Becoming a World Becoming a World Power- ImperialismPower- Imperialism

1872-19121872-1912

Chapter 14Chapter 14

The Imperialist VisionThe Imperialist Vision14 Section 1 America’s Imperialist Vision Immediately after the Civil, most Americans showed little interest in expanding the nation’s

territory. Beginning in the 1880’s, economic & military

competition from other nations & a feeling of superiority led America to become a world power.

New Imperialism- many European powers were ALREADY expanding.

Overseas. Imperialism- the economic & political domination of

a Strong nation over weak nations.

Why?- 1. High tariffs- led nations to seek new markets.

2. Raw materials- Europe’s factories needed resources

Anglo-SaxonismAnglo-SaxonismProtectorates To protect their investment, Europeans set up Protectorates (local rulers who protected investors

against rebellion). Why America became an imperialist Power 1. Need for overseas markets & raw materials 2. Feelings of superiority Social Darwinism- argued that nations competed

& strongest survived. * Anglo-Saxonism- (John Fiske & Josiah Strong)-

English speaking nations had superior character, ideas, & government.

Strong linked Anglo-Saxonism to missionary ideals. *“the White Man’s Burden”

Push for a Modern NavyPush for a Modern Navy

3. *Alfred T. Mahan- wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890).

argued that a nation needed a large navy to protect trade ships & defend the right to trade.

Americans began to call for a large modern navy

to be built.

America Eyes the Pacific

American businessmen wanted trade with China & Japan.

Asian countries worried that contact with the west would destroy their culture.

1852- Pres. Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry to force a trade agreement on Japan.

1853- Perry arrived off coast of Japan (4 warships)= Treat of Kanagawa

Japan signed a trade treaty- & slowly began to modernize & industrialize.

HawaiiIncreased trade with Japan & China led to more

interest in Hawaii. 1820 New England missionaries had settled there;

US whaling ships used it as a base. the fertile soil was good for growing sugarcane=

American settlers built sugar plantations there. 1872- recession hit Hawaii & the US exempted them

from sugar tariffs & in exchange Hawaiians granted the US the right to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base.

US Planters Want HawaiiUS Planters Want Hawaii 1891- Queen Liliuokalani took the throne;

American planters disliked her 1893- the Queen attempted to impose a

constitution that would have given her authority US Planter settlers tried to overthrow the Queen

supported by US Marines & set a temp. government & asked the US to annex Hawaii.

the Queen did not resist because she feared for her people

Within 5 years- the US annexed Hawaii.

Latin AmericaLatin America

Latin America Most Latin Americans bought their goods from

Europe. 1889- The Pan-American Conference- US wanted all

American nations to reduce tariffs. Sponsored by Sec. of State James G. Blaine All Latin American nations except Dominican

Republic attended. Goal- get Latin Americans to shift from buying

European to buying American.

14 Sec. 2 The Spanish-American War 1898- Cuba & Puerto Rico were Spain’s oldest

colonies in the Americas. Cuba produced great wealth for Spain (1/3 of

world’s sugar) Until 1886- 1/3 of Cuba’s population was

enslaved 1868- Jose Marti led an unsuccessful revolt in

Cuba against Spain (Marti escaped to the US).

America became economically linked to Cuba

Cuba exported sugar to the US Americans invested more than $50 million in

Cuba: mines, railroads, & sugar plantations. 1894- US imposed a new tariff (McKinley Tariff)

that hurt Cuban sugar & economy. 1895- Jose Marti returned to Cuba to start a new revolt; declared the Republic of Cuba est.

Yellow Journalism** Yellow Journalism- sensationalistic &

exaggerated stories merely to attract readers* Contributed to US INVOLVEMENT IN WAR

When the Cuban revolt began-Pres. Cleveland declared that the US would be neutral.

most Americans came to support the Cuban rebels because of stories of Spanish cruelty printed in US newspapers.

New York Journal & New York World were competing newspapers (OWNED BY William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer).

Both newspapers printed exaggerated stories about the Spanish treatment of Cubans

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

Hearst

Pulitzer

“You provide the pictures,I’ll provide the war”

Cuba Heats upSpain sent almost 20,000 troops to Cuba &

appointed Gen. Valeriano Weyler (“the Butcher”) as governor.

Cuban rebels targeted plantations, railroads, & sugar mills (hoping to lead the US to get involved).

Weyler used “re-concentration camps” = thousands of Cuban civilians died.

1897- William McKinley became President & did not want to get involved.

McKinley got Spain to make concessions:1. Remove Weyler from power2. Offer Cuban autonomy (self rule)-Cubans

refuse

America Enters the Conflict

Jan. 1898- Pres. McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana Harbor, Cuba to evacuate Americans if needed.

Feb. 1898- New York Journal printed the private letter of Enrique Dupuy de Lome.

In the letter, de Lome described the US president as “weak”= US citizens angry!!

** Feb. 15, 1898- USS Maine exploded & sank.

US citizens believed Spain was responsible (“Remember the Maine”)

USS MaineUSS Maine

Before

After

Congress Authorized War

Congress authorized $50 million to prepare for war Jingoists- Republicans who pushed for war

(nationalistic); like Theodore Roosevelt April 1898- McKinley asked Congress to declare war!

The War was Fought on Two Fronts 1. Cuba & the Phillipines the US navy blockaded Cuba The Philippines- a Spanish colony was the location of

the Spanish fleet. *US Commodore George Dewey & US navy sent to

destroy Spanish Fleet at Manila Bay in Philippines.

