch onl1., onHew, OIlH" (onHBaM), pf., to

intoxicate OITJ\llI(BaM (olT.I\a'la, -ew), impf .• to

lament OIl"al(BaHe, -Ifll, n. , lament onJ\ll'l.a, -ew, OnAaKax (OnMKBaM),

pf., to lament

oll03HasaM (on03nill , -aew), impf., to become well acquainted with

OIl03H.u, _aew, 01l03Hax (on03HaBalol) pf. , to become well acquainted with

ollpa. -t w, ollpix (OIlHpaM), pr. , to lean against, to touch

onpe.ilO!J\tH, adj., definite Ouycrt ll, -tew, onycrli" (onYCTliBaM),

pf. , to be deser ted onycrRsaM (onycrtll, -t ew), impf. , to

be deserted onyweHlie. n. , omission opi,(jIan, adj ., frayed , ragged OCJl.eTi, -Hw, -HX (OCBewaaaM), pf., to

sanctify ocuelJAUaM (OCBeTN, _»w), impf. , to

sanctify OCeM, numeral , eight OCKOTi, -HW, _HX (ocI(OTliBaM), pr. , to

make brutish OCI(OTUaM (OCKOTN, _HW), impf. , to

make brutish ocriAeH, ocriAHa, adj., scanty OCI("Lp6R, -HW, -H" (OCI("Lp6maN), pf .•

to insult. to offend OCI("LpOiBaM (ocl("Lp6li, -HW), impf.,

to insult, to offend OC66eH, adj., special OC6&HO, adv., especially ocriBaM (ocraHa), impf., to remain ocn:all, _IiW, -lD[ (ocraBlIN) , pr., to

leave (transitive) occl&lIM (ocrasll, -HW), impf., to

leave (transitive) ocrana (ocrauaM), pf., to remain ocriT"LI(, ocraT"LUH, m., remainder 6crt.p, 6CTpa, adj. , sharp OCRT, ppp. ocell , -tew, ocix, OCt liX

(ocefiBalol.), sown OT. prep., from, by OT6HsaM ce (0T6l1l1 ce, -Hew), impf.,

10 turn aside, diverge, to drop in (of a visitor)

oroHlI ce, _Hew, OroHX ce (0T6HBaM ce), pf., to turn aside, to diverge, to drop in

OTBiplllof (OTBOplI, -liW), impf., to opeo

'5'

OT8e,4Hbo: (oneAri*), adv., sudden­ly

0T1I6p. , -HW, KX (on.apDI), pr., 10

"",n

onpCA, adv., on all sides, everywhere onpi.\I,IUI (O'11ri.pHa), impf., to re­

turn, to reciprocate, to answer O'11ri.plla (onpi.i,WlN), pf., to return

to reciprocate, to answer orrod.pnc (orroJKiPll, _ .. m), impf., to

answer orr0e6PII. -J.lW, -J.lX (OTI"08liPlllol), pf. ,

to answer OTAa.aHa, ad v. , long ago, sinee a long

time OTAb.eH, OTA~a, adj., separated OTAeACHJ.le, n ., division, grade oTAm , conj., where, whenee OTJIBa'" (crtH.Aa, onI:Aew), impf., to

go, to depart tmi.Aa, OTKAeW, 0'rnA6x (cmi:Ba"'l ,

pf., to go, to depart 0TKA3aaw (ord~. --ew), impf., to <ef~

ontLKa, --ew, 0"T1ti3ax (OTd3BlUC), pf., to refuse

OTXAJo-U, -HW, _!IX (O'I'KAJO'fBaJol) , pf., to unlock

antAJOqaa", (O'I'X.AIO'fa, -HW), impf., to unlock

OT1I;6AJ(OTO, conj., than (in compari_ "'ni

OT1I;pm-, adj., open OTA""eH. orA""Ha, adj., excellent,

outstanding orA"'fHe, n ., distinguishing mark.

differenee OTHa'la...o, adv., from the beginning,

at fint oru6eo, adv., again, anew ontowclIHe, n ., conn«tion OTO)lt.AecmtH. adj., identified, iden_

tical OTPWIol (o-rp6e.lI, -HW). impf. , to

poison otpa*uaM cc, impf., to be refi«ted orpa.d ce, -"w, -m, (orpa..:uiBa", ce),

pf., to be refi«ted otpa3Da", ee (orpm ee, -Hw), impf.,

to be reft«ted

'5'

0TJ>6u. _HW, -!IX (orpw",), pf., to poison

oreed , <m::e'I:cw , OTc.ixOX (oreH"a",), pf., to cut down

orc"'l'" (oreexa, <m::e'I:CllJ), impf., to cut down

OTCJla6Ba'" (OTCAlin.. -HW), impf., to grow weak

orcAa611, -HW, _Ill' (orcAli6aaNl, pf., to grow weak

OTTa"" adv., from there, thence OTrcrAll ce, -HW, -J.IX (orretAllIol ce),

pf., to withdraw, to relire OT'Tl!rJI.DI ee (OTJ'CrAll ee, -KW), impf.,

to withdraw, to retire orrori.aa, adv., sinee that time OT'Iy)It.ACH, adj., estranged, separated oxirra, f., appetite, relish O'I'aKBaW, impf .• to expect 61,ije, adv. , still

na, adv., (:onj., then, and naAa'" (n!.AHa) , impf., to fall n!AHa (n!Aalol). pf., to faU nwp, m., market nuapeH, nuapHa, adj., market naU'I, m ., guard, sentinel nau, -KW, -HX, impf., to guard nax, adv., again n .... r6, n ., coat, overcoat naHTaA6HH, m . pI. (sing. rare), lro~

nap", pI. only, f., money napUv.HB. adj., tattered, ragged naT1(8, f., duck neKa, ne'lcw, nCKOx, nble, impr. , to

bak, fi cINo, m., man's name nepa, nepew, npax, impf., to wash nc:p6, n ., pen neceH, necHK, f. , song n« Hon6eu, nCCHon6ftUH, m ., singer flecor...a..cv., m., "Dog's Head" nCT, numeral. five ne-ra...o, n. , hone-shoe nent6, n ., spot nen.K, m., Friday fitn.p, m., man's name (Peter) newK6M, new, newa, adverbs, on foot newepa, f., cave

nb, n6em, 1lB, impf., to sing mipmc:cno, n., feut D1I(;M6. n., letter ~, impl, to uk tJ:Iima, -em. miclx, imp., to wri te mnP. -Hm, -n., impf., to whittle no, n"ew, nHX. impf., to drink rv-iAHe, n ., noon, lunch time rv.A){'loI( , nAliM"loWt, m., flame T1AaT, n .... nT. n .... TOBt, m., cloth nAax, adj., frightened, timid rv.ad, _Hw, -Hx (ItA.i.J,WlN), pf. , to pay rv.A~1oI (rv.ani, -Hw), impf. , to pay fu6eAHB, m ., name of city TIAOA, nAOAi.T, TIAOAoM:, m., fruit DA6e-.I(, T1A6cKa, adj. , flat 1lMtA!AAxa, f., landing nAy".a"" impf., to swim n.UCIoI(, n.UCloUJ.I , m., splash ~ .. a, f. , p rey, booty, catch, spoils no, prep., along, on, by, no uv- AeH,

