Bedwelty 1. Orchid House

A.P.A.C. Ltd.

Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy

WATCHING BRIEF AND RECORDING PROJECT

RBWB/TRE/09

Bedwelty House, Tredegar

PREPARED BY DR N PHILLIPS 1ST FEBRUARY 2010

A.P.A.C. Ltd Bedwellty House, Tredegar RBWB/TRE/09

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Contents

Contents............................................................................................................................................1 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................1 List of Plates.....................................................................................................................................2 1 ..........................................................................................................3 Non Technical Summary2 ..............................................................................................................................3 Introduction

2.1 ............................................................................................3 Location and scope of work2.2 .................................................................................................4 Geology and topography2.3 ......................................................................4 Archaeological and historical background

3 ................................................................................................................5 Aims and Objectives3.1 ................................................................................................................5 Watching Brief3.2 .........................................................................................6 Watching Brief Methodology3.3 ...................................................................................................7 Watching Brief Results

4 .................................................................................................11 Discussion and Interpretation4.1 ...................................................................................11 Reliability of field investigation4.2 ....................................................................................................11 Overall interpretation

5 ................................................................................................................13 Acknowledgements6 ...................................................................................................14 Bibliography and references

Appendices

List of Figures Figure 1 Location Map

Figure 2 Site Plan

Figure 3 1826 map, Tredegar Iron Works

Figure 4 1839 Tithe map.

Figure 5 1886 Ordnance Survey map

Figure 6 Survey Plan

Figure 7 Site drawing

Figure 8 Flue sections

Copyright Notice: A.P.A.C. Ltd. retains copyright of this report under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey.


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List of Plates Plate 01 General view of heater room

Plate 02 General view of orchid house

Plate 03 General view both rooms with later modification between

Plate 04 Heater house with ongoing demolition boards to the left

Plate 05 Demolition of Orchid House flue and debris build up.

Plate 06 Drainage system and fire door slot

Plate 07 Smoke flue at junction and fire door. Two different flue base constructions. One fire brick

the other fireclay brick

Plate 08 Access cover for flue inspection/cleaning?

Plate 09 Junction of main flue and different phase addition, built on a fire clay base

Plate 10 Later pipe installation blocking the older flue.

Plate 11 South drain of orchid room, Fire door slot & manhole?

Plate 12 Second drain on south corner of the orchid house flue. North of Plate 11 but separate flue channel.

Plate 13 Drain? and cover support struts to the north west corner of the orchid house flue.

Plate 14 Confusing drainage structure/s

Plate 15 North east drain of orchid room. On the left can be seen the covered south flue with one

flue vent grill and one flue cover plate.

Plate 16 Vent from the flue with an iron grill, lifted, to the side

Plate 17 Transverse set grill vent with a tree growing through it.

Plate 18 South flue, west cover.

Plate 19 South flue, 2nd cover cover.

Plate 20 Support struts for access covers, short NW/SE flue section of the orchid house, left of and

including Plate 09

Plate 21 Heater room, flue strut west corner

Plate 22 Heater room, flue strut north west edge

Plate 23 Fire-door/sluice setting

Plate 24 General shot of heater room after channel cover removal and clearing of internal

chamber. Plate 25. Service pipe, east edge

Plate 26 Heater room, rectangle feature, in filled west edge

Plate 27 South internal edge of heater room flue and later wall abutments.

Plate 28 Contemporary build of yellow brick platform and wall, north and east of heater room

central structure.

Plate 29 Brick platform at south end of rectangular structure, heater room.

Plate 30 one metre below floor level in the heater room.

Plate 31 Drain, 1.27 metres below the heater room floor.

Plate 32 Flue cover fireclay brick with child’s hand impression. Recovered from orchid room by

contractor’s employee.

Plate 33 Stable block, flag floor. The separating wall to the heater room is on the left.

Plate 34 Stable block. Floor covered in red and yellow, cobble affect bricks. Heater room wall in

background.

Cover photograph DSCO5710 Overview.


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1 Non Technical Summary

On 6th November 2009, Dr N Phillips of A.P.A.C.. Ltd was contacted by F. Olding, of Blaenau Gwent Leisure Services; agents in relation to proposed restoration work being undertaken at Bedwellty House, Tredegar. The proposed work involved recording of surface structures relating to a former Orchid house, to the rear of the building and a watching brief during the removal its sub floor ducting and associated features. Mr Olding advised A.P.A.C. Ltd. that the work would involve recording of the structures at their present state, followed by controlled removal of capping and a second phase of recording. Dr N Phillips, A.P.A.C. Ltd visited the site on the 10th of November, work commenced on the 16th, and continued until the 25th. The work uncovered the complete ducting system of the orchid room and an associated duct linked room that would have housed the heating system. Also revealed were various phases of reconstruction or modification to the original design/working procedures involved in the structure.

2 Introduction

2.1 Location and scope of work

The property: Bedwellty House, Morgan St, Tredegar, Gwent. NP22 3XN, is located at Grid Ref: SO 14320854, fig 01. Bedwellty House, Tredegar, NPRN 36445, is Grade II listed, Cadw record no: 1862. It is a particularly important example of a surviving ironmaster’s residence in Gwent, (ASL, 7 2008). The property is undergoing extensive restoration, conservation and development in order to convert it to a multi-use facility (Tredegar Forum 2009). The project design for this outcome is outlined in Bedwellty House and Park, Tredegar, Conservation Plan, (revised) ASL 2008. As part of this document, an earlier recommendation by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division, (GUARD), regarding archaeological concerns was included. The inclusion identifies strategies which should be employed during work on the house and grounds.

Bedwellty House is a Grade II listed building and Bedwellty Park a graded II registered historic garden and conservation area, and therefore of national importance. It is also a site high intensity. Archaeological monitoring of any future ground disturbance works in the vicinity of the building and within the site is recommended, as they may have direct and irreversible impacts on undiscovered archaeological remains.

(GUARDb. 10. 2006). A specific recommended strategy for the present work included the area of the ‘orchid house’ thereby providing the basis for this report. The original recommendation read:

Carry out archaeological recording of the surviving features of the orchid house. Record footprint and trace its line from west elevation of the house to its former abutment to the south elevation of stable block.

(GUARDa. 22. 2006).


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In this report, the recommendation was re-worded as: Orchid house ‘Watching brief during wider excavation also recommended’, (ASL, 74. 2008). The rational was: as the area on which the orchid house had stood fig 02, was to be redeveloped then any archaeological resources should be recorded prior to their removal. Furthermore, it was anticipated from the structure already revealed during previous work, that more archaeological resources would be uncovered. It was therefore proposed that after initial recording of the observable resource, a watching brief would be undertaken during further development. Should any further archaeological resource be revealed then this would be recorded also. A.P.A.C. Ltd was contacted to undertake the recording and watching brief and submitted a WSI (RBWB/TRE/09) which was approved. During the above work, demolition in the stable block revealed some areas of cobbled and flag stone floor. A.P.A.C. Ltd was asked to photograph these areas for the record. A selection of the photographs have been included Plates ? with the complete set in the archive.

