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AllAboutWindows
1
Be1erBuildingsByDesign
February4,2016MikeDuclos,Principal,DEAPEnergyGroup,LLC
LearningObjecPves• Learnaboutthecomponentsandstrategiesusedinthedesignofhigh
performancewindows.
• LearnthedifferencesinUSandEuropeanwindowperformancespecificaPonsystems
• LearnthestrategiesusedbypassivebuildingdesignersinapplyingwindowstomeetthechallengeoftheSpaceHeatDemandcriteriainsmall,coldclimatepassivebuildings
• Learntheimpactoffloor-planningandwindowselecPonbyexaminingactualdatafromhomeswithnoheaPngsystemoperaPnginwinter
2
Agenda• IntroducPon
• Windowsandheattransfer,windowcomponents• How,andhowwell,dowindowswork?• Usingwindows-designdecisions&impacts
AskquesPonsastheyoccur
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4
ThomasStetsondoubleglasspatent–1895
5.
ConsideraPons
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• AnnualSpaceHeaPngDemandincoldclimatePH• MinimizespaceheaPngmechanicals• MinimizeoreliminatespaceheatdistribuPonsystem• Passivesurvivability• Shadingtoexcludeundesiredsolargains• LowerconvecPondracvelocityandcomfort• InstallaPonairsealingreducesdracs,airinfiltraPon• InstallaPondesigncanreducethermalbridging• Windowover-insulaPoncanreduceinsulaPonforSHD• VenPlaPon–sufficient,cansecurewhenunoccupied?
ConsideraPons-2
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• Expensivebuildingenclosureelementpersqc• HighestUvaluebuildingenclosureelement?• Longterminvestment• PotenPalscheduleimpact• Clearviewoutdoors–visualtransmissivity• Clearviewoutdoors–lowchromaPcaberraPon• Statussymbol–thenew‘granitecountertop’?
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“AlloftheenergypumpedthroughtheAlaskapipelineeachyeargoesliterallyoutAmerica’swindows.“
AmoryLovins
WhatisHeat?
• Transferofenergyfromoneobjecttoanotherduetoadifferenceintemperature
• Alwaysfromwarmtocool
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measuringheat• BriPshThermalUnit–BTU• Energytoraiseonelbofwater1degreeF
• Kilowa1Hour-KWHr• Lightsa100wa1lightbulbfortenhours• Raises3413lbsofwater1degreeF
• 1KWHr=3413BTU• 1Meter=39.36Inches
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HeatFlow:ConducPon
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HeatFlow:ConvecPon
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HeatFlow:RadiaPon
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HeatFlow:RadiaPon
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ConvenPonalvs.VeryLowEnergy
16Image courtesy Jamie Wolf, Wolfworks, Inc.
ConductedHeatLoss-Window
• 20sqc,“U”=0.33R=1/U=3
• “UA”=20*0.33=6.6• 65F–30F=35F
• 6.6*35F*=231BTU/Hr.
17
AnnualHeatLoss
• 20sqcWindow• 0.33*20=6.6
• 5600HDD65-Logan
• 6.6*5600*24=890KBTUs/Year
• About10ThermsNGas
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AnnualSolarHeatGain
• 20sqc,SHGC=0.25
• NRELdata,SouthsolarradiaPon=222Kbtu/sf/yr(heaPngseasononly)
• 20*0.25*222=1111Kbtu/sf/yr
• 1111-890=221 19
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00
RoomTemp
AmbientTemp
21.
1 2 3 4 5 6
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23
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WindowEnergyBalance• Windowsgainandlose
energyviaconducPon,convecPonandradiaPon
• NetEnergyGain=EnergyGain–EnergyLoss
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losses,gains,orientaPon
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South
North
East
West
Totals
PerformanceraPngsystems
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• NFRC–NaPonalFenestraPonResearchCouncil– wholewindowapproach– onesizeforeachwindowtype
• PassiveHouse– InstallaPon– Frame– Spacer– CenterofGlassU&SHGC
2727
• Uvalue-unit• SHGC-unit• Vt–glassonly• Airleakage–unitarea• Fixedwindowsizes
– Singlecasement–24”x59”– Doublecasement–47”x59”
NFRC
PassiveHouse
• Frame– UValue–depth&material– Width
• GlazingandSpacer– CenterofGlass(cog)–UValue– CenterofGlass(cog)–SolarHeatGainCoefficient– Spacerlinearthermalbridging–psispacervalue
• WindowinstallaPonthermalbridge– psiinstallvalue
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highperformancefenestraPon
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COG NFRC
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Courtesy Jamie, Wolf, Wolfworks, Inc.