all day long n06l,paaN (no6i.p3BaJo1), pf .• to haJten no61.p38AN (no6i.paalol), impf.. to

hasten no6.iraaM (n06.ima), impf., to run

away, to flee n06.inta (no6.iraaw), pr. . to run away,

10 flee n6ae<le, adv., more nOllHKaM (nOllHK8aM), pf., to summon nOllHJ<aa'" (nOllHKaw), impf., to sum-

mon nOllAeKa, nOIlAC'lew, noWKOX (n~

IlAH"alol ), to draw, to carry forward nOIlAC'lCH, ppp., drawn, carried for­

w,rn nOllAH"', -jew, nOllAHix (n08AH.i­

aaw), pf., to inAuenee ~.iaaw (~ -jew), impf. ,

to inAuenee noapi.1,ij8M (n"'pH&), impf., to re­

turn (transitive) noei.pHa (noap-i.l,WUC), pf. , to return

(transitive) noriplUlOCT, f., surface nOBjpBa",. impf., to believe n6rAeA. m., glance, gaze nOrACAHa (norAb KAalol ), pf., to look

al . t ~ take a look into

nor~ (oar ... ~), im.v:, 10 look at, to take a look into

n ....... -Cw. -b <_i ..... 10 bury

norpe&taM (1IOq)C6a, -bu), impl, to bury

nClA, prep., under nOAKrpUut: ee (nOAHrpU ce, . iew),

impf., to make fun of somebody nOAJ.lrpaB.areAHO, adv., mockingly nOAHrpa. ee, -aew, nOAHrpax tt

(noAKrpiaaw eel , pf., to make fun of somebody

n6ANOJ\, m ., hollow under the bank of a stream

nOAH6aeH, ppp. nOAHoU, -HW, -Ib (nOAHodBaM), renewed, renovated

nOAo6iaaw, impr., to be fining, to be propu

nOA66eH. nQA66Ka, adj ., similar, such , like

nOA03Kpuc (nOA03p&, -cw), impf., to ~uspect

nQAoopa, -CW, -n (nOA03M-p.",), pr. , to IUSpect

nOAOOpCHHe, n., ,uspicion nOAI1pe.a;ceA!TCAxa, f., viceprafdent

(fem.) nOApadaa .. , impf. , to imitate nOACBHpBaw (nOACBJipHa), impf., to

whistle softly nOACBHpHa (nOACB"pB3M), pf. , to

wh inle softly nOAcKi'laM (nOACK6'1a, -KW). impr.,

to jump, to leap up nOACK6'la, -HW, -HX (noACKa'laM).

pf., to jump, to leap up nOAcwilnaw (noAcloll\)Ula), impf., to

Imile, to laugh at IlOACWKxHa (nOAcwHxaalol l . pr. . 10

Iffiilc, to laugh at llOAywa, _IIW, -HX (nOAywaaN), pr. .

to get the Kent or nOAYWBaM (nOAYwa, -Jlw) , impr .• tn

get the scent of notwa, --ew, nob: (n06 18M), pr., t"

take up not"'a'" (notMa, -ew), impr., tu take

up

nOJKeA!aaw (noJICeAi.tI . -aew), impf., to wish

no.CAU, _aew, noJIC~ (nOJKeAi­aaw), pf. , 10 wish

n03aMHCAJI ce. -Hm, -HX, pf., to think a lillie

n~, -li:w, -Iix (no:JllO...maw), pf. , to allow n~ (no:JllO .... , .li:w), impf.,

to allow n03Apad, _Hw, -li:x (noaAPaaiBaw).

pf., to greet n03ApadBaW (n03Apasi,-Hw),impf.,

to greet n03H~ (noaHu, -aem), impf. , to

recognIze nOOHa., -aew, n03Hax (n03wiBa.M),

pf., 10 recognite "OUCUM (noli:cKllaM) , pf., to express

desire. 10 want noli:CKBaM (noHcKaM). impf. , to ex­

pr~ desire. to want nOd3BaM, (noKhta, -ew), impf., to

",ow nod.38aM ce (nodlKa ce, -ew), impf.,

to show oneself, to appear noKi-a, -ew, noKi3ax (noJ<i.38aN:),

pf., to show noxAlKa ce, -ew, noKhax ce (noJ<U­

BaIoI ce), pf., to 5how oneself, 10

>PI"" nonHa, f., invitation noQIflI.&W (nOQH_, -HW), impf., 10

invite , noKim, -HW, -HX ( noxaHl~aw), pf., to

invite nolCpliA, prep., next to, beside noKpHsaw. (noxpm., -uew), impf., to ,=

nOJ<pn., -Hew, nOKpux (noJ<puJI.aM) , pf. , to coYer

noAA, f., skirt nOM~, no"ba, n., field nClA~Ka, adv., slowly, soft ly n6A3a, f., advantage, p rofi t, use nOAHWl_, f., police nOI\)( , n6"KloT, n6AJ<ollC, m., regiment nOAOBHHa, f., half nClAyrpaMOreH, nClAyrpaMMlla, adj .,

half literate

'54

nO"YHCTIma, f., half-truth nClAy..a, -HW, -It)( (nClA}"I'baM), pf.,

to receive, to obtain nOA}"I'a..aaw (no"y..a, -HlU) , impf., to

receive, to obtain nONO"~. ee, eew, n OAJO....o: ce (no­

NO....n.a.. ce), pf., to sway, to rock back and forth

n~M&aw ce (nOA1O"~. ce, -tew), tmpf., to sway, to rock back and forth

nowAxru.c (noMixBa.",), pf. , to wave nowAxsaw (nowbaloC), impf., to wave nOMHCAJI, -HW, - It)(, pf., 10 think n6MJU, -Hill, -HX, impf., to remember noM'1>ApjsaM, impf., to speak wisely noMi."'1a, -HIll, -ax (n~d.aaw)

pf., to be silent a bit nOM'l>AdaaM (n()J.n,Ad, -Hw), impf.,

to be silent a bit nOH~, adv., at le811t nOilbte, conj., becaw;e nOHixora, adv., sometimes nomITaw (nonHTBru.c), pf., to ask, to

inqui re nonKnaM (nonWraw), impf., to ask,

to inqui re nonpiu, -HW, -It)( (nonpruw..), pf .•

to repair nonp!8.Ol (nonpaa., -ilW) . impf .• to

repair nopaAli , p rep., on account of, because

0' n6pra, f., gate nopi.'liUI: (nopi.'l8aW), pf. , to order nopi.'lBalol (nopi.qru.c), impf., to order noclle-d, -Hw, -Ibt (nOCll(:~), pf.,

