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Becoming biased:
Early acquisition of the consonant bias in lexical
processing in French Thierry Nazzi Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité
Main research focus Interaction between - phonetic/phonological processing - lexical acquisition/processing - Do infants use detailed phonetic information in the process of acquiring new words, and accessing the lexicon? - Are all types of phonemes equally well processed at the lexical level: consonants versus vowels?
On consonants and vowels…
they differ on many aspects:
- Energy, duration, pitch
- Consonants are processed more categorically than vowels (Fry et al., 1962; Liberman et al., 1957)
- Consonants are more numerous than vowels in most of the languages (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996)
- In Semitic languages: lexical roots mostly carried by consonants (McCarthy, 1985)
- …
Division of labor hypothesis (Nespor, Peña & Mehler, 2003)
- Consonants Lexical: consonant bias (C-bias)
- Vowels Prosody & Syntax: vowel bias (V-bias)
21
ADULT experimental basis for C-bias van Ooijen (1996): - English (24 Cs / 17 Vs) Cutler, Sebastian-Galles, Soler-Vilageliu & van Ooijen (2000): - Dutch (19 Cs / 16 Vs) - Spanish (20 Cs / 5 Vs) Participants hear a non-word: kebra, and have to change it to a real word by substituting 1 phoneme: - vowel-change: cobra - consonant-change: zebra (press a button when they have thought of the word, then name it)
In all 3 languages: Faster answers and lower error rates for vowel-changes consonant bias
ADULT experimental basis for C-bias Bonatti, Peña, Nespor & Mehler (2005)
Artificial language paradigm: segmentation of pseudowords from fluent speech 3 families of words (lexical roots): - Constant consonants (p_r_g_, b_d_k_, m_l_t_): puragibidukapuregymalitubidokeporagymalytobydukemelitobydokaporegimelytu…
preference for words over part-words - Constant vowels (e.g., _õ_i_a, _o_ê_y, _u_e_ã): põkimamopêkypõrilakumepãmotêrytõkilakuletãlopêryrumetãlotêkytõrimarulepã…
no preference (in most conditions, see also Newport & Aslin, 2004) consonant bias
ADULT experimental basis for C-bias BEYOND speech. C/V asymmetry in reading (French adults) New, Araujo & Nazzi (2008) Procedure Lexical decision with masked priming (50 ms) Stimuli 4 x 16 low frequency words (CVCV, CVCVCV, VCVC, VCVCVC)
identity same consonants
same vowels
unrelated
CVCV judo jidé ruto rité
CVCVCV favori févuré tadodi tédudé
VCVC anis unos apir upor
VCVCVC opinel upanul ogigef ugaguf
Results - C-priming compared to both V- und unrelated - No priming for V vs. unrelated Effects not due to: Phonetic feature differences, letter frequency, neighborhood or bigram differences…
540
560
580
600
620
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660
680
Identity Consonant-
related
Vowel-related UnrelatedR
Ts
CV structure VC structure All targets
C-bias in lexical processing: adult crosslinguistic data C-bias found cross-linguistically in adulthood (but Danish not tested)
What about its origin? 22
Languages Tasks
Van Ooijen (1996) English Word reconstruction
Cutler et al. (2000) Dutch & Spanish Word reconstruction
Bonatti et al. (2005) French Segmentation
Carreiras et al. (2007) Carreiras & Price (2008)
Spanish Lexical decision (written) + ERPs/ fMRI
Toro et al. (2008) Italian Segmentation
New et al. (2008) New & Nazzi (2014)
French Lexical decision (written)
Delle Luche et al. (2014) French & English Lexical decision (auditory)
Havy et al. (2014) French Word learning
Origin of the C-bias
Three hypotheses:
- Initial bias hypothesis (Nespor et al., 2003)
- Lexical bias hypothesis (Keidel et al., 2007)
- Acoustic/phonetic bias hypothesis (Floccia et al., 2014; Bouchon et al., 2015 in press; Poltrock & Nazzi, 2015)
23
Origin of the C-bias Predictions according to the hypotheses
27
Hypotheses Origin Cross-linguistic differences?
When?
Initial Innate No At birth
Lexical
Learned through experience with the native lexicon
Yes Around 12 months
Acoustic/phonetic Learned through phonological experience
Yes Before 12 months
Research questions
STEP 1: establishing the C-bias in early lexical processing in French
STEP 2: crosslinguistic extensions
- Is the expression of the bias dependent on the properties of the language in
acquisition?
