Before You Read… · 2018. 10. 11. · 52.Lutherking-have a dream.TE 1/26/06 10:21 AM Page 424. I Have a Dream Delivered on August 28, 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial

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B e f o r e Y o u R e a d …

I Have a Dreamby Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Martin Luther King Jr. began his public career reluctantly. His father was a Baptistminister and his mother was a schoolteacher. At the age of 15, he was accepted atMorehouse College in Atlanta, received a Bachelor’s degree in 1948, and earned a doc-torate in theology from Boston University in 1955.

It was while Dr. King was serving as the preacher of a Baptist Church inMontgomery, Alabama that Rosa Parks, an African American seamstress and civil-rightsactivist, defied the state segregation laws by refusing to give up her seat on a bus to awhite man. In December of 1955, the African American citizens of Montgomerylaunched a boycott. They refused to ride in the buses, which caused great losses to thebus company. The people persuaded King to lead the struggle to desegregate thebuses. His house was bombed and he was jailed. But when the Supreme Court ruledthat segregation on buses was unconstitutional, he was propelled to national promi-nence because of the courage and oratorical skills that he had displayed during the boy-cott. Martin Luther King, Jr. led a revolution as head of the Southern ChristianLeadership Conference (SCLC). He and his followers struggled against the system ofsegregation that had humiliated African Americans and had caused them to be treatedas second-class citizens.

No leader in the history of the American Civil Rights Movement compares in statureto Martin Luther King Jr. He symbolized the determination of African Americans toachieve justice and equality. Through his dedication, eloquence, and personal magnet-ism, he awakened the collective consciousness of American society to the evils of pover-ty and segregation.

From 1955 until 1968, when he was assassinated, King and his legions of volunteersfaced unceasing racist abuse. Beatings, jailings, bombings, death threats, and evenmurder could not quell their determination. They marched in the face of police clubs,snarling police dogs, and high-pressure water hoses. They persisted, yet remained non-violent, no matter how sorely provoked. They staged boycotts, they held sit-ins, theysponsored voter-registration drives, and they marched.

The civil-rights demonstrators refrained from violence because Dr. King was a pas-sionate advocate of nonviolence. With every fiber of his being, he believed that any useof violence is immoral. In appreciation of this commitment to nonviolence, Dr. King wasawarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

Until his death from an assassin’s bullet in Memphis, Tennessee, Dr. King wasalways “at the head of the march.” When he said, “I got on my marching shoes...If

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???? CHECKQUIZ

1. How does Martin Luther King Jr.describe the promise of theEmancipation Proclamation, and inwhat terms does he describe its failure?A. The Emancipation Proclamationoffered a “great beacon light of hope,”an end to the “long night of captivity”— freedom for slaves. However,according to King, African Americansare still not free because of the pover-ty and discrimination they suffer; theyremain outcasts on the edges ofAmerican society.2. How does Dr. King bolster hiscase by citing the Constitution andthe Declaration of Independence?A. He makes very clear that theConstitution and the Declarationof Independence guarantee inalien-able rights of life, liberty, and thepursuit of happiness to allAmericans and, therefore, AfricanAmericans deserve equal rights,equal treatment, and equal citizen-ship.3. Why are the men who wrote theConstitution and the Declaration ofIndependence called “architects ofthe republic” by the speaker? A.They were the ones who created theblueprint for the kind of societyAmerica was meant to be, a nationbased on liberty and justice for all.4. What does Dr. King threaten willhappen if African Americans do notreceive equal rights soon? A. He warnsthat there will be turmoil and unrestthat will shake the foundations of thenation.5. What warning words does hehave for “my people”? A. He cau-tions them against “wrongful deeds”and against bitterness and hatred.He urges his followers to avoid phys-ical violence, to be patient and tohave faith, and he reminds themhow much the movement needs thesupport of white people.6. List the specific reforms thatKing demands on behalf of thecivil-rights marchers. A. Dr. Kingspecifically mentions: the end of(police) brutality against AfricanAmericans, an end to segregationin housing and in public facilities,

voting rights for African Americans in the South, equal economic opportunities for all, and, in general, justice for all African Americans.7. Why does Dr. King call his hopes for the future “a dream”? A. He uses the term “dream” because he understands that these demands will be extremely dif-ficult to implement, given the realities of American society. He knows that prejudice is difficult to overcome, and some segments of white society will vio-lently resist African American demands for power. Yet he believes that his dream will one day become a reality.8. According to King, what must happen in order for America to become a great nation? A. He believes that all Americans must stand up for freedom andbrotherhood and unite as one to seek justice.