to devote noael,ijiaaN (nOCllCTJi, -Hw), impf.,

to devote n6c"e, adv., aftcrwarth nQC,\tAeH, nQC,\~a, adj., last, final,

recent nQC,\eAolI~hCAHO, adv., succCSllivciy,

in succession nQC,\ywaM (nQC,\yumaM), pf. , to listen

to, to heed, to. obey nQC,\yumaM (nQC,\ywllM), impf., to

listen to, to heed, to obey

nOCMea, -ttw, nOCMJix (nocw.l:aalo$) , pf., 10 dare

nocwiBul (nocwea, -ttw), impf., to dare

nOCpeA, p rep., in me middle of, amidst

nOCTiu, -HW, -JtX (nocr.lwrw), pr., to place

nClC'l'iasw (nOC'l'liH, -HW), impf., to put, to place

nocrapiIIaN ce (nocrapa.. ce, -aem). impf., to endeavor, to do one's best

nocrapa.. ce, -aew, nocrapax ce (nocrapbaM ee), pf., to endeavor, to do one's best

nQCTe..u:a, f., bed, bedding nOCTen~HHo, adv., gradually nocrI.llII8M (nocrim:, -HW), impf., to

enter nOCTi.m(.a, f. , behavior nocri.n_, -HW, -It)( (nocrinBaM), pf.,

to enter nOTJtCKaM (nomcHa), impf., to press

down, to press in upon nOnteHa (nOTHcKaM), pf., to p ress

down, to press in upon ncnpetia, f., need UOTpe6cH, narpe6Ha. adj., necessary norleaw (noriHa), impf., to sink nO'rloAkY-M, impf., to interpret, to

explain nori.Ha (noriBaM), pf., lo.sink noxap ... a, -HW, -iIX (noxipq.BaIoI) , pf.,

to spend noxaJ>'l8aM (noxip'la, -IIW), impf.,

to spend n6xoAeH, n6xoA.Ha, adj. , of the cam-

paign noqaxaM (noqaJCBa)l), pf., to wait noqaKB8W (nod.KaM), impf., to wait n6'lepK, m., handwriting n6'1CCT, f., honor no'lHaaw (no'lHHa), impf., to rest nO'litSKa, f., rest, vacation n()'l.HHa, (nO'lWaM), pf., to rest n()'l.HTaeM, adj. , respected n()'l.T~H , adj., respected n()'l.TIi: , adv., almost n()'l.jBcnIyaaw, impf., to feel nO'lYKaM (nO'lYKaaM), pf., to knock

n()'l.Yk8aM (no'lYKaM), impf., to knock nol,ijUi, -HUI, -Iix (nOW8AbaM), pi,

to . pare, to preserve no\ij.MiBaM (nol.,ijaAJi, -Hw), impf., to

spare, to preserve now ce, -Hw, _Ibt (nouQaw cel , pf.,

to announce oneself, to appear no.abaM ce (no.ri ce, -Hw), impf.,

to announce oneself, to appear nOleiBaHe, -JU, n., an appearing,

appearance npas, adj., straight, upright npauHB, adj., just npasHTe>.cno, n., government, ad-

ministration npaal, -HW, -HX, impr., to do, to make nphc:H, npuHa, adj., empty npbHHK, np33HHIIH, m., holiday npb HH'IeH, npb HH'lHa, adj., holiday,

fes tive npau, -HW, -HX (npal,l,law) , pf., to ~nd

npal,l,l8M (npau, -HW), impf., 10 send npeAH, prep., before npc.MJ\raM (npe..v.6J1Ca, -HW), impf.,

to suggest, to propose, to offer npe..v.6>Ka, _HW, _HX (npcAAAraw),

pf., to suggest, to propose, to offer npeAce"UTeA, npeAe<:AiTeUT, m .•

president npeACTaBAc.me, n. , representation,

show, performance npeArn.,., -HW, _JtX (npcACTa8wM),

to represent to oneself, to imagine npeAC'raII'saw (npeAcri.a.l, -HW),

impf., to represent to oneself, to imagine

npeAC'roiy'!, adj ., forthcoming npe3, prep. through, during npc3ptHHe, n., disgust, d isdain npedpaw (npedptlaM), pf., to spend

(time) npedpaaM (upcKipaw), impf., In

spend (time) npeKpaTi, -Hw, _lix (npellpaTJi"aw).

pr. , to stop, to call off, to make: an end to

npeKpaTisaM (npeKpaTi, _lim), illl l'f .• to stop, to ca ll off, to make an ('nd '0

nperi.caaw (npeNH.), impf., to in­tcn'\Ipt , to cut l hort

nperi.cHa (nperlcaaw) , pf., to inter­rupt, to cut short

npeHO~M, impf., to spend the night

npenoAWTeA, npenoAWTe.uT, m., teacher, ins tructor, leeturer

nptceK, npllata, adj., fresh npecrieaw (npeed.lla), impf., 10 ~

npecciHa (npecciBaIol), pI'., to Cea5C npeyBC.AH'Ia, -"w, _HX (npcyaeAK'Ia­

eaw), pf., to exaggerate npeyKAH'lbaw (n peyBCAH'Ia, ' HW),

impl'., to exaggerate npbla, -KW, -KX, impf., 10 stand in

the way, 10 block, to hinder RpK, prep., by, near, with RpH6epa ce, -tw, npK6pax ce (npH.

6HpaM ce), pf., to go home, to re­turn home

HpK6HpaM ce (npll6epa ce, ·em), impf., to go hom e, to return home

npK6"CAhaw, impf., to become pale "pHlMeKa, npKIMC"Itw, npKIM'KOX,

nPHIMt 'le (npHJMH'Iaw), pf., to draw, to attract, to get

npKBJ'oH'IaM (npKlMui, npHlMe'lew), impf., to d raw, to attract, to get

upKnp3BaM ce (npu.i.plKa ee, -cw), impl'., 10 be tied to, 10 be anached

'0 npWli.p*a ce, -eUl, npH.i.p38X ce

(npKBi.p:aaM ce), pr., to be lied to, to be attached to

npKrOr8JI , .HW, 'KX (upHrm....) , pf., to prepare

npHr61MM (npur6TM, 'HW), impf., 10 p repare

npuelol, m ., reception, welcome npHelola , -em, npKb::, npKtT (npKt-

1.18101), pr., to receive npHwaM (npHt ... , -em), impr., to

receive npHKa:lKa, f., short story, a necdote npHKMA, m ., butt (of a riRe) npMlU..o'la, 'lUU, ' Kle (lIpKIU..o'leaw),

pr., 10 close

IIPKKI\.o-w (npKKI\.oqa, 'KW), impf., to close

npKKoea, -eut; -ax. (npKKoeUaw), pf., 10 fix on

npKKoUBaM (npKKoN, -ew) , impf., to fix on

upW.HqW, npw.wlHa, adj., dea:nl, Propel', neat

npKHY,aa, .KW, .10( (npKH)'~), pf. , to compel, to force

npKKyJKA!1IilW (npKHY,aa, ' HW), impf., to compel, to force

npHCTOpBa. WH ce (npKCT6pH _ ce), it seems to me

nPHci.cnlKe, n ., presence npHd.ABaw: ce (npKTaJi ce, -aMID),

impf., to stay quiet, to be qutet npllTai ceo -aHw, aiDr. (npHTaANM

ce), pf. , to nay quiet, to be quiet nplfTHCIl3.M (npKTlfCHa), impf., to

press, to squeeze npHTlicKa (npKTlfCIl3.M), pf., to Prell,

to squeexe np .... liHa, f., cause, reuon npKU6\aaw: ce (npHUw ce, 'HW).