1. The Philippines 20,000 US troops were sent from SF & on the way captured

Guam (today American territory) US sought help from Emilio Aguinaldo (Filipino revolutionary)

to rebel against the Spanish. Aguinaldo & rebels seized islands & the US seized the

Philippines & Manila. After the US captured Manila, it prevented Aguinaldo from

entering= Filipino rebels will turn against the US.

2. Battle Front Cuba

Spanish troops in Cuba: weak from fighting rebels,

poorly trained, weak from disease. Americans- poorly equipped & trained- lots

of volunteers. June 1898- 17,000 US troops land east of

Santiago (capital). Big Spanish guns at Santiago protected

Spanish ships in Santiago Harbor (US wanted to capture those guns).

**The Rough Riders: US volunteer Calvary unit; composed of cowboys & sports jocks.

led by Leonard Wood; second in command Theodore Roosevelt

American Objective- Santiago July 1- US troops launch a 3 pronged attack Village of El Caney, San Juan Hill, Kettle Hill Rough Riders & all black 9th & 10th Calvary

captured Kettle Hill & next helped capture San Juan Hill.

Spanish commander ordered Spanish navy out of harbor= US navy sank or beached all Spanish ships!

The War Comes to an EndThe War Comes to an End Spanish troops in Santiago (Cuba)

Surrendered & US troops captured Puerto Rico (still US territory today).

Dec.10 1898- US & Spain signed The Treaty of Paris.

1. Cuba became an independent nation2. US gets Guam & Puerto Rico

3. US paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines (we had captured Manila a day after the cease fire was signed)

San Juan Hill ChargeSan Juan Hill Charge!!!!

Charge of San Juan Hill- by Remington

**The Platt Amendment

Cuba was independent but, President McKinley took steps to ensure Cuba would be tied to the US.

Cuba could create a new constitution but the following conditions were supplied by Sen. Orville Platt:

a) Cuba could not make a treaty with another country that weakened its independence.

b) Cuba had to allow the US to buy or lease a naval base in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay!)

c) Cuba had to maintain low debts d) US could intervene to keep peace or

protect Cuban independence.

Puerto Rico

**The Foraker Act (1900)- established a civil government, elected legislature, governor appointed by the US.

Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans are not US citizens & have no constitutional rights.

1917- Puerto Ricans given US citizenship Today- Should Puerto Rico be a state,

independent, or continue as a common wealth of the US??

The Philippines Americans debated whether to annex To annex: would provide Pacific base, large

market, stop over on the way to China.

The PhilippinesThe Philippines The White Man’s Burden annex because America had the duty to civilize

“less civilized people” . Opposition to annexation William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Carnegie & others cost of empire outweighed benefits cheap Filipino labor would drive down American

wages its Anti-American US decided to annex the islandsRebellion in the Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo & rebels attacked US forces 126,000 US troops sent to combat insurgency US used “re-concentration camps”

Americans try to win the hearts & minds

William Howard Taft: chosen as civilian governor of the Philippines.

improved education, transportation, & healthcare

public schools built certain diseases virtually wiped out- small

pox Filipino people became less hostile to the US March 1901- Aguinaldo captured & rebels

surrender 1930’s allowed to elect own congress &

president 1946- US granted them independence

American ImperialismAmerican Imperialism

14 Section 3 14 Section 3 New AmericanNew American DiplomacyDiplomacy

18991899 US was a powerful force in AsiaUS was a powerful force in Asia 33rdrd largest navy in world largest navy in world China only bought 2% of US exportsChina only bought 2% of US exports Primary interest in Asia: commercePrimary interest in Asia: commerce

Open Door Policy & ChinaOpen Door Policy & China

War: China vs. Japan for control of War: China vs. Japan for control of KoreaKorea

Japan easily defeated China; awarded Japan easily defeated China; awarded ManchuriaManchuria

Proved Japan’s military technology Proved Japan’s military technology was catching up to Western was catching up to Western technologytechnology

Open Door In ChinaOpen Door In China Russia did not want Japan controlling Russia did not want Japan controlling

Manchuria; bordered RussiaManchuria; bordered Russia France, Germany and Russia forced France, Germany and Russia forced

Japan to give land back to ChinaJapan to give land back to China 1898- Russia demanded China to 1898- Russia demanded China to

lease the territory to Russia.lease the territory to Russia. China then leased the land out to China then leased the land out to

RussiaRussia Still belong to China but a Russian Still belong to China but a Russian

gov’t would control it (“gov’t would control it (“leaseholdsleaseholds”)”)

Germany, France and Britain also demanded to Germany, France and Britain also demanded to lease Chinese land (“leaseholds”)lease Chinese land (“leaseholds”)

*Spheres of Influence*Spheres of Influence: foreign nation control : foreign nation control economic development (railroads or mining)economic development (railroads or mining)

American officials became worried that they American officials became worried that they would be cut out of trade in China.would be cut out of trade in China.