Class discussion may focus on the way non-violence was effective. If the civil rights demonstrators had resorted to violence,their white supporters would have become frightened and alienated, and would have withdrawn their support. The move-ment would not have flourished.

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424 IMPLICATIONS OF LITERATURE / UNIT FOUR

the road to freedom leads through the jailhouse, then turnkey, swing wide the gates,”he meant that he was prepared to go to jail and sacrifice himself to achieve the goalsof his people. In recognition of Dr. King’s significant contribution to the cause of civilrights, the third Monday in January is celebrated as a national holiday in his honor.

ABOUT THE SELECTION

On August 28, 1963, nearly 250,000 civil-rights marchers gathered at the LincolnMemorial in the nation’s capital for a daylong demonstration. Billed as the “March forJobs and Freedom,” this demonstration was the result of the coordinated efforts ofmany dedicated people, including white and African American clergymen, business-men, professionals, and students — a cross-section of the American Civil RightsMovement.

Martin Luther King Jr., as head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,delivered the following speech — a speech that has become one of the best-knownexamples of oratory in the world — on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The marchershad endured a long day of many speeches. By the time it was King’s turn to speak, theywere restless, and the day was waning.

Dr. King had a prepared text, but as he began, he found himself abandoning it; hedecided to speak spontaneously, from his heart. A hush descended upon the hugecrowd as they realized that they were listening to something magnificent and electrify-ing. King addressed the people using rhythmic cadences and repetitive phrases, build-ing to a dramatic climax.

As you read this masterful speech, note how King calls on the audience never to giveup the struggle, but, rather, to exercise patience. Mark how he draws upon Americanhistory and geography to drive home his message. Notice the techniques used to per-suade, cajole, and inspire. Identify examples of repetition, parallelism, and metaphor.

One of the terms in this selection is no longer an acceptable form of expression. Itwas, however, still in use when Dr. King delivered his speech.


Ask the students to define the terms “rhythmic cadences” and “repetitive phrases.”Rhythmic cadence: a pattern of speech that rises and falls in pitch, sounding musical.Repetitive phrases: a style of speech that employs constant repetition of key words for empha-sis and poetic effect. As students read the speech they should be prepared to give examplesof both.

turnkey — a jailer; one who has the keys to the cells.ΩELPFULµEFINITIONS


I Have a DreamDelivered on August 28, 1963 from the

steps of the Lincoln Memorial

Martin Luther King Jr.FOCUS: RHETORICAL TECHNIQUE; PERSUASIVE SPEAKING

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I am happy to join with you today inwhat will go down in history as the great-est demonstration for freedom in the his-tory of our nation.

Five score* years ago, a greatAmerican, in whose symbolic shadow westand, signed the EmancipationProclamation. This momentous decreecame as a great beacon light of hope tomillions of Negro slaves who had beenseared in the flames of withering injus-tice. It came as a joyous daybreak to endthe long night of captivity.

But one hundred years later, we mustface the tragic fact that the Negro is still not

free. One hundred years later, the life of theNegro is still sadly crippled by the mana-cles* of segregation and the chains of dis-crimination. One hundred years later, theNegro lives on a lonely island of poverty inthe midst of a vast ocean of material pros-perity. One hundred years later the Negro isstill languishing in the corners of Americansociety and finds himself an exile in hisown land. So we have come here today todramatize an appalling condition.

In a sense we have come to ournation’s Capital to cash a check. Whenthe architects of our republic wrote themagnificent words of the Constitutionand the Declaration of Independence,they were signing a promissory note* towhich every American was to fall heir.This note was a promise that all menwould be guaranteed the unalienable*rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit ofhappiness.

Do you recognize thedocument that King par-allels?