impf., to take aim npKJ,lW ce, -KW, ·HX (npHUb.aaM

ce), pf. , to take aim npKlhe..o.. npKiTeNrr, n pHJiTe,uo, m ..

friend np06y»:, -HW, 'KX (np06y~),

pr., to awaken np06Y"'AaM (npo6y»:, -HW), impf.,

to awaken npoaMAeKItC, n ., providence npoaKHUKwH, npoBHHUHiAHa, adj.,

provinci~l' n poaMHUIfJI, r. , province, provinces

(coli .) npoAiaaM (npoAiw, npo.uAew),

impf., to sell np!)Aiu, npoABAew, npoAMox (npo­

Abaw), pf., to sell npo~, -MW, -iDr. (npoA~M),

pf., 10 prolong, to continue npoA'loNIIblHe, n., continuation

B nPOA'l>NIteKHe Ha, in Ihe coune of

np006peu, np006PUH, m., window

rtpOK3!IC.Ai, -ew, npoH38tAOX (npoH37 .e*ADf), pf., to p roduce

npoll3B6KAaw (npoH3BC.AA, .em), impf., to produce

npommac.loI (npoH3Heci., ew) , impf., to pronounce, to utter

npoH3Heca, tw, npoKlHtcox (npoK3-Kic.w) , pf., to pronounce, to utter

np6MT, f., Spring npoACTapK,b, m., proletariate ~,-Hw, -iDr. (np~),

pf., to mutler, to mumble npot.n.ABfBaw (npo........u, 'Hw), im­

pr. , to mutter, to mumble npocr, adj., limple npoc:n\:paw (npocrpa, .ew), impf.,

to spread np6ero, adv., simply npocrpa, ·em, npocrpix (npocrH­

paw), pf., to spread npOCI'lIi, 'HW, .iDr. (npowbaM), pf.,

to forgi ve npol,l,lbaM (npocrJi, -liw), impf., to

forgive np-bCT, f., soil, cultivated earth rqn.cr, npi.CTl>T, npi.CTK, m., finger lITH'lap, npK'Iapn-, rinNaplO, m .,

bird.hunter, bird·man rrmua, f., bird n ycKaw (nYCHa ), impf., to 100M:, to let nYCHa (nycKaw, nYIJ!8M) , pf., to loose,

to le t nylJ!8.lol (nycKa ), impf., to loose, to let n yma, _HW, 'IIX, impf., to smoke rrYwxa, f., riRe nWeHHua, f., grain, wheat m..vn..4i.k, I'noAfI'l>Ai.UH, m., quail In", however, yet 1I'lIo.o\tU, -HW, -Hk, impf. , to fill Inpa (1lp'Io8) , ord inal numeral, first tripxaw, impf., to flutter, to Rap, to

wriggle InT, triTfl', ni.TH, m., time; CAMH InT,

once rn.T, ni.TlIT, ni.TKl,ija, m., road triTCH, rn.THa, adj. , pertaining to the ~d

triTC'lKa, r. , path ' ni.THHK, Irl.THHUH, niTHHKO, m. ,

traveller

rn.ryaaw, impf., to travel n ' C1oK, n'C1oUH, m., sand n 'C1o'leH, niC1o'lHa, adj., sandy

pa6oTa, f., work pa66TttKK, pa66THKUH, m., worker pa66THH'IKa, f., worker pac;o;.., -KW, -HX, impf., to work paBHHKa, r. , plain P&A6A, m., man's name PMocr, f., joy pll36epa, ..ew , pa36pax (pa36Hpalol),

pf., to understand p&36lipaM (p836epA, ..ew), impf., to

understand ; pa36lipa ce, of course pa366AHHK, pa366AHH\P'I , m ., robber,

bandit pa3n.MYaaH, a dj ., excited pa3roeapllM ce (pa3ro!l6p. ce, ' HW),

impf., to con verse with pt3rollOp, m., conversat ion pa3roaop"HB, adj ., talkative pa3r0B6pa ce, -HW, -HX (pa:lroBapJlM

ce) , pf., to con verse with pa3ropel,l,ltH, adj., heated p"1'l;4aalol (pa3Aaw, palAaAew ), tm·

pf., to d istribute pa3Aaw, palAaAtw, pa3AAAOX (pa3-

Aieaw), pf., to distribute PI.3APa:lHtH, adj., irritated, exa·

sperated pAlK83, m., story pa:ld3aalol (pa3dlKa, -em) , impf., 'n

relate, to tell a story, to recollm pa:lidlKa, -ew, pa3d.38k (pa:tKlh·

eaw) , pf. , to relate, to tell a stury. to recount

pa3WeHeH, adj., exchanged pa3MKl1L\eHKe, n ., t hought. m ... lu. ·

tion, refl ection pa3l1elKa, -HW, -HX (pu,u<", .. " .. l. 1" •

to make soft, tender pa:mtJKllalol (pa3Ht)l(a, ,"",1, 111'1" .

to m ake soft, tender pa3Opi, -ew , pa30pal< (,",:,"1" ..... . ,

pf., to p lough curoplrlrl)' pa30paBaw (pa30pa . ·I'UIO . lII'I". , ..

plough c9mpielrly pa3no.o,OJ.u!KHr. II ., cli."."""",

pa311pa-, -KW, _KX (pa3l1paBJIM), pf., to relate, to describe

pa3l1pbn' (pa3l1paBJI, _KW), impf. , to relate, to describe

pa:m'S·ettaT, adj ., released, free, un­inhibi ted

pa3OV.eK, m. , servant in an office, office boy

pa3\1enaa.M (pu\len., -KW) , impf., to cleave

pa.:J\len., -KW, -KX (P&3Uem.a.M), pf. , to cleave pa~ (po"';, -Hw) , impf., to give

b irth to, to bear pAwo, paMellli, n ., shoulder paKKHa, f. , early morning paHO, adv. , early paCTa, -ew , pacrox, paC1>A, paCAa,

impf., to grow peAK\la, f., row, series peJllU\, -em, pi3ax, pe3ax, impf. , to cu, PC"', f., river peKa, pe'iem, peKOX, pel('h", pelU.a,

p f. , to say, to speak pe'l, r., word peqeH, adj., said, utte red pewa; ....tw._ -m: (pewbaM), pf., to

decide, to make up one's mind pewbaM (pema, -Hw), impf., 10 de-

cide, to make up one's mind pH6a, f. , ruh pKn, r., shirt POA, POA'bT, poAOIIe, m., family,

tribe, origin poAeH, poAeHa, adj., born, from birth p6AeH, p6Atta, adj., native poAme..>., po~, poAJheNo, m.,

parent poAJi, -Hw, -Hx (pa*AaM), pf. , to give

birlh to, to bear . p6KNI, f. , dress

p6N11, r., r61e pod, f., dew pycHaK, pycHaUH, m., Ru" ian JYbKa, JYb\l~, f. , hand JYbKaBHua, f., glove pliADK, pAAKa, peAK", adj., ra re pi3KO, adv. , b riskly