2.2 Geology and topography

Tredegar lies at the northern head of the Shirowy valley; one of a series of valleys draining NW-SE from the higher plateau of Mynydd Llangynidr. The site lies within a public park which itself encompasses approximately 26 acres of NW-SE sloping ground, to the south of Tredegar town centre. The underlying drift geology is of glacial deposits of till (boulder clay), whilst the solid geology exposes Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit (BGS 1990). The more visible landscape however is made up from industrial waste derived from mining and iron production, for which Tredegar was a major centre during the 19th century.

2.3 Archaeological and historical background

Both Bedwellty House and the landscaped park, in which it stands, are Grade II listed. The house as a good example of a large 19th century, ironmaster’s residence whilst the park, itself early 19th century, contains many significant historic resources: an ice house, limestone rockwork, fishponds, a walled garden, a grotto, a long shelter, a bandstand a cast iron fountain and of course the remains of an orchid house. Unfortunately, the very changes in fashion, fortune and use over the last 200 years, which in the first instance have created this remarkable site, have also served to confuse the chronology of change that has been wrought here. The initial report by Guard drew attention to the combination of: a paucity of information relating to the multiphase development of the house, due to a lack of ‘original architectural detail’ and ‘unclear or insubstantial’ documentary evidence’, (Guard a. 24. 2006). Documentary evidence for the house is somewhat sparse in the early years and what there is appears questionable. An 1884 report relates that in 1817, ‘Bedwellty House was reconstructed and enlarged as a residence for the future manager and partner’; of Tredegar Ironworks. (Powell. 39 1884). It can be assumed from this that a building stood before 1817. An assumption that is further promoted by Newman in 2000:

‘Plas Bedwellty, a minor house of the Morgan’s of Tredegar Park, was bought in 1800 by the Merthyr ironmaster Samuel Homfray of Penydarren. He rebuilt the house in plain but elegant Regency style in 1825’. (Newman. 561, 2000)

Unfortunately, as pointed out in the Icosse document, neither Powell nor Newman gave their sources (Icosse. 28. 2006). The date of 1825, mentioned above, is more dependable as it is cast into some fitted iron shelving in the basement. Furthermore, the date tallies with a period of prosperity for the Tredegar Ironworks (ibid. 35.). Later documentation does offer some history of the residents of the house:


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Samual Homfray ?- 1853, Mr R.P.Davies, Mr J Reed, Mr C.L. Hunter, Mr C.A. Browne, Mr J Colquhoun, Mr W Harbridge and finally Mr W,H Routledge (ibid. 39.).

In 1900, the house and grounds were given to The Tredegar Urban District Council for public use, the house becoming the council offices in 1901. The house kept this role until 1974 when through government reorganisation it became the base for the Tredegar Town Council. Tredegar Town Council finally moved out of Bedwellty House in 1994 at which point the house has been in some structural decline (ibid. 41-46). Although interesting in its own right; none of the above offers much help in dating the various features of the house and park. More useful are cartographic sources. The house is first recorded in 1826, fig 03 which again fits in with the 1825 cast iron shelving stamp. Another useful insight can be drawn from comparisons between the 1839 map, fig 04 and the 1882 OS map fig 05. At some point within the intervening 43 years:

The fishponds to the west of the house have been reduced in number to four Two fountains have been added A summer house has been built, west of the stable block A croquette Ground has been laid out to the south of the house The Great Exhibition Lump of Coal had been set up The house has a second porch The Assembly Room is almost complete An extension has been built to the north of the stables Finally and important to this report; The orchid house has been constructed.

(ibid. 39).

In its appraisal of chronological developments at Bedwellty House and park, Icosse make a suggestion that the Croquette lawn may have been constructed in the 1850s, at a time when the game was popular, (ibid. 39). Using a similar argument, it is possible to reasonable postulate that the Orchid House may have been built after 1851, following the success of Joseph Paxton’s, Crystal Palace; a construction of cast iron frame and glass. Although Paxton was designing and using glasshouses since the 1830s, exotic plant growing in hot houses had been part of a gentleman’s pleasure since earlier centuries. McIntosh provides an unreferenced account of 15th century Dutch hot-houses, (McIntosh. 141, 1853) and Kew Gardens for example was under way with hot-houses in the 17th century. By the beginning of the 19th century the spread of exotic gardening had become popular enough for a treaties on improvements to hot-houses, covering built or new build to be written in 1805, (Loudon 1805). Even so, it could be argued that popularity of this hobby would have become heightened after the Great Exhibition. It should also be remembered that there was a tax on glass until 1845 and window tax until 1848. A contemporary opinion on the popularity of Orchid growing states:

The taste for orchids, of late years, has formed quite a new feature in the management of plants; indeed, at the present time, their cultivation may be ranked as the most popular of all the departments of exotic culture.

(McIntosh. 405, 1853).

3 Aims and Objectives

3.1 Watching Brief

The aim of the watching brief was to preserve by record, within the resources available, any archaeological deposits uncovered during groundwork. The watching brief would also ensure that: in the event of archaeological resources of significance, being discovered requiring treatment beyond the remit of the watching brief; then steps would be implemented to ensure that their treatment would be undertaken within the standards recommended by the IFA. The outcome of the work will be presented in report form and two archives of the data will be digitised. The primary archive will remain with A.P.A.C. Ltd and a secondary archive will be kept at Bedwellty House.


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3.2 Watching Brief Methodology

Fieldwork

The proposed fieldwork at the site was to take the form of a photographic record and a simple survey followed by a watching brief whilst the structure was removed. A visit to the site on the 11th November however, showed that any practical recording of the orchid house remains would first have to wait for the site to be cleaned off. Situated on an active building site the area had become obscured by a lot of debris and spoil. It was agreed that the contractor would undertake the bulk of the clearance work and that final cleaning and recording would take place on the 16th November. Unfortunately, heavy rain badly affected the clearance work and indeed would continue to cause problems throughout the project, affecting not only water-logging and mud deposition but also the lighting conditions. On the 16th November, work finished on the clearance and the revealed structure was given a final pressure wash to try to remove the most of the surface mud. Then a series of general shots were taken, Plates 01-03 give a sample, followed by a more detailed photographic vertical record for use in photogrammetric recording. Once the photographic record was completed, a survey of the structure using a total station was undertaken. Once the recording was complete, the contractor undertook removal of the smoke flue covers which consisted of large, purpose moulded fireclay bricks. Again, the site was cleaned off with the structure being jet washed for final recording. Unfortunately, this was more difficult than in the first instance. Demolition work in the heater room added to problems of debris build up and space restriction, Plate 04. Lack of space in the orchid room meant debris built up within the site and all was exacerbated by the continual rain, water-logging and mud, Plate 05. Once the smoke flue covers were removed however, it was possible to examine the entire flue run and also note for the first time a series of features not revealed before, such as:

The two drains and fire door channel shown in Plate-06. The different materials used on the flue base, in the two channels and

the different construction of the walls, the right curve having cavity linings Plate 07.