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Passive House Concept INTEGRATED
Albert, Righter & Tittmann Architects 33
ZeroEnergyChallenge-2008
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MontagueHouse
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-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
2/1 2/2 2/3 2/4 2/5 2/6 2/7 2/8 2/9 2/10 2/11
ZeroNet‘PassiveHouseinspired’–ASHPoff
Ambient
Avg.Ambient
LivRoom24.5
30.1
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
12/10 12/12 12/14 12/16 12/18 12/20
ZeroNetconven<onaldesign-poweroff,icestorm
Ambient
Avg.Ambient
Dine
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FalmouthPassiveHouse
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January,2012,FalmouthMA
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
12/28 1/2 1/7 1/12 1/17 1/22 1/27 2/1 2/6
Ambient
Kitchen
MasterBed
NorthBed
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ZeroNet–ExisPngHomeDER• DeepEnergyRetrofit–NGrid,
1stcerPfiedZeroNet
• NeedsopPmalsolarexposure,roofsurface
• LowUvaluehighSHGCglazing
• Netzerotwoyearsrunning
• Finalist,NESEAZeroNetEnergycompePPon2015
39
PointsourceheaPng
40
Date&Time Ambient 2ndFloorHall
MasterBedroom
Temp-F Temp-F Temp-F2/12/140:00 16.6 67.8 68.82/12/141:00 15.1 67.7 68.72/12/142:00 13.9 68.4 67.82/12/143:00 13.1 68.6 67.42/12/144:00 13.4 68.5 67.12/12/145:00 12.1 68.6 66.92/12/146:00 12.1 68.5 66.62/12/147:00 9.5 68.4 66.52/12/148:00 12.6 68.4 66.3
North
1 2 3 4 5 6
41
1 2 3 4 5 6
25%
25%
50%
42
4343
Air Film Coefficients ASHRAE IP Surface Air Film Values hr*sf*F/BTU Interior Upwards Flow 0.61
Interior Horizontal Flow 0.68 Interior Downward Flow 0.92
Exterior (7.5 mph, summer) 0.25 Exterior (15 mph, winter) 0.17
AirfilmsSimplification
Ahead
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.17
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.08
SUM (0.17, 0.08 ,0.68, 0.68, 0.08, 0.68, 0.68, 0.08, 0.68) = R 3.81
0.08 0.08 44
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.08 0.00 0.08
7 8
SUM (0.17, 0.08 ,0.68, 0.68, 0.0, 0.68, 0.68, 0.0,0.68, 0.08, 0.68) = R 4.41
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1 2 3 4 5 6
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ProperPesofgasses
47
Air Molecular Conduc<vity Conduc<vity USD/m^3 ppmofEarth's Weight w/r/t/Air 2004 AtmosphereAir 28.96 0.0150 1.0000 $0.00 990000
Argon 39.96 0.0100 0.6667 $5.60 9340Krypton 83.8 0.0053 0.3533 $450.00 1.1000Xenon 131.3 0.0032 0.2133 $4,500.00 0.0900Radon 222 0.0023 0.1513 ? ?