c, OC, prep., with caM, cawa, pro. !!elf c&wo, adv., only caMOAJ06Ke, n. , ambition CaMOyKpettOCT, f., self-confidence caHAi.x, caHAi.UH, m., box, chest caHAi.'Ie, caH.,4i.'IeT8, n., box callTHMeHTiNtOCT, f., sentimentality CUAi, -Hw, -Ih: (~) , pf., to doff CBaA.O( (CBaAi, -Hw), impf .• to doff tae.AeHHe, n .• information CBb::TeH, caiCTHa (caiCHa) , adj.,

seruible ClIeT, adj .• holy, sacred caencaaH'lHO, adv., fast as lightn ing CBeT"KK, caeT~, m., light CBeT.MIHa, f., light CBCTOBCH, cBCT6BHa, adj., wordly aten.A, CBb-"a, adj., light, b right C!l'kx, -HW, _HX, impf., to ligh t, to

give light, to shine CBcI,ij, f., candle CB HII'l.e, n .• pig CBHlIJi, f., pig, swine CBHT, adj., timid , bashful cB060,.;!, f., freedom CB066AeH, cB060AHa, adj., frcc CB06oAHH'lDI(, m ., a bil of frcc lime cao66Atto, adv., freely CBOCHpiBHO, adv., capricious, wilfull ,

wayward cBOA, cabx, CB6e, ca6H, rdl.exivc: ~

noun, own CBn , C1ICTi.T, ~. m., world cripwa, -Hm, -KX (cai.pWBaM), pf.,

to finish cri.pWBaM (cripwa. _HW), impf., 10

finish crpb, crp&:w. crpxx (CrpWM), pf. ,

to heat, to warm. CrpiBaM (crpe., crp&:w), impf .• to

heat, to warm CADp*a, -MW, -ax (CAi.p*aM), p f .• !O

restrain, to hold back, to contain c..rlp)J(aM (CADpJKi, _Hw), impf., to

restrain, to hold back, to con tain cera, adv., now c~eM, n umeral, seven ceAMHua, f., wcek C~MH'!HO, adv., weekly

e~a (c.l,4aM), cCAli, -I\:m, ceAix, impf., to be in a

silting position, to Si l, to be silting ceKptr, m. , secret ceKfHAa, f., second, moment ce...o, n., village ceAclOl, adj., of the village teAC'loaer, m., village council Ce.Uk, CeMUH, m., peasant, farmer ee....uHII. ce.......H, m., peasant, fa rmer ctMillxa, peasa'nt woman ceweACTIMl, n. , family cen6, n. , hay cenaa .. ce (cemla ee), impf. , to start ,

to be startled CenaaHe, -HX, n ., a start CenHa ce (cell8aM ce), pf., to start,

to be startled cepac(lftCI(H, adj. , of seraph, seraphic CepHOOeH, cepHooHa, adj. , serious ceCTpa, f., sis ter ctreH, cbHa, adj. , last, final UTX ce, -HW, -HX (cel,ijaM ce), pf., to

to remember, to think of celJ!au ce (ctrJl ce, -HUI), impf. , 10

remember, to th ink of CHryp<:H, CHrypHa, adj., sure, certain,

posilive c.u.a. f., strength CHAeH, cHMfa, adj., Slrong, powerful C"MiO, adv., strongly am, CHlii-T, CHliO~, m., son CHH, CItHI, cH",.o, CMHH, adj., dark

blue cMHKaB, adj., bluish CloIpololh, cHpolcicK, m., poor man CHPOloiaUl, f., only articulated, no pl. ,

the poor (coil. ) CIUl"a, f., cliff cxaJtAA,>., m., scandal CXa'll»( (cK6'1a, -HW), impf., to jump CXOBa, ..em, -ax (CI(OBiBaIoC), pf., 10

make rigid, to freeze, to think up Cl(oaaaa.. (cxoali, -em). impr., to

make rigid, to freeze, to think up cx61(Baw (cK6KHa ), impf., 10 jump Cl(61(Ha (cK6J<BaJ.f), pf., to j ump cK6n'ia, -HW, -HX (cK6n'!BaM), pf., to

clasp

cx6n'laau (cx6n'la, -HW), impf., 10

clasp CK6po, adv., q uickly, lOOn cx6pocT. f., speed cx6'la, -¥lW, -K)( (cx4"a .. ), pf., to

jump Cl<PWM (CKpU, cKplieUl) , impf., to

hide CX PMX, cKpMew, CKPIfX (cxpl\::xaw),

pf., to hide cxp1>6, f., sorrow CK'lonoueHeH, CK'lono"eHHa, adj., pre-

cious, valuable CAa6, adj., weak CAW. f., praise c,,:!. rlUl; (CA6JK8, -HW), impf., to p lace CAM_X, o.aAXa, adj., sweet CAbxw (W3a, c"t3cm) , impf., 10

descend CACA, prep., after o.eA KaT6, conj., after CAeAi, f., consequence c"wal,l,l, adj., following c"tAM, -KuI, -Kx. impf., to follow o.en-', -Kw, _Iix (CAen ... ), pf. , to

glue, to stick o.enXM (o.enl:, -Hw), impf., to glue

to st ick c"ell ce, o.ttW, CAIX (o.Haa .. ce), pf.,

to unite, 10 fusc CAKaaM ce (o.e. ce, CAeew), impr., to

u nite, to fuse CAM:)a .. (CAba, CAt3cIl.l). impf. , 10

descend CAOBttHOCT, f., literature CAor, o.6nT, o.6roae, m., boundary,

mound CA6JK8, -HW, _HX (CAara .. ) , pr. , to

place o.yra, m., servant CAyrnH'Ie, n., dim., servant girl CAyrHHX, f., servant girl. maid servant CAYrY8lU1;, impf., 10 serve, to be a

servant, to do service CAy...a, -HW, _HX (o.Y'I8aM), pr., 10

find, to choose CAy'!a ceo -KW, -HX (o.Y'iBaM ce), pf.,

to happen c"Y'iaA, c"Y'ian, m., inatance, case,

occasion

'59

CAy.ceaw (CAy..a •• Hm). impf., 10 find, to chClCl$e

CAy..eaw ce (CAy..a ce, .HW). impf., to happen

CAy.cU, f., event, happening CAYwaw, f., to listen. to hear CAi.Hue, n .• sun CAba, CAOc:W. ~, CAQe (CAhII,