Metal access covers to the underlying flue, plate 08. The support struts for another access cover at a point where fireclay

flue joins a brick based flue at a fire door, Plate 09. A later modification to the flue system ensuring its redundancy by

cutting and blocking the earlier flues with a modern water-pipe within an enclosed brick duct, Plate 10.

This new configuration, without flue cover, was again photographed with general views, then photographed with more detail for photogrammetric processing and then finally surveyed with a total station. During the second clearing of the heater room, it became apparent that certain of the structures that had been revealed actually lay over the top of earlier structures that could not be fully understood. In order to investigate those hidden structures it was necessary to excavate the fill from within the central rectangle; itself, as will be explained below later addition. Once the fill had been removed sufficiently in order to understand the area, a further sequence of photographic recording was undertaken and the newly exposed features were surveyed and added to the plot, fig 06. All excavation was undertaken manually by the employees of the development contractor, John Weaver Contractors Limited. All photographs taken have been given a unique number and listed in the appendix of this report. The photographs were taken with a Sony Cybershot DSC-F828, 8MP digital Camera.


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The survey was undertaken with a Topcon GPT 3007 reflectorless total station. Surface texture and water cover required that most of the survey was undertaken with a reflector prism and one of the contractors labourers was commandeered to act as a ‘chain boy’. No small finds were made during the work but one piece of flue cover was found by the labourer and retained by the archaeologist. The leisure officer for Blaenau Gwent was informed of the find and it was taken into safe keeping for future display. The fireclay brick has a distinct hand impression belonging to a small child c 6-7 years of age and provides a poignant example of the times in which it was made. As an addition to the contracted work, clearance of the ground cover to the north of the heater room and south of the Ice house revealed sections of brick tiled flooring. These were photographed to provide a record. No survey was requested.

Data processing. All of the photographs were processed into data sheets and saved in digital PDF files for the archive. A complete excel database of all the photographs is included in the appendix of this document as well as for the archive. The detailed photogrammetry sequences remain in an unprocessed state, for future use if needed. Such processed data will be able to provide all 3 dimensional measurements for the site. The survey data was downloaded into CivilCad 6.7 for initial processing. The processed data was then saved in dxf format and transferred into Adobe illustrator for final graphic display. Copies of the CivilCad files, Autocad files and illustrator PDFs are included in the Archive The primary archive will be kept with A.P.A.C. Ltd with a secondary copy to Bedwellty House.

3.3 Watching Brief Results

Soils and ground conditions

The weather conditions during the work were very poor with almost continual drizzle and some heavy periods of rain. As a result of this, not only was any clearance of the site hampered with mud and standing water but also the light conditions for recording were poor. On top of this, the constricted nature of the site did not allow for the removal of overburden and debris from the site and so they were constantly contaminating the cleared surfaces. In some instances, already deposited debris piles, had to be moved when it was found that the archaeological structures ran underneath them. The site was also bordered to the north by active demolition which again was a source of contamination. Stratigraphic recording was not really relevant as all of the structures were contained within a built environment. Of more importance was phasing as areas of older structure were affected by modification. Such phasing will be addressed below.

Description

The site drawing presented in fig 02, already referred to above, shows the layout of the orchid house and its heater room in relation to the main house and outbuildings. The survey shown in fig 06, also mentioned above, gives an accurate layout of the various features of the orchid house and heater room. All phases and levels are presented as one overlay. Although there are cross section positions marked for later discussion, there is no annotation to identify any chronology of phasing as the figure merely serves to represents size and layout of features. The general layout of the site consists of three separate areas: the orchid house to the south, Plate 02, the heater room to the north and an area of concrete to the north east of the heater room which is separated from it by a wall, Plate 01. The heater room and concrete area are separated by a high wall from the orchid house with an opening to the south west. The whole area of the site is enclosed from the NW-NE by the main


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house and bounded by a retaining wall to the SW. A doorway in the west corner of the north wall allows access to the former stable block and courtyard. Not shown on the plan; elements of the flue system continue under the retaining wall to the SW and therefore beyond the current focus of work. It is possible that other parts of the orchid house may also go under the retaining wall but this has not been confirmed with any satisfaction. The SE side of the site has an open aspect, as would be expected for a structure which needed to collect maximum sun light. The overall measurements of the rooms are: Orchid house

W long axis of flue 13.1064m. E, long axis of flue, curved end to drain and fire-door 15.2893m. Width, centre flue to centre flue 2.6636m. Total length of flues 2x 4.29m + 27.70 36.28m. Approximate area of room 68.6m².

Heater room SW/NE, axis of enclosure room, not including concreted area 5.6077m. NW/SE long axis of flue 6.4281m. Width, centre flue to centre flue SW/NE, 3.8987m. Width, centre flue to centre flue NW/SE long axis of flue 4.3533. Total length of flue 16.71m. Length of heater base 2.9692m. Width of heater base 1.3275. Approximate area 36.05m².

Concrete area

NW/SE long axis 5.6041m. SW/NE axis 2.5650m. Approximate area of room 14.4m².

Although it is possible to assess the relative sizes and directions of various structures of the orchid house and heater room from fig 06, it is not possible to understand any representation of the structural components. Display of the structural components has been addressed in the site drawing, fig 07, which shows the site after the flue covering has been removed but before the excavation of the heater base. The flue covering itself consisted of smooth blocks of fire clay which were laid in a recess of fire brick and supported on a narrower inner wall, Plates 01-05. Orchid House With the flue covering removed, the difference in shading of the flue bases, see key, clearly identifies two separate construction materials: smooth orange brown fire/clay bricks and course, yellow firebrick. Visual confirmation of this can be seen in plates 07-10; the position of the photographs can be identified on fig 06:

Plates 07 & 08 area at section line AA Plate 09 is at section line DD Plate 10 is at section line CC

The cross section schematic of the flue, fig 08, however, shows further construction differences.

The flue at AA, in the orchid room, has a central channel of lined with smoothed fire brick, two courses high and laid ‘end on’. The base is of degraded yellow fire brick, possibly re-used and is laid with general alignment changes over its length and between the orchid house and heater room. Outside of the flue wall is a cavity, one brick’s width before the main wall on which the flue cover rested.