Pres McKinley & Sec. of State John Hay asked for Pres McKinley & Sec. of State John Hay asked for *“*“Open DoorOpen Door PolicyPolicy”” **Every country should be allowed to trade with **Every country should be allowed to trade with

ChinaChina All countries involved accepted the Open Door All countries involved accepted the Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Political Cartoon- Open DoorPolitical Cartoon- Open Door

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion

Chinese people disagreed on foreign controlChinese people disagreed on foreign control Western countries called these rebels Western countries called these rebels BoxersBoxers

(“Society of Harmonious Fists”)(“Society of Harmonious Fists”) The Boxers believed that foreigners were The Boxers believed that foreigners were

“devils”“devils”

Boxer Soldier

Russian troops in Beijing

The Rebellion BeginsThe Rebellion Begins

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion: took over some foreign : took over some foreign embassies, killed 200+ foreigners and embassies, killed 200+ foreigners and took others prisonertook others prisoner

Killed German AmbassadorKilled German Ambassador Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain,

France, Italy, Japan, Russia and US sent France, Italy, Japan, Russia and US sent troops in response.troops in response.

Countries agreed China would pay for Countries agreed China would pay for damages as long as China would not be damages as long as China would not be broken up into European coloniesbroken up into European colonies

1900 Election1900 Election McKinley chose Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley chose Theodore Roosevelt as

running mate & defeated Williams running mate & defeated Williams Jennings Bryan, again (Imperialism vs. Jennings Bryan, again (Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism)Anti-Imperialism)

Shot and killed by an anarchist (Leon Shot and killed by an anarchist (Leon Czolgosz) in Sept 1901Czolgosz) in Sept 1901

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt becomes Pres (42 becomes Pres (42 years old-youngest person to become years old-youngest person to become pres.)pres.)

Favored increasing US prestige in the Favored increasing US prestige in the worldworld

accepted Anglo-Saxonism- civilize the less accepted Anglo-Saxonism- civilize the less civilizedcivilized

Roosevelt’s Foreign PoliciesRoosevelt’s Foreign Policies Roosevelt's Foreign Policy “Speak softly and carry a big

stick” Roosevelt & Asia Maintained “Open Door” policy

in China Japan & the US relationship Japan & the US relationship

began to deteriorate after this began to deteriorate after this (both struggled for power in (both struggled for power in Asia) Asia)

Sent the “Sent the “Great White FleetGreat White Fleet” ” (16 warships) around the world (16 warships) around the world to show off our might.to show off our might.

T. Roosevelt & Japan

1. Roosevelt helped Russia & Japan negotiate an end to their war (Russo-Japanese War); won the Nobel Peace prize!

2. *The Gentleman’s Agreement: Japan will limit emigration to the US/

Roosevelt will get California to repeal discriminatory laws.

Roosevelt & the Panama Canal

1850’s US & Britain agreed to build a canal through Central America.

1881- A French company began to build a canal but failed & sold its rights to build in Panama to the US

1901-* Hay-Poncefote Treaty: Britain gave the US the right to build canal alone & control it.

2 areas long considered a good place for a canal: Nicaragua or Panama

Panama was controlled by Columbia; US offered Columbia $10 million plus $250,000/year

Columbia refused the offer. Panama wanted the canal & independence from

Columbia

TR Makes the Canal HappenTR Makes the Canal Happen

The US & France collaborated & sent Philippe Bunau –Varilla to Panama to help start a revolt.

Nov. 1903 TR sent 10 US warships to Panama to ensure that Columbia did not interfere in the revolt.

US recognized Panama as independent US got the right to build & control the Panama

Canal for many years. Facts: canal cut 8,000 miles off the trip from

Atlantic to Pacific, cost $250 million, thousands of workers to build (1000’s died).

Panama Canal Under Construction

Roosevelt & Latin AmericaRoosevelt & Latin America **Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary: an : an

addition to Monroe Doctrineaddition to Monroe Doctrine

*The US has the right to *The US has the right to intervene in Latin America intervene in Latin America when necessary to maintain when necessary to maintain stability stability

Goal Goal was to prevent Europe was to prevent Europe from using debt problems to from using debt problems to justify interventionjustify intervention

TR used the Corollary in the TR used the Corollary in the Dominican RepublicDominican Republic in 1905 in 1905

The Dominican Republic had The Dominican Republic had fallen behind in debt payments fallen behind in debt payments to Europe so TR usedto Europe so TR used the the Marines to collect the debt on Marines to collect the debt on behalf of Europebehalf of Europe. .

1904- 1924 US presidents will 1904- 1924 US presidents will use Roosevelt Corollary to send use Roosevelt Corollary to send forces to Haiti, Honduras, forces to Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua= poor relations with Nicaragua= poor relations with LALA

President William Howard Taft (1909-1913)

** T. Roosevelt stepped down after 2 terms; still tradition--- chose his friend William Taft

Election 1908- Taft (R) v. William Jennings Bryan(D); Taft won & continued TR’s policies

placed much less emphasis on military intervention in Latin America

*Dollar Diplomacy: believed that if American business supported Latin American businesses- Latin America could rise out of poverty.

American banks took over loans Latin America owed to Europe.

Ex) Nicaragua: shaky government; US bankers loaned them money in 1911- US Marines entered & replaced collector agent with US agent.