CAM3aW), pf., to descend CAiH. CAeKH, ppp. CAb, CAeew , CAD.,

poured together, fUKd CAml, CAenN, adj .• blind cwtrHa (o.dTaw). pf., to reckon, to

count, to consider c:wyn!K, cwyt'6ta. ppp. cwyri, .Hw,

Iix (cwyTillaw). confused, em· ba.-.-l

on.pr, f., death cwi.pttK, CNi.p-rna. adj., mortal odTaw (cMma ). impf .• to reckon,

to count , to consider OIa6~, ·Hw. ·Iix (cKa6ma",) , pf .•

to provide CHa6AieaM (cKa6~ •• Hw). impf .• to

provide CHOI,I,Pf, adv., last night C6nOT, 11'1 •• name of town in Bulgaria,

birthplace of I van Varov C04lKACJtH. adj., of Sofia ~H., f., Sofia, capital of Bulgaria COUHaAJtCT, 11'1 •• socialist cn1v.tu:. f., sleeping room , bedroom cneuuwo. adv .• especia lly cnifpaw: (cnp., cnpew), impf., to Itop cnAe'ri ceo ..ew, crv..trox ce (cn..Wn.w

ce). pf .• to twine oneself, to weave oneself

cn.uhaw ce (cn.o.eU. ceo ..ew). impf .• to twine oneself. to weave oneself

crv..'IoCT6t:, CIl.o\'loCU:Ha, adj ., tangled cnOK6ftHO. adv .• peacefully cnoKOftC11lHe, n. , quiet. tranquility cnoMeHa ce, ·ew . ·b (cnoMeuaaaM

ce). pf., to mention cnoMeHaaaM ee (CnOMeKa ce, .ew) ,

impf., to mention cnoMJUl, ·HW, ·lIX (cn6MHs",), pf., to

remind cnoMHJIM (cn6MHS, .HW), impf .• to

remind

CDopb, prep., aa:ording to cnoc66tM. OI1OC'6&ra, adj., capable,

able cnox6», ·HW,·HX (cnOX6*AaM), p ..

to visit cnox6JKAaw (cnoxOM • • )Cw), .impl.,

to vi$i t cnpb.H, from cnP*-'. cnpCAM, aOil'.

past pari., CDJlIf, cnpew, CDpq. halted, stopped

cnpHxail, adj .• irritable. quarrebomc cnpa, cnpew, cnpn (cnMpaM), pf. ,

10 stop cnyckalol ce (cnYCHa ee), impf.. to ~h

cnycHa ce (cnYcUM ce), pf. , to rush cnYC1oK, cnyC1oUH, 11'1 ., trigger CrIll. cnHIII, cnax, pr. , to sleep cpaMeJI(.AlflJ, adj ., shy cJ)eA, prep., in the middle of, amiml c~eH. cpe,.wa, adj ., middle cpeWaM (cpel,l,Pfa ), impf., to meet cpel,ijHa (cpeJ,1,lllM), pf .• 10 meet cpeq,ry, prep .• against. opposite cp4Aa, f., Wednesday CThaN (ernHa), impf., 10 become. to

rise, to stand; criBa ",i'-'liIO (Ila "'KO['O or HiKowy) to be very lrou· bl«l

cri.Hua, f., little room m Ha (crieaw) , pf., to rise, to stand,

to take standing pos.ition CriuCII, EMHAH.lJI:. name of contem·

pontry Bulgarian writer cri.HUKII, f., Slation cn.p, adj., old cri.peu, criPUK, m ., old man cripoc::T, f. , old age cri.rys. f .• statue rn., f .• room CTCHa, f., wall emralol (emma), impf .• to arrive cnima (crnraN), pf., to arrive cninua, f., miser CTHXOTtIOpeHlIe, n .• verses, fXlCtry CTOaapaaM ce (CTOsaps ce, .HW),

impf., 10 fan wilh force, to crash CTOsaPII ce, ·HW, ·HX (CToaapuM ee),

pf., to fan with force, 10 crash C"I'O.A, CTOA ... T, CTOA6ac, m., chair

c:1'OAKua. f., c.pital, metropolis CT6Mua, f., pitcner cr6paaM ce (crops ce, .HW, .KlI),

impf., to seem crOpsaM (crOps, .101) , impf., to do,

10 make CT6peu. ppp. CT6ptI •• HW, ·IIlt, done,

made CT6pII ce, ·lIW. ·KlI (crOpBaM ce). pf..

'o~ crO»II, ·HW.·lIX (cr6pe.aM:). pf .• to do.

to make croi, ·Hw • • b: impf. , to stand, to be

standing CToiH, m ., man's name CTpaKa, f., side. country, party crpAKHUa, f .• page CTpiHIIOCT, f., peculiarity CTpaCT, f., passion crpAweu, crpanrna, adj., terrible CTpeA6a, f., shot crpowa, ·Hw, ·Hx (crpomaeaN) , pf.,

to smash, to break crpowauM (crpowa, .HUI), impf., 10

smash, to break CTp)raa. W" ce, .... e. it seems to me that CTpjaaM, impf., to C05I, to be worth CTfA, CTfA;'T, CTfAoet, m ., cold CTfAeH, adj .• cold CT)'AeuT, m., student cri..o.6Hua, f., a little staircase cn,6AO. n ., stalk CT10MKi ee • • HUI, .ifx (~M ce),

pf., to grow dark cnMHiIIaN ce (cnMHli ce, .HUI) ,

impf .• to grow dark cnniAo, n .• foot (abo the tread on

stain) CTi.nKa, r., step cYnHHK, cYnHHUK, m., soup tureen cfTpllH, f .• morning C106ece..tHHK, ~IIUH, 11'1., inter·

locutor C106KrHe, n., evenl, circumstance C'Io6NI3HI ce, .HUI, -ifx (C106Aa3Hliaaloi

ce), pf., to be tempted C106Aa3Hliuloi ce (C106Aa3HIi ce, .HW).

impf., 10 be tempted d.6OTa, f., Salurday C106paHHe. n ., gathering

C106YM ee, ·IIUI, ·HX (C1t6YlKAIIN ee), pr., to awake

C'IoISY*A&N ce (n6YAI ce,.Hw), impf., to awake

C108Cac, adv., completc:iy cwn.pwtKo, adv., complC:lc:iy C10rAad ct, ·Hw,·ifx (C1orAadllaM eel ,

pf., to ag«e C1orAac.i:aaw ce (C1orAacili ce, .Iiw),

imp., to agree Clor .... ~ (CJ,r .... ~M, C1ot .... elK.AJl.W).

pf., to tee, to calch sight of C1or .... e,4B3.N (C1or~M), impf., to SoCC,

to calch sight of C1or .... tlKAaw (C1orA~) , impf., 10 $Ct,

to calch sight of ClolKHTCA, C'WKiheAn, m., fellow.

boardc:r C1oH, C1oHioT, m., lieep, dream C1oHOTWIKOB:f .. rcA, ·n, ·10, m., inter­

preler of dreams n.o6pad, .Hw, .Iix (C1006pa3maw),

pf. , 10 consider, to realize C1006pa30aM (C1t06pa31i .1Iw), impf.,

to consider, 10 realize C1onpynt, f., wife, spouse d.p6MH, d.p6H, m., Serb C1oPAe.tHO, adv., heartily C1oPAHT, m ., angry C1opij.e. n ., heart C'bCtA, 11'1 ., nc:ighbor C'bll,l, adj ., same C1oI,l&CC'T86. n .• c realure, being C1oI.l,lCCT1lOBiHlle, C1or,uecT1ll)raa.lte. n ..

life, existence cW.uo, adv .• likewise: cliAaw (cuHa), impf., 10 sit , t" I.kr

a litting poIition daw. if you will, as it wen' ctNlla, celuCH, f., shadow, ~hadr

TAKa, adv., thw TaN, Ta"'-... , TaKOBa, ';11"'"", hI

that sort, such TaM, adv., thc:re Tino. m., father T86p'leC'nlO, n ., work , w"r", nioPAC: , adv., very TC6c:wHP, m ., chalk TeAt, TC:AtTa, n ., r alr