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The flue at BB, in the heater room, was almost identical with that at AA with the exception of three courses of brick liner instead of two. The inner cavity wall was cleared out at BB and found to be identical in depth to the flue with a continuation of the firebrick base.

The flue at CC, as Plate 03 clearly shows, was aligned with the SW section of the heater room flue

but although of similar height, the width was increased and there was no cavity wall. The sides were also constructed with bricks laid flat and both the sides and bottom made use of better quality firebrick or else brick which had survived better than that of the flues at AA & BB.

The flue at DD differed the most; its depth being similar to BB, its width similar to CC but its

construction was that of fire/clay bricks of the same material as the flue covers. Furthermore, Plate 07 shows that the brick base of the AA flue has been disturbed by the fire/clay base of the DD flue which is in better repair.

Other features clearly identified are the two drainage elements in the south corner of the orchid house, Plates 06, 11, & 12, and a rather confusing drainage set up to the NW corner, Plates 13, 14 & 15. Plate 15 also shows one of two grill plates in the south flue. In closer detail, Plate 16 shows one aligned with the flue, whilst Plate 17 shows the other transverse; with a tree base growing through. The drawing, fig 07, also shows the position of access covers; metal plates with a central lifting attachment. Plate 05 shows the general layout of these access covers and they are recorded in more detail in Plates, 08, 18 & 19. Plate 8 shows the remains of the ring, lifting attachment. The cover plates themselves were found to lie on metal supports which were cemented into the brickwork atop the flues. The supports that remained were recorded in situ, Plates 09 & 14 as above, also Plates 20; north west of Plate 09, and two of the supports found above the flue in the heater room, Plates 21 & 22. Other features that were discovered after the flue cover was lifted, were the settings for movable door plates along the circuit of the flue; fire-door? The setting for one exists after the drain, Plate 06 and can be identified as the small rectangle space outline in a single course of brick; centre picture. The space is the top of a slot within which was fitted a metal door. The door was able to move up and down, to open and close the flue. The other setting is in the flue between the heater room and the orchid room at the base of the dividing wall, Plate 03. The vertical plate, Plate 23, shows where the gate used to be but the setting had mostly been destroyed by the wall to the left which cuts through the flue system as will be described below. At the top of the Plate 23 and on the base of the dividing wall plate 03 is a brown metal plate, which is the actual fire-door. It is possible that other doors were situated at junctions but the available evidence is inconclusive. Heater room The heater room presented more of a recording problem as there was distinct evidence of multiphase development. At the outset, the most noticeable aspects of the heater room were the curved channel of the flue and the central rectangular space with its brick edging walls, Plate 01. After the first clearing work, involving the removal of the channel cover had been completed; the former simpler structure became a bit more complicated Plates 04 & 24. The flue channels have all ready been described above but two areas of the circuit need to be addressed.

Firstly, bottom right of Plate 24, the flue from the heater room lies on direct alignment with that of the orchid room, but form two different constructions.

Secondly, the top right of Plate 24 shows the flue channel in the heater room cut by a single skin

orange brick wall. Plate 10, shows the point where both heater room and orchid room channels are adjacent. In between and terminating both, were a pair of single skin walls which form a duct for a cast iron water pipe and valve. At the bottom of the duct, to the right of the pipe, are three bricks which are at the same level as the bottoms of both flues. The bricks are of the same material and alignment as those base bricks in the heater room flue. Clearly, these bricks predate the duct wall and form a continuation of the heater room flue.


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Referring back to Plate 03, it can be seen that the duct wall continues across the flue to the orchid room, as discussed above, and cuts the east section of the heater room flue. The point of intersection can be seen in Plate 25. The single skin wall was built of a more modern mass produced brick which for relative dating purposes, bore the frog stamp, TREDEGAR. The original flue structure, including both cavity walls, has been truncated by the pipe duct as it continues towards the main house. A similar coloured brick wall but with un-stamped brick, can be seen to the left of Plate 24. The wall is under a platform of yellow firebrick and has been used to remove the inner curve of the flue. The wall is not structural as can be seen in Plate 26 which gives another view of its haphazard, non mortared construction. It is also worth noting the substantial wall to the left and the three course wall to the right. These two walls are the two long sides of the rectangular structure within the flue circuit, Plate 24. The three course wall to the right of plate 26 is the wall shown in Plate 24 with the ranging rod. During the clearing operations, it became apparent that this wall is a later addition as it could be easily moved away from the curved circuit wall in one piece. The other wall; south-western; however was much more substantial reaching a depth of 0.441m before continuing beyond the limit of excavation. Again referring to plate 24, between the south-western wall and the south-western flue circuit, is a length of yellow brick and half brick wall, not mirrored on the east side. As the majority of the rectangular structure appears mostly symmetrical across its long and short axis, this wall is worth noting; although, nothing more can be said of it as it was part of a very solid mortared mass. Its southern end, where it overlays the flue circuit, can be seen in Plate 27. Plate 27 also shows another later addition to the structure, a diagonally cut brick, which forms part of another single skinned wall. The entire wall and the area it surrounds can be seen in Plate 24; bottom right. Although, it is not known what function this additional area performed, it is possible to see that it respected the original curve of the flue. The last structures to be discussed are the two yellow firebrick ends of the rectangular brick area. It has already been discussed that the yellow platform to the north was built on top of an unmortared infill, Plate 24, left of image. As such, it would be unlikely to be structurally sound enough to carry much weight. It is also contemporary with the north east wall, Plate 28, itself only three courses thick and built on infill. The southern platform was a very much more solid structure. Plate 24 shows its shape and position prior to clearing and plate 29 shows it after. It is possible that the missing bricks are a result of original clearance work prior to the watching brief or previous demolition. The purpose of the gap in the brickwork is not known. As mentioned above, the heater room presented more of a challenge in that there was incontrovertible evidence of multiphase development. Two intriguing avenues which led to further clearing were a rubble filled void in the middle of the rectangular structure, floor and four sets of cemented flagstones under the east wall, of the rectangular structure, fig 06. The flagstones are visible to the right of the rectangular hole in Plate 29 and the start of the hole is in the centre of the photograph. The flagstones lay beyond the limit of excavation and so were recorded but not disturbed. It is important for phasing to note that the largest flagstone, to the south east, extended both sides of the eastern rectangle structure at a depth of 0.37m below it. The rubble filled hole was investigated in order to understand its purpose. The hole was enlarged only enough to clear rubble and at a depth of 0.520m beneath the flagstone mentioned above, another flagstone was found, Plate 30. This flagstone was removed to reveal a brick culvert running on the same alignment as the orchid house flue but at a depth of 1.127m below the heater room floor, Plate 31. Concrete area The concrete area was not examined.