STEP 3: origins of the bias
- origin of the bias? Is it linked to the acquisition of a large vocabulary? Or can it
be observed before the acquisition of a large vocabulary?
Directly compare Cs and Vs
Test different native languages
French: 17 consonants, 15 vowels
English: 24 consonants, 12 vowels
Danish: 16 consonants, 21+10 (stød) vowels
Test infants before 1 year of age
- Familiar word recognition at 11 months
- Name recognition at 5 months
- Word segmentation at 6 and 8 months
Initial study: Name-based categorization task (Nazzi, 2005)
- Procedure
-- 6 each experimental trials per experiment
-- for each experimental trial:
3 objects, all visually different – 2 objects receive the same label
each object labeled 6 times
/pize/ /pize/ /tize/ or /pyze/
Name-based categorization task (Nazzi, 2005): “Can you give me the object that goes with this one?”
Experimental conditions
Nazzi (2005), Nazzi & New (2007)
-- Very different words (e.g., pize/mora)
-- Minimal contrasts
CONSONANTS VOWELS - Plosive consonants, word-initial - minimal contrast, initial syllable duk/guk duk/dk
pize/tize pize/pyze kepd/tepd kepd/kpd
- Plosive consonants, word-non-initial - 1+ features, initial syllable duk/dut duk/dk
pide/pige pize/paze kepd/ketd kepd/kupd
- Continuous consonants, word-initial - 1+ features, word-final position
muk/nuk da/di
lize/rize pize/pizu fepd/epd kepro/kepri
(note: all C contrasts are place contrasts)
Main results
Significant effect
of label similarity
CONSONANTS
- 20-month-olds can learn
new words that differ by
only one place feature,
(found for different word
structures, and for initial
and non-initial word positions)
VOWELS
- Performance at chance level at 20 months
Compatible with C-bias at the lexical level (Nespor et al., 2003).
Quickly accepted for publication by Jacques!
BUT…
0
50
100
phonetic conditions
% c
orr
ect
Different labels
C plos ini
C plos non-ini
C cont ini
V 1feature
V +1feature
V +1feature f inal
* * * *
First questions: Limitations for French
(1) found only with one task (name-based categorization task)
(2) found only at 20 months
(3) effect could be due to a word/syllable onset (rather than a consonant
advantage per se)?
(1) Setting up new word learning tasks
(2) Extensions to larger age span: 16 months to adulthood
- Simplified word learning task
removing the categorization component
- Conflict task between consonantal and vocalic constancy
tidé pidé pudé
- Computer controlled TOBII experiments
learning phase test phase
???
Consonant/Vowel asymmetry at 16 months simplified procedure CONSONANTS - Correct scores - Looking times (360-2000 ms) = LT Target – LT Distracter x 100
LT Target + LT Distracter
* * * *
Consonant/Vowel asymmetry at 16 months simplified procedure VOWELS - Correct scores - Looking times nothing significant
Consonant/Vowel asymmetry at 16 months Summary of results -- C/V asymmetry found at 16 months, similar to that found at 20 months - found with different word structures (CVC and CVCV) - found even when comparing Cs and Vs on the same feature (place) - found using both scores and looking times (with between-experiment baseline)
-- C/V asymmetry found using a new task that is a straightforward word learning task what about at a later age???
- found at 30-month-olds with conflict task - found at 3-, 4-, 5-year-olds and adults with tobii
C-bias in early lexical processing in French?
- Found using a range of procedures: all 4 variants of the word learning tasks
- Found using scores or looking times
- Independent of: --- lexical structure (mono- and bisyllabic words)
--- kind of consonants (plosive, fricative, nasal contrasts)
--- feature (Cs: place, voicing; Vs: place, height, rounding)
--- position (Cs in onset or coda; Vs in word-initial position)
Pervasive C-bias in early lexical processing in French
Language Authors Age Bias
French
Havy et al., 2011, 2014 3/4/5 years, adults C
Nazzi et al., 2009 30 months C
Nazzi, 2005; Nazzi & Bertoncini, 2009; Nazzi & Polka, in prep
20 months C
Havy & Nazzi, 2009 16 months C
Zesiger & Jöhr, 2014 14 months C
Extension to languages other than French
Choice of languages:
French: 17 consonants, 15 vowels
ENGLISH: 24 consonants, 12 vowels
C-bias in adults (Cutler et al., 2000; van Ooijen, 1996), but little evidence in
infancy, for known word recognition (Mani & Plunkett, 2007)
DANISH: - 16 consonants, 21+10 vowels (glottalization/stød of long vowels)
- many consonants are vocalic in final position
- both diachronic and synchronic trends towards reducing
consonants from stops to fricatives, to approximants to zero
“vocalic” language, reversed bias???