Foreign Policy-President WoodrowForeign Policy-President Woodrow WilsonWilson

Inaugurated 1913Inaugurated 1913 University ProfessorUniversity Professor Strong on domestic issues-Strong on domestic issues-

not foreign policynot foreign policy Wanted a new foreign Wanted a new foreign

policy of “sheer honesty policy of “sheer honesty and even unselfishness”and even unselfishness”

Opposed imperialismOpposed imperialism Wanted to promote Wanted to promote

democracy by moral democracy by moral exampleexample

President 1913-1921President 1913-1921

Mexico & WilsonMexico & Wilson Mexico- ruled by a dictator for more than 30 years Mexico- ruled by a dictator for more than 30 years

((Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz)) Mexico became industrialized & foreign investors Mexico became industrialized & foreign investors

owned much of the factories & RRowned much of the factories & RR Mexican citizens were poor & landlessMexican citizens were poor & landless 1911- a revolution erupted led by 1911- a revolution erupted led by FranciscoFrancisco

MaderoMadero Feb. 1913- Feb. 1913- Gen. Victoriano HuertaGen. Victoriano Huerta seized power & seized power &

killed Madera.killed Madera. President Wilson angered- did not recognize the President Wilson angered- did not recognize the

government of Huerta.government of Huerta. Wilson allowed arms to be shipped to opponents of Wilson allowed arms to be shipped to opponents of

Huerta.Huerta.

The Tampico IncidentThe Tampico Incident April 1914- US sailors were seized while April 1914- US sailors were seized while

visiting the port of Tampicovisiting the port of Tampico Sailors quickly releasedSailors quickly released US commander demanded an apology from US commander demanded an apology from

Mexican government- did not get oneMexican government- did not get one Wilson asked Congress if he could use Wilson asked Congress if he could use

forceforce Wilson ordered US warships to shell Wilson ordered US warships to shell

Veracruz & sent Marines to seize the city.Veracruz & sent Marines to seize the city. International mediation ended the International mediation ended the

showdownshowdown Mexico’s new president Carranza was Mexico’s new president Carranza was

supported by the US supported by the US

Pancho Villa & WilsonPancho Villa & Wilson Many Mexican citizens did not like Many Mexican citizens did not like

CarranzaCarranza conducted raids on US soil hoping to get conducted raids on US soil hoping to get

Wilson to interveneWilson to intervene March 1916- Pancho Villa & rebels March 1916- Pancho Villa & rebels

attacked Columbus, NM (KILLED 16 attacked Columbus, NM (KILLED 16 AMERICANS)AMERICANS)

Wilson sent 6,000 troops under Gen. John Wilson sent 6,000 troops under Gen. John Pershing to capture VillaPershing to capture Villa

Villa was never captured by US troopsVilla was never captured by US troops Wilson withdrew troops as US involvement Wilson withdrew troops as US involvement

in WWI came closein WWI came close

Wilson & Latin AmericaWilson & Latin America Wilson damaged US relations with Latin Wilson damaged US relations with Latin

America & around the worldAmerica & around the world 1914- got rights to naval bases & canal in 1914- got rights to naval bases & canal in

NicaraguaNicaragua 1915- sent US Marines to Haiti to put down 1915- sent US Marines to Haiti to put down

a rebellion (stayed until 1934).a rebellion (stayed until 1934). 1916- sent US troops to Dominican 1916- sent US troops to Dominican

Republic to keep order & set up democratic Republic to keep order & set up democratic government there government there

Chapter 15 Sec. 1- Roots of ProgressivismChapter 15 Sec. 1- Roots of Progressivism – – ((T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson)T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson)

**ProgressivismProgressivism- a collection of ideas & - a collection of ideas & activities; responses to problems caused by activities; responses to problems caused by industrialization & urbanization in US society.industrialization & urbanization in US society.

Progressives offered solutions to many of Progressives offered solutions to many of societies problems (many left over from the societies problems (many left over from the Populist Movement).Populist Movement).

Characteristics of ProgressivesCharacteristics of Progressives::1.1. *Mainly white, middle class, and well educated*Mainly white, middle class, and well educated2.2. Found in both the Republican Party & Democrat Found in both the Republican Party & Democrat

Party.Party.3.3. *Demanded that government take a more *Demanded that government take a more

active role in solving society’s problems. active role in solving society’s problems. 4.4. *Strong faith in science & technology to *Strong faith in science & technology to

improve society also. improve society also.

Problems Targeted by ProgressivesProblems Targeted by Progressives

Poor sanitation & safety- crowded cities & unsafe Poor sanitation & safety- crowded cities & unsafe workplaces. workplaces.

Poor working conditions, unsafe factories, child Poor working conditions, unsafe factories, child labor, no min. wage laws, monopolies & trusts.labor, no min. wage laws, monopolies & trusts.

Corrupt Politicians- Political machines, machine Corrupt Politicians- Political machines, machine “bosses”“bosses”

Alcohol abuse- blamed for many of society’s Alcohol abuse- blamed for many of society’s problemsproblems

Women denied the right to vote (suffrage)Women denied the right to vote (suffrage) Segregation (Jim Crow), lynching, poll taxes, Segregation (Jim Crow), lynching, poll taxes,

The “MuckrakersThe “Muckrakers””**MuckrakersMuckrakers- journalists who investigated & reported - journalists who investigated & reported

social & political problems.social & political problems. Popular magazinesPopular magazines: McClure’s, Collier’s; 5 & 10 : McClure’s, Collier’s; 5 & 10

cent magazines- popular among US citizens.cent magazines- popular among US citizens. Stories printed by muckrakers- were not “yellow Stories printed by muckrakers- were not “yellow

journalism”- could be sued by corporations & journalism”- could be sued by corporations & people they wrote about if not true! people they wrote about if not true!

*Notable Muckrakers*Notable Muckrakers

1.1. Jacob Riis-Jacob Riis- “ How the Other Half Lives”- wrote about “ How the Other Half Lives”- wrote about immigrant life in NYC.immigrant life in NYC.