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Finds Plate 32 shows the child’s hand impression in the fabric of one of the flue cover fireclay bricks. The brick came from the orchid room but its exact position was not recorded.

4 Discussion and Interpretation

4.1 Reliability of field investigation

The confined nature of the site, the lack of space for the deposition off site of the spoil, and the poor weather all had a detrimental affect on the work. That said, the resultant report is an accurate record of the site as it stood at the beginning of the work and as it was left at the end. Further work could have been profitable in interpreting the chronology of the site but this would have led outside of the development parameters. However, with the above noted, it can be stated that the watching brief has provided a clear understanding of the potential of archaeological resources at the site and has recorded them adequately within the confines of the remit.

4.2 Overall interpretation

As has been shown above the site has had different phases of development, all of which have had an effect on the surviving archaeological record. No absolute dating was found during the work but it is possible to derive some tentative relative dating for the perceived phases of development. By nature of its stratigraphic location, the oldest phase of construction within the site covered by this work would have to be the drainage culvert found at 1.2m beneath the floor of the heater room. The direction of the drain would suggest that it travels towards the main house but there is no way to know this without further excavation. Certainly, there are other known drains close to this level, such as in the south and north corners of the orchid house and at places in the adjoining stable yard. It is possible that the orchid house may simply have been laid out with pre-existing drainage in mind. The next phase of development would seem to be associated with the construction of the orchid house and its heater room. An interpretation of this original structure can be made from the condition of the older firebrick, flue floors and contemporaneity can be established by the similarity of flue design. Working on this premise, the heater would have been set on the flag floor surrounded by a flattened circular flue. At the most southern point, the heater flue connected, by means of a fire-door to the long run of the orchid house itself. Whether or not provision was made for the air to re-circulate back into the heater room or whether it was vented out, is not known nor is there any evidence of such a contemporary feature. The connecting lengths of flue that were recorded, were not only of different construction but also different or material and so must have been built during a different phase. Their better preservation would suggest a later date and the pattern of overlay shown in Plates 07 & 23 would tend to support this. In addition, the shaped brick to fit the existing wall at the south end of the heater room supports this idea of later modification, Plate 27. Another phase of development, or imply part of the previous flue layout can be seen in the heater base itself, where the original inner curve of the flue line was modified to a raised rectangular base. Finally, at some point, the orchid house either became redundant or another form of heating, not derived from the heater room was used. This can be seen from the fact that the duct containing the cast iron water pipe severed the connection between the heater room and orchid house. The Heating system. Providing a system of artificial heating for any environment; be it a residential property or an exotic plant house as in this case, has some fundamental problems to over come. A heated atmosphere must be healthy, controllable, economic and sustainable. A further imposed consideration rather than a practical necessity


12

would have been a need for the entire enterprise to have aesthetic appeal i.e. the workings and waste products should be hidden from view. Over the centuries, heating systems and their associated labour source have improved. Various methods of producing heat and delivering it to an intended destination have been put into place. Usual hot-house systems of heating tend to use water heated from beneath in tanks or in a boiler and pushed through culverts or pipes. In the case of the Bedwellty orchid house; with the exception of some drains, none of the heating system present shows any of the necessary fittings for a water based system. Furthermore, the fire-doors preclude the use of pipes and there is no evidence of any sealant within the flue channels to make them waterproof. It would seem therefore that the system at Bedwellty would have been an air-flue system; ‘The air-flu, which collects heated air around and near the furnace, and conveys it to the opposite end of the house, (Loudon. 18. 1805). Loudon describes improvements made to smoke and air flues, which do have some resemblance to the system at Bedwellty even though it post dates Loudon’s expertise by at least 35 years. For example, it is possible that the cavity wall running around the older part of the flue may have been the air-flue with the smoke flue in the middle. The heights of the smoke flu walls being a recommended three bricks placed on edge…about 15 inches (ibid. 32), whilst the air flue is one ‘brick on edge’ (ibid. 37). This has similarities in dimension to the Bedwellty example although it should be remembered that the Loudon system has the smoke flue under the air flues, unlike at Bedwellty. It may also be indicative that the entire flue in the heater room and the first section of the flue of the orchid room exhibited a lot of black residue, and staining presumed to be soot. The build up of soot ‘one of the greatest non conductors of heat’ and its removal from the flue was discussed in McIntosh and he applauded the legislature which prevented children undertaking such tasks, (McIntosh. 150. 1853). Could the access covers with lifting their handles have been used for cleaning soot from the flue? The way the system works was:

The vacuity around the fire-place is continued on each side, and over the top as well as under the bottom of the smoke flue, for about four feet in length… The two side and bottom vacuities, are continued no farther, but there unite with the space at top, which top space is continued on, as an air flue to the opposite end of the house. And there it terminates, allowing the heated air to escape…

(Loudon. 1805. 36).

The interpreted early part of the flue at Bedwellty may not have returned to the heater circuit but may have indeed vented along the south extreme where it is known the flue appears to continue under the retaining wall, towards the woods. Another comparison can be seen with Loudon’s condemnation of plastering the internal flues. He believed that plaster was a bad heat conductor so the internal bricks would be better left course. (ibid. 37). This would tend to agree with the bricks of the flue that has been considered the oldest part of the system. McIntosh argued that the brick flue system was preferable to other systems because ‘they are less expensive and more quickly heated than steam or water pipes, and therefore useful in repelling sudden attacks of frost in plant-pits and green-houses’, (McIntosh. 141. 1853.). He also stated in support of brick linings that:

The great objection to the admission of heated air into houses by such means, is the introduction of noxious gases, consisting of sulphuretted, phosphorated, and carburetted hydrogen, besides various compounds of nitrogen and carbon, all of which are highly injurious to both animal and vegetable life. Certainly these effects are not so great where the air is heated by passing over bricks only.

(ibid. 143).


13

In conclusion, the contemporary descriptions and archaeological remains would tend to support a heated-air system. Unfortunately, nothing remains to from which to deduce the heater itself although there are modifications to suggest that the heater may have undergone changes. Such changes may have caused a rethink to the system, which developed a circulatory flow and the need for drainage, as found at the south end of the orchid house. The new system also had no facility for a combined smoke/air flue configuration.

5 Acknowledgements Thanks to John Weaver Contractors Limited, site staff for their help with the work and providing a dry refuge. In particular, Lee who assisted with efficiency in this undertaking and rescued the hand stamped brick. Thanks also to Frank Olding at BG Heritage for giving A.P.A.C. Ltd the opportunity to undertake this work. Thanks also for the diligence of Jilly Farley at A4A Research.


14

6 Bibliography and references A.P.A.C. Ltd. 2009. RBWB/TRE/09 Austin-Smith:Lord LLP, 2008 Bedwellty House and Park, Tredegar. Conservation Management Plan.