Study 1: C/V asymmetry at 16 months in ENGLISH
Floccia, Nazzi, delle Lucche & Goslin (2014)
Participants: English-learning 16-month-olds
Procedure: as in Havy & Nazzi (2009)
Stimuli: CVC words, all 1-feature contrasts
No C-bias
same above chance performance for consonants (62.2%) and vowels (62.5%)
Different from French
0
50
100
voicing place
Consonantal features
% S
co
res
ked / ged
noop/noob
teeb/keeb
cag/cad
0
50
100
height place
Vocalic features%
Sco
res
sib/seb
mart/mort
vab/vub
teep/toop
* *
Study 2. Relative weight of consonants and vowels in ENGLISH
Floccia et al. (2014); Nazzi et al. (2009)
Participants: English-learning 16-, 23- and 30-month-olds
Procedure: Conflict task, as in Nazzi et al. (2009)
Stimuli: CVC words, all 1-feature contrasts
- at chance level at 16 (53%) and 23 (50%) months
- above chance (56.5%, p = .046) at 30 months
a C-bias seems to emerge in English between 23 and 30 months, contrary
to French where it is already found by 16 months
what is the extent of the influence of the native language?
can the bias be reversed?
a good study case: DANISH
Consonant/Vowel asymmetry at 20 months, DANISH
Hojen & Nazzi (2015 in press)
Participants: Danish-learning 20-month-olds
Procedure: as in Havy & Nazzi (2009)
Stimuli
- CVC words, either 1- or 2-feature contrasts
- vowel contrast and consonant contrast in separate experiments
- vocalic use at 20 months
- NO consonant use at 20 months,
contrary to data on French and English
V-bias in Danish
*
SUMMARY Crosslinguistic summary
Variation in word-learning biases
Infants develop different biases, even for the same linguistic sub-domain (here,
word learning), across languages
Importance of testing infants learning tone languages
(as tones are mostly carried by vowels) 28
Language Authors Age Bias
French
Havy et al. (2011, 2014) 3/4/5 years, adults C
Nazzi et al. (2009) 30 months C
Nazzi (2005) 20 months C
Havy & Nazzi (2009) 16 months C
Zesiger & Jöhr (2014) 14 months C
Italian Hochmann et al. (2010) 12 months C
English
Nazzi et al. (2009) 30 months C
Mani & Plunkett (2007) 18/24 months No
15 months C
Mani & Plunkett (2010) 12 months No
Floccia et al. (2014) 14/23 months No
Danish Højen & Nazzi (2015 in press) 20 months V
Origin of the C-bias Predictions according to the hypotheses
27
Hypotheses Origin Cross-linguistic differences?
When?
Initial Innate No At birth
Lexical
Learned through experience with the native lexicon
Yes √ Around 12 months
Acoustic/phonetic Learned through phonological experience
Yes √ Before 12 months
STEP 3
Origins of the bias: the case of French
- familiar word recognition at 11 months - name recognition at 5 months - word segmentation at 6 and 8 months
1.a Baseline
Familiar word recognition at 11 months Poltrock & Nazzi (2015)
Baseline Experiment 1: familiar words vs. pseudowords
Familiarity preference (same as Hallé & Boysson-Bardies, 1994; Swingley, 2005; Vihmann et al., 2004)
- 24 French-learning 11-month-olds - procedure: HPP - C-bias prediction: familiar >> nonword
Exp. 2: Conflict task (C-MPs vs. V-MPs)
- 24 French-learning 11-month-olds
- procedure HPP
- C-bias prediction: V-MPs >> C-MPs
- vowel changes were considered as less
lexically relevant than consonant changes C-bias at 11 months
Name recognition at 5 months Bouchon, Floccia, Fux, Adda-Decker, & Nazzi (2015 in press)
Evidence that infants recognize their own name at 5 months
Mandel, Jusczyk & Pisoni (1995) in English
Replicated Nazzi, Plateau & Taffou (in prep) in French
How specific is the representation/processing of this very early word?