A. King directly parallels Lincoln’sfamous line, “Four score and sevenyears ago” from the GettysburgAddress, in order to establish a con-nection between the two historicmoments.

Explain the metaphors“manacles of segrega-tion” and “chains of dis-

crimination.”A. To African Americans, segrega-tion and discrimination were theequivalent of actual slavery.Figuratively, they remained impris-oned even after the Civil War.

five score — one hundred (score — twenty).

manacles — handcuffs.

promissory note — a written promise to do or provide something or topay a specified sum of money to a designated person at a fixed time or ondemand.

unalienable — variant of inalienable; not capable of being revoked;inherent.

ΩELPFULµEFINITIONS

Do you recognize thedocument that King

parallels?

Abraham Lincoln issued theEmancipation Proclamation

on January 1, 1863, freeingthe slaves in the

Confederate states in rebel-lion against the Union.

Explain the metaphors“manacles of segrega-tion” and “chains of

discrimination.”




Explain the metaphor ofthe “bad check...markedinsufficient funds.”

A. King states that America owes allof its citizens the “unalienablerights” guaranteed by theConstitution. “Cashing the check”would give African Americans theequal opportunities and citizenshiprights that they had been deprivedof for so many years, becauseAmerica’s “bank of justice” did nothave enough justice for all.

Why does Dr. King referto racial injustices as“quicksands”?

A. The victim is swallowed anddestroyed by quicksands. AfricanAmericans felt as if they were beingdestroyed by the system of racialinjustice.

It is obvious today that America hasdefaulted on this promissory note insofaras her citizens of color are concerned.Instead of honoring this sacred obliga-tion, America has given the Negro peoplea bad check; a check which has comeback marked “insufficient funds.” But werefuse to believe that the bank of justiceis bankrupt. We refuse to believe thatthere are insufficient funds in the greatvaults of opportunity of this nation. Sowe have come to cash this check — acheck that will give us upon demand theriches of freedom and the security of jus-tice. We have also come to this hallowedspot to remind America of the fierceurgency of now. This is no time to engagein the luxury of cooling off or to take thetranquilizing drug of gradualism.* Now isthe time to make real the promises ofDemocracy. Now is the time to rise fromthe dark and desolate valley of segrega-

tion to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to open the doors ofopportunity to all of God’s children. Nowis the time to lift our nation from thequicksands of racial injustice to the solidrock of brotherhood.

It would be fatal for the nation to over-look the urgency of the moment and tounderestimate the determination of theNegro. This sweltering* summer of theNegro’s legitimate discontent will notpass until there is an invigorating autumn

gradualism — the policy of attaining a goal by gradual steps rather thanby drastic change.

sweltering — oppressively hot.

ΩELPFULµEFINITIONS

Explain the metaphorof the “bad

check...marked insuffi-cient funds.”

Note King’s effective use of languageas he contrasts the quicksands ofinjustice to the solid rock of broth-erhood.

Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.

Why does Dr. Kingrefer to racial injustices as

“quicksands”?


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of freedom and equality. 1963 is not anend, but a beginning. Those who hopethat the Negro needed to blow off steamand will now be content will have a rudeawakening if the Nation returns to busi-ness as usual. There will be neither restnor tranquility in America until the Negrois granted his citizenship rights. Thewhirlwinds of revolt will continue toshake the foundations of our Nation untilthe bright day of justice emerges.

But there is something that I must sayto my people who stand on the warmthreshold which leads into the palace ofjustice. In the process of gaining ourrightful place we must not be guilty ofwrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfyour thirst for freedom by drinking fromthe cup of bitterness and hatred. We mustforever conduct our struggle on the highplane of dignity and discipline. We mustnot allow our creative protest to degener-ate into physical violence. Again andagain we must rise to the majesticheights of meeting physical force withsoul force. The marvelous new militancywhich has engulfed the Negro communi-ty must not lead us to a distrust of allwhite people, for many of our white

brothers, as evidenced by their presencehere today, have come to realize thattheir destiny is tied up with our destinyand their freedom is inextricably* boundto our freedom. We cannot walk alone.