(revised). Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council. British Geological Survey. 1:50,000, Sheet 232, Abergavenny, Solid and Drift, 1990). GUARD a 2006 AN INITIAL CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEXTUALFRAMEWORK

FOR BEDWELLTY HOUSE AND PARK, TREDEGAR. Project 2218. Glasgow University.

GUARD b 2006 BEDWELLTY HOUSE AND PARK, DATA STRUCTURE REPORT Project 2232. Glasgow University.

Icosse 2006 An Initial Chronology and Contexturalframework for Bedwellty House

and Park, Tredegar. Institute of Field Archaeologists, Standard and Guidance for an archaeological watching brief. 2001. Code of Conduct and the Code of Approved Practice for the regulation

of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology. 2002.

Standard and Guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials. 2001.

Kew http://www.kew.org/heritage/timeline/16_17C_kewfield.html Loudon, J.C., 1805 Treatise on Several Improvements, Recently Made in Hot-Houses.

Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, London.

Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991). McIntosh, C., 1853. The Book of the Garden Vol 1 Stuctural Blackwood & Sons:

Edingburgh & London. Newman, J., 2000 Gwent/Monmouthshire, The Buildings of Wales Series. Pevsner

Architectural Guides. Powell, E., 1884. The History of Tredegar ‘Chair Eisteddfod’. South Wales Printing

Works. RCAHMW (Corflein) 14/11/2009 http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/36445/details/BEDWELLTY+HOUSE%2C+TREDEGAR/ Tredegar Forum 14/11/2009 http://.tredegar.co.uk/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC-D=1150&which Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

A.P.A.C. Ltd, Registered Address: 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. NP7 7RG

. 07734962919. Email: [email protected]. Company Registration No 5041541. VAT Reg No 826 3628 19. www.apac.ltd.uk

Director: Dr N. Phillips. D.Phil. BA (Hons). Cert Ed/FE. AIFA. AAI&S


15

ARCHIVE COVER SHEET Site Name: Bedwellty House, Tredegar Site Code: RBWB/TRE/09 PRN: - NPRN : N6445 SAM: - Other Ref No: A.P.A.C. Ltd Report No. 101 NGR: S0 1432 0854 Site Type: 19th c Project Type: Watching Brief and recording Project Officer: Neil Phillips Project Dates: November 2009 Categories Present: N/A Location of Original Archive: A.P.A.C. Ltd Location of duplicate Archives: Bedwellty House Number of Finds Boxes: 1 Location of Finds: Bedwellty House Museum Reference: Copyright: A.P.A.C. Ltd Restrictions to access: None

Site Bedwelty HouseRBWB/TRE/09

Digital Photographic RecordA.P.A.C. Ltd

Photo No Date Time Camera jpg Size MB Area View Description Drawing DSCO5503 16/11/2009 13.31 DSC-F828 √ 2448x3264 3.7 Orchid room NE General view of orchid room ductingDSCO5504 16/11/2009 13.32 DSC-F828 √ 2448x3264 3.6 Heater NE General view of orchid room ducting and heater room with separating wallDSCO5505 16/11/2009 13.32 DSC-F828 √ 2448x3264 3.6 Heater NE General view of heater roomDSCO5507 16/11/2009 13.32 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Pipe channel NE Later pipe channel cutting earlier ductsDSCO5508 16/11/2009 13.33 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Duct NE 2nd General view of orchid room ducting and heater room with separating wallDSCO5509 16/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Duct V Vertical shot of north east end of duct showing vents?DSCO5510 16/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Duct VSW Vertical, south west shot of north east end of duct showing ventsDSCO5511 16/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Duct SW South west shot of north east end of duct DSCO5512 16/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3 Hall Roof lightDSCO5513 16/11/2009 15.22 DSC-F828 √ 2448x3264 3.4 Orchid room NE General view of orchid room ducting 2nd cleaningDSCO5514 16/11/2009 15.23 DSC-F828 √ 2448x3264 3.6 Heater NE General view of orchid room ducting and heater room. 2nd cleaningDSCO5515 16/11/2009 15.23 DSC-F828 √ 2448x3264 3.7 Heater NE General view of heater room. 2nd cleaning right sideDSCO5516 16/11/2009 15.23 DSC-F828 √ 2448x3264 3.7 Heater NE General view of heater room. 2nd cleaning left sideDSCO5517 16/11/2009 15.25 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5518 16/11/2009 15.25 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5519 16/11/2009 15.26 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5520 16/11/2009 15.26 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5521 16/11/2009 15.26 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5522 16/11/2009 15.26 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5523 16/11/2009 15.26 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5524 16/11/2009 15.26 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Pipe channel V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5525 16/11/2009 15.27 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5526 16/11/2009 15.27 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5527 16/11/2009 15.27 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5528 16/11/2009 15.27 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5529 16/11/2009 15.27 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5530 16/11/2009 15.27 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5531 16/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5532 16/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5533 16/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5534 16/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5535 16/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5536 16/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5537 16/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Pipe channel V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5538 16/11/2009 15.29 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequence



DSCO5539 16/11/2009 15.29 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5540 16/11/2009 15.29 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5541 16/11/2009 15.29 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5542 16/11/2009 15.29 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5543 16/11/2009 15.3 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5544 16/11/2009 15.3 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5545 16/11/2009 15.3 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5546 16/11/2009 15.3 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5547 16/11/2009 15.3 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Pipe channel V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5548 16/11/2009 15.3 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Pipe channel V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5549 16/11/2009 15.3 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5550 16/11/2009 15.31 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5551 16/11/2009 15.31 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5552 16/11/2009 15.31 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5553 16/11/2009 15.31 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5554 16/11/2009 15.31 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Pipe channel V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5555 16/11/2009 15.31 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5556 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5557 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5558 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5559 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5560 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Pipe channel V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5561 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5562 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5563 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5564 16/11/2009 15.33 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5565 16/11/2009 15.32 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5566 16/11/2009 15.33 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5567 16/11/2009 15.33 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5568 16/11/2009 15.33 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5569 16/11/2009 15.33 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5570 16/11/2009 15.34 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5571 16/11/2009 15.34 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5572 16/11/2009 15.34 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5573 16/11/2009 15.34 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5574 16/11/2009 15.34 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequence



DSCO5575 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5576 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5577 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5578 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5579 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5580 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5581 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5582 16/11/2009 15.35 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5583 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5584 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5585 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5586 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5587 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5588 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5589 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5590 16/11/2009 15.36 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5591 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5592 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5593 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5594 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5595 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5596 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5597 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5598 16/11/2009 15.37 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5599 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5600 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5601 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5602 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5603 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5604 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5605 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5606 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5607 16/11/2009 15.38 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5608 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5609 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5610 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequence



DSCO5611 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5612 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5613 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5614 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5615 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5616 16/11/2009 15.39 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5617 16/11/2009 15.4 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5618 16/11/2009 15.4 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5619 16/11/2009 15.41 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Pipe channel NE Closer view of the brick wall forming the pipe channelDSCO5620 16/11/2009 15.41 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Pipe channel SE Closer view of the brick wall forming the pipe channelDSCO5621 18/11/2009 11.07 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.4 House SE Internal shot of chamber showing ceilingDSCO5622 18/11/2009 11.08 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.1 House SE Internal shot of chamber showing ceilingDSCO5623 18/11/2009 11.11 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 House NW Internal shot of chamber showing ceilingDSCO5624 18/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 1944x2592 2.1 Orchid room NE Lifting the duct cover of furnace brickDSCO5625 18/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.7 Heater N Survey of heater roomDSCO5626 18/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Stables NE Record of Stables floor prior to removalDSCO5627 18/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Stables NE Record of Stables floor prior to removalDSCO5628 18/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Stables V Record of flagstone floor prior to removalDSCO5629 18/11/2009 15.22 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.1 Stables SW Record of Stables floor prior to removalDSCO5630 18/11/2009 15.24 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Stables SW Record of Stables floor prior to removalDSCO5631 18/11/2009 15.24 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.2 Ice house NW General recordDSCO5632 18/11/2009 15.24 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Ice house NE Steps revealed behind wallDSCO5633 18/11/2009 15.28 DSC-F828 √ 2592x1944 2.3 Brick V Brick found in upper room. Possible display pieceDSCO5636 19/11/2009 14.5 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 2 Watching B V Clearance at south west corner of orchid room. Drains and VentsDSCO5639 19/11/2009 14.51 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Watching B NE Clearance at orchid room. Drains and VentsDSCO5640 19/11/2009 15.46 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Watching B NE Clearance at f orchid room. North eastDSCO5641 19/11/2009 15.47 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Stables SE Flag floor, old stablesDSCO5642 19/11/2009 15.49 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Stables NE Flag floor, old stablesDSCO5643 19/11/2009 15.49 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Stables V Flag floor, old stablesDSCO5644 19/11/2009 15.5 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Stables V Flag floor, old stablesDSCO5645 19/11/2009 15.5 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Stables NE Flag floor, old stablesDSCO5646 19/11/2009 15.5 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Stables SW Stable floor. Relief bricks. (Ebbw Vale stamp)DSCO5647 19/11/2009 15.51 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.3 Stables SW Stable floor. Relief bricks. (Ebbw Vale stamp)DSCO5648 19/11/2009 15.54 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Stables SW Stable floor. Relief bricks. (Ebbw Vale stamp)DSCO5649 19/11/2009 15.54 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Stables SW Stable floor. Relief bricks. (Ebbw Vale stamp)DSCO5650 19/11/2009 15.55 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Stables SW Stable floor. Relief bricks. (Ebbw Vale stamp)



DSCO5651 23/11/2009 14.07 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater NE Furnace base in the heater room being cleared of loose fill.DSCO5652 23/11/2009 14.07 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater NE Furnace base in the heater room being cleared of loose fill.DSCO5653 23/11/2009 14.07 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater NE Orchid house ducts at south west cornerDSCO5655 23/11/2009 14.07 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater NW Furnace base in the heater room DSCO5656 23/11/2009 14.11 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Furnace base in the heater room being cleared of loose fill.DSCO5659 24/11/2009 11.08 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5660 24/11/2009 11.08 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5661 24/11/2009 11.08 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5662 24/11/2009 11.08 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5663 24/11/2009 11.08 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5664 24/11/2009 11.09 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5665 24/11/2009 11.09 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5666 24/11/2009 11.09 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5667 24/11/2009 11.09 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5668 24/11/2009 11.09 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5669 24/11/2009 11.09 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5670 24/11/2009 11.09 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5671 24/11/2009 11.1 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5672 24/11/2009 11.1 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5673 24/11/2009 11.1 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5674 24/11/2009 11.1 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5675 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5676 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5677 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5678 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5679 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5680 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5681 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5682 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5683 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5684 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5685 24/11/2009 11.12 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5686 24/11/2009 11.13 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5687 24/11/2009 11.13 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5688 24/11/2009 11.13 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5689 24/11/2009 11.13 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequence



DSCO5690 24/11/2009 11.13 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5691 24/11/2009 11.14 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5692 24/11/2009 11.14 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5693 24/11/2009 11.14 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5694 24/11/2009 11.14 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5695 24/11/2009 11.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5696 24/11/2009 11.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5697 24/11/2009 11.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5698 24/11/2009 11.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5699 24/11/2009 11.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5700 24/11/2009 11.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5701 24/11/2009 11.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5702 24/11/2009 11.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5703 24/11/2009 11.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5704 24/11/2009 11.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5705 24/11/2009 11.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Orchid room V Childs hand print in furnace brickDSCO5706 24/11/2009 11.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Orchid room V Childs hand print in furnace brickDSCO5707 24/11/2009 14.41 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Orchid room V Pipe channel and sequencingDSCO5709 24/11/2009 11.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Heater NE OverviewDSCO5710 24/11/2009 15.14 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Overview N Veiw of demolitionDSCO5711 24/11/2009 15.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5712 24/11/2009 15.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5713 24/11/2009 15.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5714 24/11/2009 15.15 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5715 24/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5716 24/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5717 24/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5718 24/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5719 24/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5720 24/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5721 24/11/2009 15.16 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5722 24/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5723 24/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5724 24/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5725 24/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5726 24/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequence



DSCO5727 24/11/2009 15.17 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5728 24/11/2009 15.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5729 24/11/2009 15.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5730 24/11/2009 15.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5731 24/11/2009 15.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5732 24/11/2009 15.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5733 24/11/2009 15.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5734 24/11/2009 15.18 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5735 24/11/2009 15.19 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5736 24/11/2009 15.19 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5737 24/11/2009 15.19 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5738 24/11/2009 15.19 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5739 24/11/2009 15.19 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5740 24/11/2009 15.19 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5741 24/11/2009 15.19 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater V Photogrammetric sequenceDSCO5742 24/11/2009 15.2 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater V SE View of the pipe channel cutting the heater ductDSCO5743 24/11/2009 15.21 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Heater NW View within the furnace base of later modifications to the north west sideDSCO5745 25/11/2009 11.52 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Heater V Flagstone some 40cm beneath the furnice pit floor.DSCO5747 25/11/2009 12.1 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.5 Heater V Earlier drain beneath flagstoneDSCO5748 25/11/2009 12.1 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.7 Heater SW Overall position of excavation through furnace pit floorDSCO5845 09/12/2009 11.21 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 2 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5846 09/12/2009 11.22 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5847 09/12/2009 11.22 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5848 09/12/2009 11.27 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5849 09/12/2009 11.31 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.6 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5850 09/12/2009 11.36 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5851 09/12/2009 11.36 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.1 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5852 09/12/2009 11.39 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.3 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5853 09/12/2009 11.42 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.2 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5854 09/12/2009 11.46 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House DSCO5855 09/12/2009 11.49 DSC-F828 √ 3264x2448 3.4 Brick X Brick sample from Bedwelty House