How would infants respond to
a CONSONANT change?
versus
a VOWEL change?
Specificity of name recognition at 5 months
Participants 4 x 30 French-learning 5-month-olds
Method HPP
Stimuli
2 words presented:
- the infant’s NAME
- a MISPRONOUNCIATION of their name
(one phonetic feature change)
Félix ! Vélix !
2 CONTROL experiments Same stimuli to infants with
different names
- Control C-change (30)
- Control V-change (30)
2 MAIN experiments - C-change (30)
- V-change (30)
Results
- No evidence of reaction to C-change
- Evidence of reaction to V-change (related to spectral distance)
V-bias at 5 months
Zictor
!
Victor
!
Alix ! Elix ! C change V change
Results
Moreover
- Vs more salient (longer, more energy) than Cs
- Cs were spectrally more distant than Vs
- Only reaction to V-changes were related to spectral distance
5-month-olds pay more attention only to more salient sounds?
Zictor
!
Victor
!
Alix ! Elix ! C change V change
Discussion
familiar word and name recognition at 5/11 months
- At 5 months, name recognition: V-bias
- At 11 months, familiar word recognition: C-bias
This suggests that the C-bias emerges in French
(in which it is consistently found from 11 months onward)
However:
- different words used at both ages/in the 2 experiments.
- own name could have a special status?
Explore again this potential developmental change, using the same
procedure/stimuli at different ages
Word form segmentation study at 6 and 8 months Nishibayashi, L.-L. & Nazzi, T. (in preparation)
- English-learning infants – 7.5/8 months: monosyllabic (Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995) and trochaic bisyllabic
(Jusczyk et al., 1999) words
– 10.5 months: iambic bisyllabic words (Jusczyk et al., 1999)
- French-learning infants – 6 months: monosyllabic words and embedded syllables (Goyet et al., 2013;
Gout, 2001; Nishibayashi et al., 2015 in press)
– 7.5/8 months: bisyllabic words (Polka & Sundara, 2011; Nazzi et al., 2014)
lapin
Segmentation task and mispronunciation
Familiarization Test
Passages misp control
C-misp
condition
Les DOUX (/du/) vivent heureux et toujours souriants.
La bonté se ressent chez ces doux russes. Un doux est
attendu à la réception. Des sages ont encensé ce doux
courageux. Certains doux sont écoutés pour leurs
conseils. Parfois ils ont pensé à devenir doux rouge.
GU ka
V-misp
condition
Les DOUX (/du/) vivent heureux et toujours souriants.
La bonté se ressent chez ces doux russes. Un doux est
attendu à la réception. Des sages ont encensé ce doux
courageux. Certains doux sont écoutés pour leurs
conseils. Parfois ils ont pensé à devenir doux rouge.
DO ka
Participants: 2x 20 French-learning 8-month-olds
Method: Headturn preference procedure
Ex. stimuli:
Predictions:
- Segmentation effect only if mispronunciation considered as “good enough” target
- C-bias prediction: larger segmentation effect in V-misp condition
Stimuli: 16 monosyllabic words
C-bias study
30
Vowel condition
Roundness /fã/ /fɔ̃/
Height /ti/ /te/
Place /py/ /pu/
/gø/ /go/
Consonant condition
Place /ta/ /ka/
/di/ /gi/
Voicing /py/ /by/
/ʒu/ /ʃu/
Results
Compatible with C-bias
However: - between-subject design
- CV words only (hence possible positional effect)
C-bias study
31
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Vowel Consonant
OR
IEN
TA
TIO
N T
IME
S (S
)
MP
Ctrl
**
Conflict task
Familiarization Test
Passages C-misp V-misp
Target wd 1
Les DOUX (/du/) vivent heureux et toujours souriants.
La bonté se ressent chez ces doux russes. Un doux est
attendu à la réception. Des sages ont encensé ce doux
courageux. Certains doux sont écoutés pour leurs
conseils. Parfois ils ont pensé à devenir doux rouge.
GU DO
Target wd 2
Le CORPS (/kor/) des marines est parvenu à la paix.
Ce cor tant attendu sonne la fin des combats. Des cors
en bronze produisent un son unique. Nous aimons le
timbre grave des cors d’antan. Les musiciens de
l’orchestre portent les cors dorés. Vous serez surpris
d’entendre ces cors magnifiques.