And as we walk, we must make thepledge that we shall march ahead. Wecannot turn back. There are those who areasking the devotees* of civil rights, “Whenwill you be satisfied?” We can never besatisfied as long as the Negro is the victimof the unspeakable horrors of police bru-tality. We can never be satisfied as long asour bodies, heavy with the fatigue of trav-el, cannot gain lodging in the motels of thehighways and the hotels of the cities. Wecannot be satisfied as long as the Negro’sbasic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to alarger one. We can never be satisfied aslong as a Negro in Mississippi cannot voteand a Negro in New York believes he hasnothing for which to vote. No, no, we arenot satisfied, and we will not be satisfieduntil justice rolls down like waters andrighteousness like a mighty stream.

I am not unmindful that some of youhave come here out of great trials andtribulations. Some of you have comefresh from narrow jail cells. Some of youhave come from areas where your questfor freedom left you battered by thestorms of persecution and staggered by

King implies that the opponents of the CivilRights Movement believe that the demonstratorswill blow off steam — release their frustration— by the act of marching in protest, and willthen be willing to return to their homes withoutgaining their civil rights. The comparison is to asteam engine that has built up pressure thatmust be released; an explosion will result if thepressure is not reduced.

inextricably — inseparably.

devotees — those ardently devoted to a cause.ΩELPFULµEFINITIONS

During a nonviolent demonstration in1963 in Birmingham, Alabama,

protestors were confrontedby racist police officers, who

used police dogs and high-pressure fire hoses against them. The actions of thepolice led to increased support for the civil-rightsactivists, and in June 1963, President Kennedy sub-mitted important legislations to Congress, result-ing in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Dr. King refers toAmos 5:24.




What does Dr. Kingmean by “creative suffer-ing”?

A. King implies that those who havesuffered for the cause of civil rightswill bring about the creation of anera of freedom; their suffering willresult in the creation of new rightsfor African Americans.

What is the “Americandream”?A. The “American dream”

is the ideal that each person has anequal opportunity to become suc-cessful.

the winds of police brutality. You havebeen the veterans of creative suffering.

Go back to Mississippi, go back toAlabama, go back to South Carolina, goback to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, goback to the slums and ghettos of our mod-ern cities, knowing that somehow this sit-uation can and will be changed. Let us notwallow* in the valley of despair.

I say to you today, my friends, that inspite of the difficulties and frustrations ofthe moment I still have a dream. It is adream deeply rooted in the Americandream.

I have a dream that one day this nationwill rise up and live out the true meaningof its creed: “We hold these truths to beself-evident; that all men are createdequal.”

I have a dream that one day on the redhills of Georgia the sons of former slavesand the sons of former slaveowners willbe able to sit down together at the tableof brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even thestate of Mississippi, a desert state swel-tering with the heat of injustice andoppression, will be transformed into an

oasis of freedom and justice.I have a dream that my four little chil-

dren will one day live in a nation wherethey will not be judged by the color of their

skin but by the content of their character.I have a dream today.I have a dream that one day the state

of Alabama, whose governor’s lips arepresently dripping with the words ofinterposition and nullification, will betransformed into a situation where littleblack boys and black girls will be able tojoin hands with little white boys andwhite girls and walk together as sisters

and brothers.I have a dream today.I have a dream that one day every val-

ley shall be exalted, every hill and moun-tain shall be made low, the rough placeswill be made plains, and the crookedplaces will be made straight, and theglory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all

King refers to the refusal of Alabama’sgovernor to obey federal

orders to integrate statepublic schools. The gover-

nor believed that interposi-tion — the doctrine that an individual state mayoppose a federal action that it believes encroach-es on its sovereignty — justified his actions. Atthe same time, nullification — the refusal of astate to enforce federal laws — was taking placeas Alabama decided to resist federally orderedintegration.

In November 1960, Ruby Bridges, 6, was thefirst African American child to

attend a formerly all-whiteschool in New Orleans,

Louisiana. White protesterslined the streets, chanting, “Two-four-six-eight! Wedon’t want to integrate!” as Ruby was escorted into thebuilding by four federal marshals. White parentsremoved their children from the school, and Ruby wasthe sole student for several months. Finally, in the springof 1961, some white students returned, and theschool gradually became fully integrated.Note the contrast between the

desert suffering from racial inequali-ty and the oasis of freedom. King’smastery of rhetoric includes vividimages created by using contrast.