2.2. Lincoln Steffens-Lincoln Steffens- “Shame of the Cities”- wrote “Shame of the Cities”- wrote about corruption of Political machinesabout corruption of Political machines

3.3. Ida Tarbell-Ida Tarbell- investigated Standard Oil Co.investigated Standard Oil Co.

4.4. Upton Sinclair-Upton Sinclair- “The Jungle”- wrote about “The Jungle”- wrote about meatpacking industry.meatpacking industry.

Progressive Reforms- GovernmentProgressive Reforms- Government Progressives wanted to make government more Progressives wanted to make government more

efficient.efficient.

A.A. Efficient Government ReformsEfficient Government Reforms Modern cities needed to use business Modern cities needed to use business

management techniques (break tasks down into management techniques (break tasks down into smaller units).smaller units).

*Commission Plan*Commission Plan- divided city government into - divided city government into several departments (each department under an several departments (each department under an expert commissioner's control)-Galveston, Texas expert commissioner's control)-Galveston, Texas 1901 adopted.1901 adopted.

* * Council-Manager system-Council-Manager system- city council hires a city council hires a city manager to run a city instead of a mayor city manager to run a city instead of a mayor

Progressives wanted government to be Progressives wanted government to be more democraticmore democratic

Goal- make elected officials more accountable to Goal- make elected officials more accountable to voters.voters.

1.1. ““The Wisconsin IdeaThe Wisconsin Idea”- Progressive Governor of ”- Progressive Governor of Wisconsin- Wisconsin- Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette

La Follette- La Follette- attacked the way parties ran attacked the way parties ran conventions (bosses ran convention= chose who conventions (bosses ran convention= chose who was nominated).was nominated).

La Follette endorsed the *La Follette endorsed the *direct primarydirect primary systemsystem= all party members vote (nominate) for = all party members vote (nominate) for a candidate to run in the general electiona candidate to run in the general election

Other states began to use the direct primaryOther states began to use the direct primary

Progressive Government ReformsProgressive Government Reforms1.1. **InitiativeInitiative- allows a group of citizens to - allows a group of citizens to

introduce legislation (laws)introduce legislation (laws)2.2. **ReferendumReferendum- allows citizens to vote - allows citizens to vote

directly on a proposed law (such as a directly on a proposed law (such as a proposed lottery or tax) without going to proposed lottery or tax) without going to the state legislature. the state legislature.

3.3. **RecallRecall- allows citizens of a state to - allows citizens of a state to demand a special election to remove an demand a special election to remove an elected official.elected official.

** all of these are still in use today in the ** all of these are still in use today in the USUS

4. 4. Secret BallotSecret Ballot ( (Australian BallotAustralian Ballot)- voters )- voters allowed to secretly mark ballots.allowed to secretly mark ballots.

Government Reforms-The SenateGovernment Reforms-The Senate The US constitution allowed only state The US constitution allowed only state

legislatures to elect 2 Senators for each legislatures to elect 2 Senators for each state= citizens had no say!state= citizens had no say!

Political machines & businesses bribed Political machines & businesses bribed state officials – once elected, Senators gave state officials – once elected, Senators gave special favors to businesses & political special favors to businesses & political machines machines

Progressives demanded *Progressives demanded *Direct election ofDirect election of Senators Senators by state voters.by state voters.

*1913- *1913- 1717thth Amendment Amendment – allows direct – allows direct election of US Senators by citizens. election of US Senators by citizens.

Women Suffrage HistoryWomen Suffrage History 1848-* 1848-* Seneca Fall Convention-Seneca Fall Convention- Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady

Stanton pushed women to demand the right to Stanton pushed women to demand the right to vote. vote.

Before the Civil War- women suffragists focused Before the Civil War- women suffragists focused efforts mainly on abolition of slavery- not voting efforts mainly on abolition of slavery- not voting rights.rights.

After the war, Congress granted equal rights & After the war, Congress granted equal rights & right to vote to black men (women were angered right to vote to black men (women were angered & split over the 14& split over the 14thth & 15 & 15thth Amendments). Amendments).

1.1. *The National Woman Suffrage Association*The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)- Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. (NWSA)- Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony founded 1869- NY.Anthony founded 1869- NY.

Focused on getting a constitutional amendment Focused on getting a constitutional amendment allowing women the right to vote.allowing women the right to vote.

Woman SuffrageWoman Suffrage2.2. The American Woman SuffrageThe American Woman Suffrage

AssociationAssociation (AWSA)- Lucy Stone/ Julia (AWSA)- Lucy Stone/ Julia Ward-leaders.Ward-leaders.

Focused on getting the right to vote in Focused on getting the right to vote in states first.states first.

1890- AWSA & NWSA joined together = 1890- AWSA & NWSA joined together = **The National American Woman’s The National American Woman’s SuffrageSuffrage AssociationAssociation (NAWSA) (NAWSA)

Progressive era (1890-1920)- middle Progressive era (1890-1920)- middle class women & working class women class women & working class women became for vocal about suffrage.became for vocal about suffrage.

1900- only Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, & 1900- only Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, & Colorado allowed women to vote Colorado allowed women to vote

The Fight for SuffrageThe Fight for Suffrage During the Progressive Era the fight to vote During the Progressive Era the fight to vote

intensified= marches, lobbying law makers, intensified= marches, lobbying law makers, speeches.speeches.

*1913- 1 day before President Wilson's *1913- 1 day before President Wilson's inauguration day- NAWSA held a march on inauguration day- NAWSA held a march on Washington – organized by *Washington – organized by *Alice PaulAlice Paul for for NAWSA.NAWSA.

NAWSA- members were shocked by Paul’s NAWSA- members were shocked by Paul’s tactics= Paul begins tactics= Paul begins National Woman’sNational Woman’s Party= Party= picketed the Whitehouse, blocked picketed the Whitehouse, blocked sidewalks, chained themselves to sidewalks, chained themselves to lampposts- hunger strikes.lampposts- hunger strikes.

Women get SuffrageWomen get Suffrage 1915- 1915- Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt became became

NAWSA’s leader- pushed for Wilson’s NAWSA’s leader- pushed for Wilson’s reelection.reelection.

1920- *1920- *1919thth Amendment Amendment –gave women –gave women the right to vote (3/4 of states ratified it) the right to vote (3/4 of states ratified it)

Carrie Chapman Catt

Alice Paul

Social ReformSocial Reform Many Progressives focused on reforming social Many Progressives focused on reforming social

problems.problems.1.1. Settlement Houses-Settlement Houses- provided help for provided help for

immigrants- *immigrants- *Jane Addams (Hull House)Jane Addams (Hull House)2.2. Child Labor- Child Labor- states passed laws that set min. age states passed laws that set min. age

for work or set max. hours children could work. for work or set max. hours children could work. ((John Spargo-John Spargo- “Bitter Cry of Children”) “Bitter Cry of Children”)

3.3. Health & SafetyHealth & Safety – – *Worker Compensation Laws-*Worker Compensation Laws- states set up states set up

insurance funds for injured workers.insurance funds for injured workers. Lochner v. NYLochner v. NY (1905)- turned down a 10 hour (1905)- turned down a 10 hour

work day for bakers in NY law. work day for bakers in NY law. Muller v. OregonMuller v. Oregon (1908)- court recognized that (1908)- court recognized that

women needed ‘special protection in women needed ‘special protection in workplace”= shorter workday etc. workplace”= shorter workday etc.

Progressives & health & safetyProgressives & health & safety4.4. *Zoning laws-*Zoning laws- created zones in cities set created zones in cities set

aside strictly for residential, commercial aside strictly for residential, commercial etc.etc.

5.5. * * Building Codes-Building Codes- set min. standards for set min. standards for light, air, room size, sanitation, & fire light, air, room size, sanitation, & fire escapes.escapes.

* * Triangle Shirtwaist Factory FireTriangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) (1911) doors locked from inside- no fire escapedoors locked from inside- no fire escape 150 mostly female workers died= showed 150 mostly female workers died= showed

need for strict building codes. need for strict building codes.

6. *6. *Health codes-Health codes- inspection of restaurants. inspection of restaurants.

Triangle Shirtwaist FireTriangle Shirtwaist Fire

ProhibitionProhibition Progressives blamed some of society’s Progressives blamed some of society’s

problems on alcohol abuse.problems on alcohol abuse. Movement led by women (settlement house Movement led by women (settlement house

workers & others), religious groups, workers & others), religious groups, business groups.business groups.

1911- Woman’s Christian Temperance 1911- Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WTCU) = 250,000 membersUnion (WTCU) = 250,000 members

Anti-Saloon LeagueAnti-Saloon League 1919 *1919 *1818thth Amendment- Amendment- outlawed alcohol in outlawed alcohol in

the US (the US (ProhibitionProhibition) ) 1933-*1933-*2121STST Amendment Amendment – ended prohibition – ended prohibition

Progressives vs. Big BusinessProgressives vs. Big Business

Progressives pushed for regulations for Progressives pushed for regulations for businesses & break up of big companies.businesses & break up of big companies.

1890- 1890- Sherman Anti-Trust Act-Sherman Anti-Trust Act- ineffective at ineffective at stopping monopolies; used to break up stopping monopolies; used to break up Unions!Unions!

1914- 1914- Clayton Anti-Trust ActClayton Anti-Trust Act - more effective; - more effective; specified that Unions could strike & bargain- specified that Unions could strike & bargain- “Magna Carta for Unions”“Magna Carta for Unions”

SomeSome Progressives pushed for Progressives pushed for socialismsocialism= = government ownership of businesses.government ownership of businesses.

1912 Election- Socialist candidate 1912 Election- Socialist candidate Eugene V.Eugene V. DebsDebs gained almost 1 million votes. gained almost 1 million votes.

*Failure of the Progressives*Failure of the Progressives Progressives pushed for more democracy Progressives pushed for more democracy

& efficiency in government but only for & efficiency in government but only for whites.whites.

1896 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson-Plessy v. Ferguson- set up “Jim set up “Jim Crow” segregation in the US for 60 years.Crow” segregation in the US for 60 years.

*Progressives did not address segregation, *Progressives did not address segregation, lynching, poll taxes, literacy tests, black lynching, poll taxes, literacy tests, black poverty in the Southpoverty in the South

Disenfranchisment Disenfranchisment Why did Progressives fail to address racialWhy did Progressives fail to address racial

issuesissues?? Shared the prejudices of the time periodShared the prejudices of the time period Favored reforms that helped a wider Favored reforms that helped a wider

portion of the US portion of the US

African –American LeadersAfrican –American Leaders Booker T. Washington-Booker T. Washington- educator at Tuskegee educator at Tuskegee

Institute; advocated black education & Institute; advocated black education & vocational training.vocational training.

W.E.B. Dubois-W.E.B. Dubois- advocated blacks receive equal advocated blacks receive equal rights immediately. rights immediately.

*1905 Niagara Falls Movement-*1905 Niagara Falls Movement- led by W.E.B. led by W.E.B. Dubois- met to discuss how to achieve civil Dubois- met to discuss how to achieve civil rights.rights.

Led to the creation of the *Led to the creation of the *NAACP NAACP (1908)-(1908)-STILL EXISTS!STILL EXISTS!

Chapter 15 Sec. 2- Theodore Roosevelt Domestic Policies

1901-1909 During the 19th century presidents had

consistently taken the side of business. TR insisted he wanted a “Square Deal” for

workers, business owners, & public.

* Coal Strike 1902- United Mine Workers Union called a strike (150,000) miners walked off the jobs.

coal prices went up- winter was coming on TR tried to mediate- the mine owners refused to

bargain – TR threatened take over the mines. Mine owners decide to increase wages & 8 hour

workday- but do not recognize the Union!

Roosevelt the “Trust-Buster TR busted up Northern Securities (a

combination of several Railroad companies)- Northern Securities v. US

Roosevelt took action against Standard Oil & 40 other companies

TR -1st president to enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890).

allowed “good” trusts (which used efficiency & low prices) like utilities.

Elkins Act 1903- gave ICC more power to stop Railroads from giving rebates to big corporations.

Hepburn Act (1906): allowed ICC to set fair RR rates.

TR as “Trustbuster”TR as “Trustbuster”

Roosevelt Protects Consumers

Reaction to Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle forced Congress to act

*Pure Food & Drug Act (1906): prohibited sale, manufacture, & transporting of adulterated or mislabeled foods & drugs.

*Meat Inspection Act (1906): federal government inspectors visit meatpacking factories & enforce sanitation standards. (still used today)

Roosevelt & Conservation of Natural Resources

*Roosevelt’s most lasting legacy * set aside 150 million acres of federal land-not to

be used for private business (becomes national parks)

Chose Gifford Pinchot to head conservation

Theodore Roosevelt’s ImpactTheodore Roosevelt’s Impact

** power of the executive branch (presidency) increased.

** Americans look to federal government to solve societal problems.

Election of 1908Election of 1908

1909-19131909-1913 Close friend of Close friend of

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Election of 1908-Election of 1908-

Taft (Republican) vs.Taft (Republican) vs.

William J. Bryan (3 timeWilliam J. Bryan (3 time

Loser)Loser)

Taft’s Tub Taft’s Tub

•Could hold4 average sizedMen!!!

*Payne-Aldrich Tariff*Payne-Aldrich Tariff Most Progressives wanted lower tariffsMost Progressives wanted lower tariffs TR warned Taft- not to reform the tariff TR warned Taft- not to reform the tariff

because it would divide the Partybecause it would divide the Party Taft – called on Congress to lower tariffsTaft – called on Congress to lower tariffs

*The Payne-Aldrich Tariff*The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Barely cut tariffs- actually raised tariffs on Barely cut tariffs- actually raised tariffs on

a few productsa few products

** angered some Republican Progressives & ** angered some Republican Progressives & split the Republican Partysplit the Republican Party

Taft v. PinchotTaft v. Pinchot Taft angered Republican Progressives by Taft angered Republican Progressives by

replacing Sec. of Interior James R. Garfield replacing Sec. of Interior James R. Garfield with Richard Ballinger.with Richard Ballinger.

Ballinger tried to open 1 million acres of Ballinger tried to open 1 million acres of public forests to private businesses.public forests to private businesses.

Head of the Forest Service (Head of the Forest Service (Gifford Gifford PinchotPinchot) criticized Ballinger= Taft fired ) criticized Ballinger= Taft fired Pinchot (TR had personally hired Pinchot)Pinchot (TR had personally hired Pinchot)

* By 1910 most Americans believed Taft was * By 1910 most Americans believed Taft was not a real Progressivenot a real Progressive

1910- Congressional Elections=Democrats 1910- Congressional Elections=Democrats won majority in House; Progressive won majority in House; Progressive Republicans took control of Senate Republicans took control of Senate

Was Taft a True ProgressiveWas Taft a True Progressive?? Twice as many anti-trust cases in 4 years as Twice as many anti-trust cases in 4 years as

Roosevelt had in 7 yearsRoosevelt had in 7 years

1912 1912 Children’s Bureau-Children’s Bureau- created federal created federal

agency that publicized problems of child agency that publicized problems of child labor (still exists today)labor (still exists today)

1910- 1910- Bureau of Mines-Bureau of Mines- created to monitor created to monitor mining companies, expand national forests. mining companies, expand national forests.

Theodore Roosevelt is backTheodore Roosevelt is back!! 1911- Taft stopped the merger of US Steel 1911- Taft stopped the merger of US Steel

& Tennessee Coal & Iron (TR had ok’ed the & Tennessee Coal & Iron (TR had ok’ed the merger before he left office)merger before he left office)

Nov. 1911- TR criticized Taft’s decision Nov. 1911- TR criticized Taft’s decision (allow trusts to exist but regulate them)(allow trusts to exist but regulate them)

Progressives begged TR to run for President Progressives begged TR to run for President again!again!

Feb. 1912- TR announced that he would Feb. 1912- TR announced that he would attempt to replace Taft as nominee for attempt to replace Taft as nominee for Republicans in 1912 election. Republicans in 1912 election.

The 1912 ElectionThe 1912 Election RepublicanRepublican convention convention (Chicago) 1912- (Chicago) 1912-

Conservatives backed Taft- Progressives Conservatives backed Taft- Progressives backed TR.backed TR.

Conservative Republicans had more votes & Conservative Republicans had more votes & nominated Taft= Progressives walked out.nominated Taft= Progressives walked out.

**The Progressive PartyThe Progressive Party *( *(Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party)) Formed by Progressive Republicans to Formed by Progressive Republicans to

nominate TR.nominate TR.DemocratsDemocrats Nominated Nominated Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson (Progressive (Progressive

Democrat)Democrat) Former Gov. of NJ Former Gov. of NJ Socialist Party- Socialist Party- nominated Eugene V. Debs nominated Eugene V. Debs

Election Political CartoonsElection Political Cartoons

Political Cartoon- Republican Political Cartoon- Republican Convention 1912Convention 1912

““I believe in givingI believe in giving

Every man a squareEvery man a square

Deal”Deal”

Roosevelt's **Roosevelt's **New NationalismNew Nationalism Really a contest between TR & Wilson (2 Really a contest between TR & Wilson (2

Progressive candidates)Progressive candidates)

Roosevelt's- * Roosevelt's- * New NationalismNew Nationalism

1.1. Accept large trusts as a fact of life & Accept large trusts as a fact of life & regulate them moreregulate them more

2.2. New laws to protect women & children in New laws to protect women & children in workplaceworkplace

3.3. Supported worker compensation lawsSupported worker compensation laws

4.4. Supported women’s suffrageSupported women’s suffrage

**Wilson’s New Freedom PlanWilson’s New Freedom Plan Monopolies & trust should be destroyedMonopolies & trust should be destroyed Regulated monopolies did not improve Regulated monopolies did not improve

competitioncompetition TR’s programs gave US government too TR’s programs gave US government too

much powermuch power

1912 Election Result!1912 Election Result! TAFT & TR split the Republican vote= TAFT & TR split the Republican vote=

Wilson wonWilson won! ! Socialist candidate Debs won about 1 Socialist candidate Debs won about 1

million votes!!million votes!!

Wilson’s AccomplishmentsWilson’s Accomplishments Wilson promised to attack (reform) the Wilson promised to attack (reform) the

*“*“triple wall of privilegetriple wall of privilege” – Tariffs, ” – Tariffs, banking, & trusts banking, & trusts

1.1. Tariffs- Wilson believed that lower tariffs Tariffs- Wilson believed that lower tariffs meant better competition = better quality meant better competition = better quality & lower prices.& lower prices.

*1*1stst president to appear before a joint president to appear before a joint session of Congress in personsession of Congress in person

*1913- *1913- Underwood Tariff- Underwood Tariff- reduced the reduced the average tariff by 30% average tariff by 30%

Called for an income tax on individualsCalled for an income tax on individuals *1913- *1913- 1717thth Amendment- Amendment- gave gave

government power to tax income. government power to tax income.

Wilson’s Banking ReformWilson’s Banking Reform US Bank had not been around since 1830’sUS Bank had not been around since 1830’s Economic depressions destroyed banks & Economic depressions destroyed banks &

wiped out savings= citizens don’t trust wiped out savings= citizens don’t trust banks!banks!

1.1. **The Federal Reserve ActThe Federal Reserve Act (1913)- (1913)- established a system in which banks keep a established a system in which banks keep a portion of deposits on reserve in a regional portion of deposits on reserve in a regional bank .bank .

Set up 12 regional banks supervised by Set up 12 regional banks supervised by Board of Governors appointed by Pres.Board of Governors appointed by Pres.

Board sets interest ratesBoard sets interest rates Allows federal supervision of banksAllows federal supervision of banks

12 Federal Reserve Districts12 Federal Reserve Districts

Wilson & Trust ReformWilson & Trust Reform Wilson promised to restore competition to the US Wilson promised to restore competition to the US

economy.economy.

1.1. 1914- 1914- Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission created.created. Monitors businessMonitors business Can stop companies from interfering with Can stop companies from interfering with

competitioncompetition

2. 1914 2. 1914 Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act – more effective law – more effective law than Sherman Antitrust law. than Sherman Antitrust law.

Stopped price discriminationStopped price discrimination Stopped “tying agreements”Stopped “tying agreements” *Allowed unions to exist legally*Allowed unions to exist legally ““the Magna Carta” for labor unions (Samuel the Magna Carta” for labor unions (Samuel

Gompers) Gompers)

Wilson & Business RegulationWilson & Business Regulation

1.1. Keating-Owens Child Labor ActKeating-Owens Child Labor Act (1916)- (1916)- 11stst federal law regulating child labor. federal law regulating child labor.

Prohibited employment of children under Prohibited employment of children under age 14 in factories producing goods that age 14 in factories producing goods that would be transported from state to state.would be transported from state to state.

• **Supreme Court & constitution allowed US **Supreme Court & constitution allowed US government to regulate interstate government to regulate interstate commerce.commerce.

• 1918- Supreme Court declared the law 1918- Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional because child labor was unconstitutional because child labor was not interstate commerce (so only states can not interstate commerce (so only states can regulate).regulate).

Wilson’s Reforms for WorkersWilson’s Reforms for Workers

1.1. Adamson Act-Adamson Act- est. a 8 hour workday est. a 8 hour workday for Railroad workers.for Railroad workers.

2.2. The Federal Farm Loan Act-The Federal Farm Loan Act- gave gave farmers low interest loans.farmers low interest loans.