KOL KUR
Participants: - 2 x 24 French-learning 8-month-olds
- 2 x 24 French-learning 6-month-olds
Method: Headturn preference procedure
Ex. stimuli:
Stimuli
Conflict situation
32
CV words
Vowel Consonant
Roundness /fã/ /fɔ ̃/
Place
/fã/ /sã/
/sã/ /sɔ ̃/ /fɔ ̃/ /sɔ ̃/
Height /du/ /do/ /du/ /gu/
/gu/ /go/ /do/ /go/
Place
/vo/ /vø/
Voicing
/vo/ /fo/
/fo/ /fø/ /vø/ /fø/
/by/ /bu/ /by/ /py/
/py/ /pu/ /bu/ /pu/
CVC words
Vowel Consonant
Height
/kɔl/ /kul/
Place
/kɔl/ /kɔr/
/kɔr/ /kur/ /kul/ /kur/
/sik/ /sεk/ /sik/ /sit/
/sit/ /sεt/ /sεk/ /sεt/
Place
/rys/ /rus/
Voicing
/rys/ /ryz/
/ryz/ /ruz/ /rus/ /ruz/
/bag/ /bεg/ /bag/ /bak/
/bak/ /bεk/ /bεg/ /bεk/
33
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
6 months 8 months
Ori
en
tati
on
tim
es
(s)
V-misp
C-misp
*** *** *** ***
Results
- Same effect found for Cs in
both onsets or codas
- Given familiarity effects
at both 6 and 8
months, the present
findings establish:
–- a V-bias at 6 months
-- a C-bias at 8 months
Developmental change (from V-bias to C-bias) consistent with findings
on name and familiar word recognition
Consistent with J.R. Hochmann dissertation data in Italian
Origin of the C-bias Predictions according to the hypotheses
27
Hypotheses Origin Cross-linguistic differences?
When?
Initial Innate No At birth
Lexical
Learned through experience with the native lexicon
Yes √ Around 12 months
Acoustic/phonetic Learned through phonological experience
Yes √ Before 12
months √
Proposed developmental scenario
(1) Why an initial V-bias? - vowels are more salient than consonants (more energy, longer
durations)
- 6 months: period of phonological acquisition of native vowels
Moreover, data consistent with Bertoncini et al. (1988), Benavides-Varela
et al. (2012) on newborns
(2) Factors explaining the emergence of language-specific lexical
biases …
Proposed developmental scenario
(1) Why an initial V-bias? …
(2) Factors potentially explaining the emergence of language-
specific lexical biases - Consonants are more contrastive than vowels
(in many languages including French, but opposite might be true for Danish)
- 8 months: beginning of phonological acquisition of native vowels
(Hoonhorst et al., 2009)
( test other languages)
- Since 6 months, memorization of a prelexicon of word forms (so possible
effects from its structure)
Take home message
STEP 1: establishing the C-bias in lexical processing (for French):
STEP 2: crosslinguistic extensions
STEP 3: origins of the bias
Support for the acoustic/phonetic hypothesis
C-bias in French from 8 months to adulthood
C-bias is modulated by native language:
- pervasive C-bias in French
- No C-bias < 30mos in English
- V-bias at 20mos in Danish
- Tone languages???
Biases in infants before 1 year
- In French, from a V-bias (5/6 months) to a C-bias
(8/11 months)
Acknowledgments
Collaborators
LPP, Paris:
Josiane Bertoncini
Judit Gervain
Silvana Poltrock
Mélanie Havy, Léo-Lyuki Nishibayashi, Camillia Bouchon
Boris New, U. Savoie
Martine Adda-Decker, Thibaut Fux, U. Paris 3
Caroline Floccia, Claire delle Luche, Jeremy Goslin; U. Plymouth
Anders Hojen, Odense U.
Acknowledgments
All infants and their parents
CNRS – Université Paris Descartes
ANR-ESRC (ANR-09-FRBR-015) grant to ThN and C Floccia
ANR blanche (ANR-13-BSH2-0004) to ThN
LABEX EFL (ANR-10-LABX-0083)
and thank you/obrigado
Exp 1: Vowel-MP vs. Control 20 French-learning 8-month-olds
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Vowels Round./Height Place
Ori
en
tati
on
Tim
es
(s)
Type of feature changes
V-MP Control
* * p = .002 p = .09 p = .007
as predicted