Fig 01: Location

Bedwellty House Tredegar

A.P.A.C. Ltd RBWB/TRE/09

Figure 02: Position of orchid house to main house

Bedwellty House, Tredegar


N

A.P.A.C. Ltd 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire NP7 7RG

[email protected]

Bedwellty HouseTredegar

January 2010

Scale at A4: Bar

Produced for:

Dr. N. Phillips Dr. N. Phillips 24/01/2010

Location:

Type:

Stage: WatchingBrief

Period:

BGLS of BGCBC

Survey:

Processing:

Notes: North set at magnetic

Key:

Position

Main building plan inred supplied by ASL 2008.

Positions of orchid house, heater roomand ice house inblack.

25m

Ice house

Heater room

Orchid house

Figures 03, 04, 05: Map progression

Bedwelty House, Tredegar


Detail from: ‘New Plan No.31(Tredegar Iron Works), August 1826’ (Hilling, 2003,69)in (Icosse. 31. 2006).

Detail from: 1839 Tithe Map (Gwent Archives D.917.19)in (Icosse. 32. 2006).

Detail from: Ordnance Survey 1886Monmouthshire in (Icosse. 40. 2006).

Fig 03 Fig 04 Fig 05


Bewellty House, Tredegar.

Fig 06: Full survey

Wall of house & out-buildingsBrick wall, top edgeBottom of flueBrick interface with mortarDrainsIron lintelsWater pipeFlue coverConcreteFlagstones

Key

0 5 10 15 20 25

m

N

Bedwellty House.Morgan Street.TredegarMonmouthshire.NP22 3XN

SITE

NEW SURVEY SCALE JOB No:

RBWB/TRE/09

Topographic SurveyOrchid House

TITLE NOTES

DRAWN BY:

DATE

N Phillips

105 sq m

1/03/10

A.P.A.C. Ltd 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. NP7 7RG. Tel: 07734962919

[email protected]

A

AD

DC

C

B

B


Bewellty House, Tredegar.

Fig 07: Drawing

Wall of house & out-buildingsBrick wall, top edgeBottom of flue, old brickBottom of flue, fire clay bricksBrick interface with mortarDrainsIron lintelsWater pipeDrain coverConcreteWaterloggedMortar

Key

0 5 10 15 20 25

m

Drawing made after the fire clay duct covers had been removed.The drawing was produced from the survey and digital photographs. N

Bedwellty House.Morgan Street.TredegarMonmouthshire.NP22 3XN

SITE

DrawingSCALE JOB No:

RBWB/TRE/09

Drawing ofOrchid House

TITLE NOTES

DRAWN BY:

DATE

N Phillips

105 sq m

1/03/10

A.P.A.C. Ltd 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. NP7 7RG. Tel: 07734962919

[email protected]

Figure 08: Flue sections/ relative pro�les



1 m

A A C C

B B D D

deb

ris fill

deb

ris fill

deb

ris fill

Firebrickbase

fireclaybrickbase

Firebrickbase

Firebrickbase

A.P.A.C. Ltd36 Hatherleigh Rd,Abergavenny, Monmouthshire NP7 [email protected]

Bedwellty HouseTredegar

January 2010

Scale at A4: Bar

Produced for:

Dr. N. Phillips Dr. N. Phillips 02/02/2010

Location:

Type:

Stage:WatchingBrief

Period:

BGLS of BGCBC

Survey:

Processing:

Flue sections


DSC

05678

DSC

05659

DSC

05704

DSC

05676

Plate 14: Confusing drainage structure/s

Plate 13: Drain? and cover support struts to the north west corner of the orchid house �ue.

Plate 12: Second drain on south corner of the orchid house �ue.North of Plate 11 but separate �ue channel.

Plate 11: South drain of orchid room, Fire door slot & manhole?


DSC

5505

DSC

5503D

SC5507

A.P.A.C. Ltd RBWB/TRE/09Plate 03: General view both rooms with later modi�cation between

Plate 01: General view, heater room Plate 02: General view, orchid house



DSC

05671

DSC

05509

DSC

05664

DSC

05667

Plate 18: South �ue, west cover.

Plate 17: Transverse set grill vent with a tree growing through it.

Plate 16: Vent from the �ue with an iron grill, lifted, to the sidePlate 15: North east drain of orchid room. On the left can be seen the covered south �ue with one �ue vent grill and one �ue cover plate.



DSC

05689

DSC

05666

DSC

05724

DSC

05711

Plate 22: Heater room, �ue strut northwest edge

Plate 21: Heater room, �ue strut west corner

Plate 20: Support struts for access covers, short NW/SE �uesection of the orchid house, left of and including Plate 09

Plate 19: South �ue, 2nd cover cover.



DSC

05709

DSC

05686

DSC

05743

DSC

05735

Plate 26: Heater room, rectangle feature,in�lled west edge

Plate 25: Heater room, �ue /duct interface

Plate 24: General shot of heater room after channel cover removaland clearing of internal chamber.

Plate 23: Fire-door/sluice setting



DSC

05731

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late 30: one metre below �oor levelin the heater room.

Plate 29: Brick platform at south end of rectangular structure, heaterroom.

Plate 28: Contemorary build of yellow brick platform and wall,north and east of heater room central structure.

Plate 27: South internal edge of heater room �ue and later wallabutments.



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late 34: Stable block. Floor covered inred and yellow, cobble a�ect bricks.Heater room wall in background.

Plate 33: Stable block, �ag �oor. The separating wall to the heaterroom is on the left.room.

Plate 32: Flue cover �reclay brick with child’s hand impression.Recovered from orchid room by contractor’s employee.

Plate 31: Drain, 1.27 metres below the heater room �oor.



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Plate 05: Demolition of Orchid House �ue and debris build up.

Plate 06: Drainage system and �re door slot

Plate 04: Heater house with ongoing demolition boards to the left



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Plate 10: Later pipe installation blocking the older �ue.

Plate 09: Junction of main �ue and di�erent phase addition, built on a �re clay base

Plate 08: Access cover for �ue inspection/cleaning?Plate 07: Smoke �ue at junction and �re door. Two di�erent �ue base constructions. One �re brick the other �reclay brick


Documents

Bedwelty 1. Orchid House