TiAeWIUI, adj., of a calf ~eH, TliCHa, adj. , narrow ~I(a, f .• notebook TeXliW.CCI(H, adj., technical Te<lOlHe, n .• current THTyAfttaW, impf .• to address by tille THX, adj., quiet 00, pI. TO ... , Ta .... TOBa, TfI., pron.,

these, such Tflqaw, impf., 10 run

TAe., TAtt~ TAlIX, T ......... impf .• 10 smolder

TOrasa. adv., then TOOH (T03), d.3H, TOBa, T6H, pro.,

this, tha t TO.y 1,\,10, conj., had jusl TOAlIOoa, adv., so much, very TON, TOM'1oT, roMOBe, m .• volume TOlIAlfHa, f., heal 1'61l'1tA, TOrIAa, adj., warm, hot T"6<Ixa, f.. poinl, Spol 1'6., riJl, T088, 00, a nother form of

T6;m , TbH, TORa, Tt311, Ypare,.,;H., f., tragedy Ypffill dial. for Ypi6aa, impers., to be

n='''' 1'peIIi, f., grass YpO!;nB3.M (Ypl!;nlla), impf., 10 Slarl to

wince, to flinch, to fl icker ' YpO!;nltaM, impf., 10 tremble. to

flicker, 10 lwinkle

~~Ha (~nB3.M). pf .• 10 slarl, to wince. to flinch, to flicker

YpClTTIi, • ... m •• .oix, impf., 10 tremble 10 vibrate •

YpH, numera l. Ihree YpHH6l1UIHK. YpHH6l1UfHUH, m., Iripod YpOeH, Tp6nlla, adj. , triple . Yp6A:HO, adv .• thrice. three limes YpYA, YpYAi.T, YpYA08e. m., labor Ypi.raa.w: (Ypi.ma), impr., 10 set out.

10 go

Yp'i.Mia (Ypil1laM), pf .• 10 sel 0\11. 10 go

YpIii6aa..w:, impf .• to need; YpDa, im. penonal, it is nece:ssary

Ty1( , adv., here

Tjp ... , · H11I. ' HX (ryPIIM). pf., to put, to place

Tjp ... (Tjp •• 'H11I), impf., to put, to p lace

riA, thus ri!(NO, adv., just, just now T'lIoAmi, f., crowd riMeH. riwtla, adj., dark T'bMHlIHa, f., darknc:ss T'bpryaaM, impf. , to bargain. to do

business T'bP)l(ea.c:If, adj., ceremonial,

solemn, festive, triumphant T'bPllCecneHO, adv., triumphantly

solemnly, ceremonially , T'bPJKecTByaaw, impf., to be Irium.

phant n.pneAKa, adj .• patienl n.pneA"'lIO. adv., patiently Ti.pceHe, n ., search riJl'C:ll. 'lIm, -HX, impf., 10 seek, to

look for TiAO, TW, n., body

y6eA.!II, adj., convinced ~~lIlle, n., idea, Ihough t, con_

Vic tion y6mM (y6li". y6Mem, y6"'x), impf.,

to kill yO"' • • y6Hew, y6Hx (y6"'BaM), pf. to

kill ' ~a, ·liw, .Ii:x ()'BeAHdsaN), pf.,

10 Increase, to magnify ~q.isaM ()'BeAMd, -Hw), impf.,

to Increase, to magnify yuepi, -HlIJ, .Ii:x (yoepliB3.M), pf., to

assure, to convince, too persuade yuepioaw (yoep", · lim, 'Hx), impf.,

10 assure, too convince. to pel'lluade ya"'B3.M. ce (yaH. ce, )'IIHeW ce, )'IIHx

ce), Impf., t~ wind oneself in, 10 wrap oneself In

ya ..... ce, -e~, yam ce ()'IIHsa..u ee). pf., 10 Wind oneself in, to wrap oneself in

yAABII ce, ·mu, ·lIX (yAiIl"'M ce), pf., to drown

yAhDi ce (YAaH ce, 'HW), impf., to drO'wn .

Y.up, m., a blO'w YAapell, ppp. YAapJl, -HW, ·HX (YAP­

..... , yAAplI3w) , struck

yAip:ll, ' 11111 , -KX (yAiPJlw), pf., to strike

YA66eH, YA66l1a, adj., convenient, comfortable

YAoB6AC'nme, n ., satisfaction YAput (YAiPJl, 'HW). impf., to strike yapeauc (y3~., ·ecru, y3pbt), impf"

to ripen ~p6I, -e1lJ. Y3pJbc. (y3pe&aW), pf., 10

ripen YKOP, m., reproach, scolding YAaallM (YAod, .... UI). impf., to calch Y"'fua, f .• street y.wU, 'MUI, .Hx (y....aant), pf., 10'

catch YW. )')l"b. ywoet, m., mind YWCH, ~lHa, adj., sensible, wise }'JoI~., ·ecw, ywliix, yMJiA, }'JoI~"''I, lm.

pf., to knO'w how, 10' be able YWMpaM (ywpi, ..eUl). impf., to d ie YMHPHcuM ce (ywup"'wa ee, -ew),

impf. , too smell, to have fragrance YM"pMwa ce. ·ew, YWUPHcax ce (YWH.

pli:CUM ce) , pf., 10 . mell, to have fragrance

YMopHTe.o.eH, ywopHTe.o.Ha, adj ., tiring, wcaritome

ywopi ce, -Mm, 'HX (ywopAoaN ce), pf., to be tired.

ywopiBaM ee (}'Nopi ee, 'Hw), impf., to be lired

)'Mpi, ·6u, ywpix (YWHpaM), pr., 10' die

YHlDICpcL.eH, )'HHBCpcL..lfa, adj ., universa1

yn.o..iwa, 'IIW, 'KX (yn....aWB3.M), pf., to frig hten

yttAallIll3.M (yn....allJa, 'HM) , impf., too frighten

ynAlillJeH, adj .• frightened ynopHr, adj., penistent yC~TJI, ·em, -HX (ye.!""aM), pf. , too feel yC.!l,ijaM (yeer., -Hm), impf., to feel yO'llUsKa, f. , smile yCMHxo.aM ce (ycwiocH:a ee) , impf., to

smile yeMitxHa ce (yooi:xBaN ee), pf., to

sm,ile ),cne., yemxw, ycnix (ycnwM), pf. ,

10 succeed

ycnOMOKTCAeH, ycno.oHTCAHa, adj., calming, smoothing

ycno!(ai, -liw, ·lix (ycno!(oReaM) pf., to quiet. 10 make comfortable ; ycnoMoli ee (yenOKObaM ee), pr. , to be comforled

ycnol(olioaM (ycnol(oli, ·HW). impf., to quiet, to make comfortable

ycniuM (ycna, ycnecw, ycno), impf., to succeed

ycri, f., mouth ycrallolllii, .Hw, _Hx (ycraHOBJlaaM),

pf., to es ta blish, to settle yCTKa, f., lip ycrpoi, .Hw,·1bl (ycrpo.aaw, ycrp6A.