What does Dr. Kingmean by “creative

suffering”?

wallow — here, flounder clumsily or with difficulty.ΩELPFULµEFINITIONS

What is the“American dream”?

Dr. King refers toIsaiah 40:4,5.


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flesh shall see it together.This is our hope. This is the faith with

which I return to the South. With this faithwe will be able to hew out of the mountainof despair a stone of hope. With this faithwe will be able to transform the janglingdiscords of our nation into a beautifulsymphony of brotherhood. With this faithwe will be able to work together, to praytogether, to struggle together, to go to jailtogether, to stand up for freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day.

This will be the day when all of God’schildren will be able to sing with new

meaning, “My country ‘tis of thee, sweetland of liberty, of thee I sing. Land wheremy fathers died, land of the pilgrim’spride, from every mountainside, let free-dom ring.”

And if America is to be a great nationthis must become true. So let freedomring from the prodigious hilltops of NewHampshire. Let freedom ring from themighty mountains of New York. Let free-dom ring from the heighteningAlleghenies of Pennsylvania!

Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado!

Let freedom ring from the curvaceouspeaks of California!

But not only that; let freedom ringfrom Stone Mountain of Georgia!

Let freedom ring from LookoutMountain of Tennessee!

Let freedom ring from every hill andmole hill of Mississippi. From everymountainside, let freedom ring.

When we let freedom ring, when welet it ring from every village and everyhamlet, from every state and every city,we will be able to speed up that day whenall of God’s children, black men and whitemen, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants andCatholics, will be able to join hands andsing in the words of the old Negro spiritu-al, “Free at last! free at last! thank GodAlmighty, we are free at last!”

What new meaning willbe given to the song?A. America will truly be a

nation for all Americans and theblessings of freedom and libertywill apply to all.

Notice the juxtaposition of the musi-cal references jangling discords andbeautiful symphony. King con-trasts unharmonious noises to thesounds of harmonious blending.

What new meaningwill be given to the

song?

LITERARY CRITIQUE

1. Martin Luther King Jr.’s address can be divided into four distinct stages. Delineatethese stages.

2. What is the climax of the speech? Explain why it is the climax.

3. Examine the section of the speech that begins “Let freedom ring...” a. What is theeffect of the mention of various geographic locations in America? b. Why does Kingselect these specific areas and why does he mention them in this order?

4. Dr. King creates powerful and vivid metaphors. Select three and explain why youthink they are particularly effective.

1. Stage 1: Introduction — state-ment of circumstances that led tothe demonstration. Stage 2: “Wewill never be satisfied...” (anapho-ra). Demand for reform. Stage 3: “Ihave a dream...”(anaphora). Hopefor change. Stage 4: Conclusion— “With this faith...” and “Letfreedom ring...” (anaphora) Avision of the future.2. The climax is clearly the “Ihave a dream” sequence because itis the culmination of the address.It is the actual and emotional highpoint of the speech where Dr.King’s audience is swept up intohis vision. The phrase “I have adream” is always associated withMartin Luther King, Jr.3. a. Dr. King’s intent was toinclude all regions of the nation inorder to make clear that everyAmerican had a role in the struggle.b. He begins in the Northern states(New Hampshire and New York),which were purportedly integrated,and ends with the Southern statesof Mississippi and Alabama, wheresegregation was still in effect indefiance of federal laws. The South,his home, was the heart of the CivilRights Movement.4. a. “Seared in the flames of wither-ing injustice” conveys to the listenerthat injustice is as harsh and aspainful as fire. b. “Long night of cap-tivity” — the universal image ofnight perfectly suggests the darknessand desolation of slavery. c.“Tranquilizing drug of gradualism”aptly describes the numbing effect ofextremely slow gains in equality.5. a. When King presents the list