4848
1 2 3 4 5 6
49
1 2 3 4 5 6
Conduc<vitycomparison WaRs/meterKWood,pine,acrossgrain 0.15
Aluminum 205RaPo-Aluminum/Wood 1367
50
51
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Simplification Ahead
LBNLWINDOW6
53
54
FalmouthPHdesignscenarios
CourtesyofStephenBaczek,Architect
55
East&WestGlazingFrom‘Gain’to‘Shade’
55
East West CourtesyofStephenBaczek,Architect
56
East&WestGlazingFrom‘Gain’to‘Shade’
56
East,Westwindowchanges KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
322Gain–U=0.16,SHGC=0.610 14.27 4.87%322Shade–U=0.12,SHGC=0.370 14.87 0.87%
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SouthWindowSHGC
57
CourtesyofStephenBaczek,Architect
58
SouthWindowSHGC
58
Southwindowchanges KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%U=0.16,SHGC=0.630 14.27 4.87%U=0.16,SHGC=0.610 18.56 -23.67%U=0.20,SHGC=0.33 25.06 -67.00%U=0.33,SHGC=0.30 32.17 -114.40%
59
SpacerConducPvity
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SpacerConducPvity
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SpacerConducPvity KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
Psi=0.041W/(mK) 14.27 4.87%Psi=0.050W/(mK) 14.67 2.20%Psi=0.060W/(mK) 15.11 -0.73%
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FrameConducPvity
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FrameConducPvity
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FrameConducPvity KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
U=1.02W/(m2K) 14.27 4.87%U=1.85W/(m2K) 18.56 -23.76%
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RotateBuilding
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RotateBuilding
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RotateBuilding KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
DueSouth 14.27 4.87%Rotated30degreesclockwise 16.13 -7.53%Rotated45degreesclockwise 17.92 -19.46%
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SouthShading
65
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SouthShading
66
SouthShading KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
5%shading 14.27 4.87%10%shading 15.19 -1.25%
• Green–Earthhorizonline• Yellow–Today’ssunpath
• Blue–December21sunpath• Ele:+13–ElevaPonabovehorizon=13degrees
67
• Green–Earthhorizonline• Yellow–Today’ssunpath
• Blue–December21sunpath• Ele:+14–ElevaPonabovehorizon=14degrees
• Rotateright1screenwidth68
• Green–Earthhorizonline• Yellow–Today’ssunpath
• Blue–December21sunpath• Ele:+15–ElevaPonabovehorizon=15degrees
• Rotateright1morescreenwidth
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• Green–Earthhorizonline• Yellow–Today’ssunpath
• Blue–December21sunpath• Ele:+15–ElevaPonabovehorizon=15degrees
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WindowOverhang
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WindowOverhang
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Windowoverhang KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
DueSouth 14.27 4.87%Add8inchestooverhang 15.19 -1.24%
Remove8inchesfromoverhang 13.74 8.39%
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Sunarcgroups
Dec,Jan,NovFeb,Oct
March,SeptApril,Aug
May,July,June
74
RemoveSDLs
74CourtesyofStephenBaczek,Architect
75
RemoveSDLs
75
RemoveSDLs KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
WithSDLs 14.27 4.87%WithoutSDLs 13.92 7.19%
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WindowReveals
CourtesyofStephenBaczek,Architect
77
WindowReveal
77
WindowReveal KWHR/sm/yr Margin%SpaceHeatDemandLimit 15 0.00%
Deep=8inches,Shallow=6inches 14.27 4.87%Deep=6inches,Shallow=4inches 14.1 6.01%Deep=4inches,Shallow=2inches 13.91 7.32%
BelmontNaPonalGridDER• Contractwri1enfor<1000CFM@50Pa
• 53vinylDHwindows• Hit590CFM@50Pa
Averagewindowarea-sf 15 15 15 15 15Numberofwindows 53 53 53 53 53NFRCleakage-CFM/sf@75Pa 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5NFRCleakage-CFM@75Pa 80 159 239 318 398NFRCleakage-CFM@50Pa 61 122 183 244 305
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Rough Opening
Operable Jamb
79
Rough Opening
Operable Jamb
80
Rough Opening
Operable Jamb
81
Rough Opening
Operable Jamb
82
FrameWidth
83
Andthereismorebut,…
84
AllAboutWindows
ThankYou!QuesPons?
85
Be1erBuildingsByDesign
February4,2016MikeDuclos,Principal,DEAPEnergyGroup,LLC