BaM), pl., to arrange, to organ i1:e, to set up

ycrpoliiBaM (ycrpo', 'liw), impf., to a rrange, 10 organiu, to act up

yci.PAHe; n., 1:1:8.1, c:nthwium jTpe, adv., tomorrow )-rplllf , adv., in the morning yx6, ywli, n., ear y...a, .lfW, -It:X, impf. , to learn, 10'

study rt .!&lKlI, Y"I~HHUH, m., textbook )"IbtMe, n., study, studies )"IICHM., rtetfHUH, m., pupil, school-

boy rteH ....... .a, f., pupil, schoolgirl rtH...wl,ije , n., school y.lluHl,ijeH, )"IHAHiJ,pla, adj., of the

school, belonging to the school )"IHTeA, Y"HTeNrr, )"IKTeAJO, m.,

leacher Y"KTv.xa, r. , teacher Y"HreACT8yaal>l, impf., 10 be a leacher Y"THs, adj ., polite, courtcows Y"TKBocr. f .• politeness Y"Y,4B3He. ·H., n., amaument, sur·

p,""" Y"YA.eHo, adv., surprisedly, in sur·

prise )"lyAll, 'HW, '1lX, impf., to be amazed

~6PH.a, r., faclory ~pc(1opoe, adj. , porcelain, china 4>H3110H6MII., f. , physionomy, face ",ypHa, f., baker 's shop 4n>pyYHa, f. , snowslO'rm, bli:r.zard

QA, exclamation, " there you are", "come on", "get out", e1C.

uAAe, inlerf., come on! QH, Utn.T, U"OIIe, m., inn UI1lJaM (dnKa), impr., 10 take a

bite, to eat a little ura, -ew, xamix, impr., to bite, 10

nip xAra ce, -ew, -ax, impr., to nip one

another xapttaw (xap&aaN), pr., to likc xaptcaaw (xapkaN), impr., to like XIIPK:JaH, ppp. Xaplf)Ka, -ew, xaPH-

aax, given away; xapH:Jallo Marape, n., "girt hone"

XIIpnla, r., paper u p<fa, -HW, -JtX, impr., to spend

(money) xea..a (WJ,ijaN), pr. , to calch, 10

grasp, to begin, to undertake xU""aM (wKa), impr., to catch, to

grasp, 10 begin, to undertake xei.pu, -mu, - JtX (XBi.PAaM), pr., to

throw, to add, to put xei.PAnl (xrlp..u:, -"101) , impr., to

throw, to add, to pUI XJQNtt, m., service, menial duties XAA,4JUla, r., coolness lltAe6ap, m., baker (or bread) XAOnaN ce, impf., to bang x.u6, XA.6"J.T, x.UOOBe. m., bread XOAIfAO, n., root (only anatomical) xw, -HW, -1tX, impr., to walk x6pa, r., pl. only, men, people xOTtA, m ., hotel xpaAYna, r., hollow, den xpaHa, r., rood, nourishment XpaCT, xpacn.T, XpACTH, m., bush XPltnAHB, adj .,. hoarse XPIfCTO EOTCa. name or poet ( 1847-

1876) xY6ae, m., pretty, fine, beautirul lnoAN, Xi.un.T, xi.J\wOBe, m., hill rlPK&N, impr., to snore xi.pICaKe, n., snoring

!laP, qAPIlT, qAplO, \iapt, m ., czar \iapetlltua, r., com; maize UKTiKa, r., woman'. name

GhT, peri.T • . ~. m., bloom. blo.om, color .

uea and uc:N. r., pipe, tube. bandJ. (01" rifle)

\ieA, f., goal ueHTpwK, ueHYp ....... .IIa, adj. , central u6ta, -HW, -It:lt, impr., to cleave UHKJ\On, m., cyclopa U"'4'UM (ai4Ha), impf.. to b lossom IP4Ha (~), pr., to blossom gv., \i~J\K, adj .• whole

'1aA, '1m, m., tea '1aKaN, impf., to wait 'lac. 'IaCi.T, 'IaCOB~, m., hour '1aC08HHK, '1ac6aHHUH. m ., clock,

watch 'IaUlA, f. , glass 'IepIltH, adj ., red 'I~peH , '1~pHa, adj., b lack '1 ~PKlla, r., church 'Iepn., r., line, reature 'IepTt ... -ew, '1epnU:, impr., to draw '1 CCT, adj., frequent '11':CT, r., honour 'leaCH, '1 t:cnta. adj., honest '1ecro, adv., frequen tly '1eri, -~w, "Ibox, impf. , to read 'IeTB"1oYflrr, adj., rectangular '1eTBiyrltK, m., Thunday '1h HpH, numeral, four '1eund., f., well , fountain, tap '1HATo, .H.tro, 'lUho, '1"KTO, rei. pro.,

whose, of which .Htub, f., pla te '1KH", -HW, -HX, impr., to do '1""0, .H'IOBUH, m., uncle (father's

brother) '108~K, AIOAe, x6pa ( 'Ioa~UH), m., man '1O!1~WI(II , adj., human '1opAn, m., stocking '10p6a, f., soup, stew '10~, m., rich landowner 'lYnN ('1Y", '1YcW, "yx), impf., to h,,, .~yaaM, impf., to feel " YAeH, '1YAHa, adj ., wondrous,

st range "YAeceH, "YAtctta, adj., wonderful

i '1Y*A, adj., strange, belonging to

$OI1leoneeise . Y*Aetttu, "YlKAeHwt, m., foreigner,

' t ranger '1Y", " yew, 'Iyx (,,)'BaM), pf., to hear

WaIlTaB, adj. , stupid, crazy, crack-brained

winl(a, f., hat weri, f., joke; He Ha wera, seriously wbJoT, m .• whisper IIECT, numeral. l ix DDtp6k, adj., wide. broad lDMPCIICopa33HllaA, adj., widely gaping mont WOn1.T, m., peuant from

western Bulgaria mOI1JCKH'ft:. n., dim. of won, pea.tant

from western Bulgaria wonK""', f., peasant woman from

western Bulgaria mOnOCH, adj., of or pertaining to WOII W)'IoI, Wywi.T, W~OBC, m ., noQe uryueH, w~Ha, adj., noisy myWHa, impf., to whisper JlPCl"ANa.. adj., hapPy. lucky

!pCTAK:ao, adv., happily, fonun.att:ly 'Mo, inlt:rT. pron., what ~", WYPwI, m., cricket

"IorAoa.aT, adj., angular ioI"1>A, iorAH, m., corner, angle. .oll(CH, .olKHa, adj. , southern IOHalC, IOHaUH, voc. 10"'.0 . nd

IOHa. e, m ., hero !OHH, rn., June IOHCJL:H, adj., of June IOpriH, m ., quilt, COmfortCT i6"1oAKa, f., apple It .. ce, -Ihu, -Mx (ahaM ce), pf., to .""",. aDa .. ce (u. ce, _HW), impf., tn

appea r aA, aAiT, aAoee, m., anger 1.AeHt:, n ., food, meal £I,Ii:n.T, Uoee, m., dam. pool behind

a dam Dlyl:, n .• egg ..... IIA~W , liAox, impf., to eat .CHOBHAev, JlCHOIlIiAuK, m., prophet,

forccutt:r, clairvoyant

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