of demands, for emphasis he repeats with each demand “We can never be satisfied...” b. He uses “Go back to [Mississippi], go back to [Alabama]...”, etc. tostress that there will be change all over the United States. c. Anaphora is used to great effect in the “I have a dream” section. The phrase is repeated ninetimes. d. At the conclusion of the speech, the phrase “With this faith...,” repeated several times, again seeks to persuade the listeners that brotherhood andjustice will come. Then, on a rising note of hope, the speaker fervently repeats eight times “Let freedom ring!” to bring the address to a ringing conclusion.6. Militancy means aggression and combativeness; King advocated nonviolent protest. Here, “militancy” implies a willingness to provoke confrontation.7. Spirituals are an old and central feature of the culture of African Americans in the United States, who expressed their anguish and hope through song— the only outlet allowed to them as slaves. So, it is perfectly appropriate and effective that a call for freedom and the end of injustice be stated eloquent-ly and simply in the words of a Negro spiritual.

LITERARY CRITIQUE

BC

FBC




WRITING WORKSHOP

1. Before writing this essay, studentsshould be directed to their AmericanHistory textbooks to research thesubject. Answers will vary, but manywill cite the inequities of the “3/5Compromise,” the fact that ThomasJefferson and George Washingtonowned slaves, and the fact thataccording to the original laws of theUnited States, only adult, white-male property owners had the rightto vote.

VOCABULARY BANK

ap•pall•ing (ə pô¤ lin), adj. causing dis-may or horror.

creed (kred), n. any system of belief or ofopinion.

de•fault (di fôlt¤ ), v. 1. to fail to act. 2. tofail to meet financial obligations.

in•vig•or•ate (in vi¤ə rat2), v. to fill withlife and energy. adj. invigorating.

lan•guish (lan¤wish), v. 1. to be orbecome weak; to droop. 2. to lose vigor. 3. tosuffer hardship or distress.

mi•li•tan•cy (mil¤ i tən se), n. belligerence;combativeness.

mo•bil•i•ty (mo bil¤ i te), n. 1. (sociol.) themovement of a people from place to place,from job to job, or from one social level toanother. 2. the quality of being mobile.

pro•di•gious (prə dij¤əs), adj. 1. extraordi-nary in size, amount, etc. 2. wonderful ormarvelous.

5. Much of the unique persuasive power of this speech is based on the extensive andalmost hypnotic use of restatement, parallelism, and anaphora (the repetition of thesame word or phrase at the beginning of succeeding verses). Find and list examplesof each technique, particularly the four major examples of the use of anaphora.

6. How does King’s use of the word “militancy” imply a contradiction?

7. Why do you think that Dr. King chose to end his speech with the words of an “oldNegro spiritual”?

WRITING WORKSHOP

1. Martin Luther King Jr. states that the authors of the Declaration of Independence andthe Constitution believed that all men are created equal, and that they guarantee theright to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness for all Americans. According to yourstudy of American history, is this an accurate view of the Founding Fathers and thedocuments they produced? Review the debates at the Constitutional Conventionabout the issues of slavery and voting rights. Write a five-paragraph essay discussingthe historical inequities of which Dr. King speaks.

2. Explain fully the meaning of Dr. King’s hope that one day, this will be a nation wherepeople will “not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their char-acter. ”In a well-organized three-to-five-paragraph essay, explore this issue andexpress your personal opinion.

3. Do you think Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream has been realized to any extent? Why orwhy not? Write a fully developed paragraph explaining your viewpoint.

JOURNAL WORKSHOP

1. History shows that other minority groups in the United States also suffered from prej-udice, discrimination, and injustice. How can their experiences and struggles be com-pared to those of African Americans? Write two paragraphs on this topic.

2. Imagine that you must make a speech to persuade and inspire a group of people.Write a segment of your speech, employing the persuasive technique of anaphora.For example, you might repeat a phrase such as “Never again will they...” or“Together we can....”

VOCABULARY BANK

appalling creed defaulted invigorating languishing militancy mobilityprodigious

Exercises for the words in the Vocabulary Bank can be found on page 759.


Documents

Before You Read… · 2018. 10. 11. · 52.Lutherking-have a dream.TE 1/26/06 10:21 AM Page 424. I Have a Dream Delivered on August 28, 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial