Becoming A World Power Chapter 12. The Pressure To Expand By the late 1800s: Industrialists, inventors, and workers of the U.S. had built a powerful

Becoming A World Becoming A World PowerPower

Chapter 12Chapter 12

The Pressure To ExpandThe Pressure To Expand

By the late 1800s: Industrialists, By the late 1800s: Industrialists, inventorsinventors, and , and workers of the U.S. had built a powerful workers of the U.S. had built a powerful industrialindustrial economy economy-But, overproduction of -But, overproduction of foodfood and goods led to financial and goods led to financial panic and depressionpanic and depression

-Political and business leaders were convinced that -Political and business leaders were convinced that the U.S. should establish new markets around the the U.S. should establish new markets around the globeglobe

-Also, some believed the U.S. had a responsibility to -Also, some believed the U.S. had a responsibility to carry carry democraticdemocratic ideas and ideas and ChristianityChristianity to other to other nationsnations


I. I. Growth of ImperialismGrowth of Imperialism Late 1800s: Marked the Late 1800s: Marked the peakpeak of European of European

imperialism, with much of Africa and imperialism, with much of Africa and AsiaAsia under foreign dominationunder foreign domination

-Under -Under imperialismimperialism, stronger nations attempt to , stronger nations attempt to create create empiresempires by dominating weaker nations by dominating weaker nations


Several factors led to the growth of Several factors led to the growth of imperialism in the late 1800s.imperialism in the late 1800s.

1)1) Economic FactorsEconomic Factors-The growth of industry in Europe created an -The growth of industry in Europe created an increased need for increased need for naturalnatural resources (rubber, resources (rubber, oil, etc.)oil, etc.)-New markets were also needed to -New markets were also needed to sellsell their their goodsgoods


2)2) Nationalist FactorsNationalist Factors

-Competition among European nations for -Competition among European nations for large empires was the result of large empires was the result of nationalismnationalism, or , or devotiondevotion to one’s nation to one’s nation

-Ex: When France acquired land in West -Ex: When France acquired land in West AfricaAfrica in the late 1800s, rival nations Great in the late 1800s, rival nations Great Britain and Britain and GermanyGermany seized lands nearby to seized lands nearby to stop French expansionstop French expansion


3)3) Military FactorsMilitary Factors

-Advancements in military technology -Advancements in military technology produced European armies and navies that produced European armies and navies that were far were far superiorsuperior to those in Africa and Asia to those in Africa and Asia

-Also, Europe’s growing navies required -Also, Europe’s growing navies required navalnaval bases around the world for fuel and suppliesbases around the world for fuel and supplies


4)4) Humanitarian FactorsHumanitarian Factors

-Humanitarian and -Humanitarian and religiousreligious goals spurred on goals spurred on the imperialiststhe imperialists

-Politicians, -Politicians, doctorsdoctors, and missionaries believed , and missionaries believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of they had a duty to spread the blessings of Western civilization, including its Western civilization, including its lawlaw, , medicine, and Christian religionmedicine, and Christian religion


Improved Improved transportationtransportation and and communication made it easier for Great communication made it easier for Great Britain, France, and Britain, France, and RussiaRussia to expand their to expand their empireempire

-“-“The The sunsun never sets on the British Empire” never sets on the British Empire” became a common sloganbecame a common slogan


By 1890: The U.S. was eager to By 1890: The U.S. was eager to joinjoin the the competition for new territoriescompetition for new territories

-Supporters of expansion -Supporters of expansion denieddenied that the U.S. that the U.S. sought to sought to annexannex (join a new territory to an (join a new territory to an existing country) foreign landsexisting country) foreign lands

-However, annexation -However, annexation diddid take place take place


II. II. The U.S. and ImperialismThe U.S. and Imperialism In his farewell address in 1796, George In his farewell address in 1796, George

WashingtonWashington had advised Americans to had advised Americans to ““steer clear of permanent alliancessteer clear of permanent alliances” with ” with other countriesother countries

-The U.S. generally followed that advice for the -The U.S. generally followed that advice for the next next 100100 years years

-Rapid economic growth and the settlement of -Rapid economic growth and the settlement of the the WestWest left the U.S. with little interest in foreign left the U.S. with little interest in foreign affairsaffairs


But, there were a But, there were a fewfew instances when instances when Americans “Americans “looked outwardlooked outward””

1)1) AlaskaAlaska -bought from -bought from RussiaRussia in 1867 by Secretary of in 1867 by Secretary of State William Seward State William Seward

-Most Americans ridiculed the purchase saying -Most Americans ridiculed the purchase saying we bought “we bought “walrus-covered icebergs” walrus-covered icebergs” in a in a ““barren, worthless, God-forsaken regionbarren, worthless, God-forsaken region””-nicknamed “-nicknamed “Seward’sSeward’s Folly Folly””


2)2) Pacific IslandsPacific Islands

-1853: An American fleet led by Matthew C. -1853: An American fleet led by Matthew C. PerryPerry sailed into Tokyo Bay and convinced sailed into Tokyo Bay and convinced Japan to open Japan to open tradetrade relations with the U.S. relations with the U.S.

-1860s: U.S. and several European countries -1860s: U.S. and several European countries had signed treaties that allowed for expanded had signed treaties that allowed for expanded trade with trade with ChinaChina

-Now, the U.S. needed -Now, the U.S. needed refuelingrefueling stations in the stations in the Pacific for its naval shipsPacific for its naval ships


-1867: Seward annexed the uninhabited -1867: Seward annexed the uninhabited MidwayMidway IslandsIslands

-1875: U.S. signed a treaty with -1875: U.S. signed a treaty with HawaiiHawaii to allow to allow Hawaiians to sell sugar in the U.S. Hawaiians to sell sugar in the U.S. taxtax free, as long as free, as long as they didn’t sell or lease territory to any foreign powerthey didn’t sell or lease territory to any foreign power

-1893: A group of planters, led by Sanford -1893: A group of planters, led by Sanford Dole, with the help of the U.S. Marines Dole, with the help of the U.S. Marines removed Queen Liliuokalani from power removed Queen Liliuokalani from power (she had (she had wanted to rid Hawaii of all foreign wanted to rid Hawaii of all foreign influence) influence)


By the By the 1890s1890s, Americans attitudes toward , Americans attitudes toward foreign expansion had changedforeign expansion had changed

-Some argued the U.S. should continue to -Some argued the U.S. should continue to avoidavoid foreign entanglementsforeign entanglements

-Others offered a variety of reasons for -Others offered a variety of reasons for increasedincreased American involvement in the world American involvement in the world


3 Arguments were used in support of American 3 Arguments were used in support of American imperialism:imperialism:

1)1) Promoting Economic GrowthPromoting Economic Growth-Late 1800s: Americans simply could not -Late 1800s: Americans simply could not consume all of the consume all of the foodfood and other goods that and other goods that they producedthey produced

-Business leaders argued that the economic -Business leaders argued that the economic problems could only be solved by expanding problems could only be solved by expanding its its marketsmarkets


-Some business leaders even began to invest -Some business leaders even began to invest directly in the economies of other directly in the economies of other countriescountries, , giving them some political influence giving them some political influence

-United -United FruitFruit Company eventually dominated the Company eventually dominated the governments of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and governments of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras Honduras

-Some referred to the Central American nations -Some referred to the Central American nations as as banana republicsbanana republics


2)2) Protecting American SecurityProtecting American Security

-Those who supported a strong -Those who supported a strong navynavy also also made a push for expansionmade a push for expansion

-Alfred T. -Alfred T. MahanMahan in his in his The Influence of Sea The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 Power Upon History, 1660-1783 argued that argued that the nation’s economic the nation’s economic futurefuture hinged on gaining hinged on gaining new marketsnew markets

-Mahan believed the U.S. needed a powerful -Mahan believed the U.S. needed a powerful navy to navy to protectprotect those new markets those new markets


-1883: Congress authorized the building of -1883: Congress authorized the building of three cruisers and two three cruisers and two battleshipsbattleships, including the , including the U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine

--Naval Construction Act of 1890Naval Construction Act of 1890 called for more called for more battleships, battleships, gunboatsgunboats, torpedo boats, and , torpedo boats, and cruiserscruisers

-By 1900: The U.S. had one of the most -By 1900: The U.S. had one of the most powerfulpowerful navies in the world (modern steam- navies in the world (modern steam-powered, steel-hulled ships)powered, steel-hulled ships)


3)3) Preserving American SpiritPreserving American Spirit-Some feared the U.S. was losing its strength, -Some feared the U.S. was losing its strength, energyenergy, and enthusiasm , and enthusiasm

-People like Frederick Jackson Turner and -People like Frederick Jackson Turner and Theodore Roosevelt argued that a quest for Theodore Roosevelt argued that a quest for empire might restore the country’s empire might restore the country’s pioneerpioneer spiritspirit

-They also drew on the idea of -They also drew on the idea of socialsocial Darwinism (the strong survive) to justify the Darwinism (the strong survive) to justify the takeover of new territoriestakeover of new territories


-Some respected leaders including -Some respected leaders including Josiah Josiah StrongStrong argued that Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic argued that Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic (Germanic) peoples were (Germanic) peoples were superiorsuperior to the to the societies they conquered (societies they conquered (Anglo-SaxonismAnglo-Saxonism))

-Social Darwinists argued that expansion was -Social Darwinists argued that expansion was not only this nation’s not only this nation’s destinydestiny but a noble pursuit but a noble pursuit as well, for it introduced as well, for it introduced ChristianityChristianity and modern and modern civilization to other peoples around the worldcivilization to other peoples around the world


Gradually Gradually publicpublic opinion warmed up to the opinion warmed up to the idea of expansionismidea of expansionism

-Most Americans did not see themselves as -Most Americans did not see themselves as potential potential rulersrulers of oppressed foreign peoples, of oppressed foreign peoples, but they did want new but they did want new marketsmarkets abroad abroad

-What they soon discovered was that political -What they soon discovered was that political and and militarymilitary entanglements tended to follow entanglements tended to follow


Those in the U.S. who dreamed of Those in the U.S. who dreamed of expansion looked to expansion looked to threethree main areas of main areas of the world in the late 1800s:the world in the late 1800s:

1) 1) LatinLatin America America

2) The Islands of the 2) The Islands of the PacificPacific3) 3) ChinaChina

In the process of expanding, the U.S. In the process of expanding, the U.S. found itself in found itself in conflictconflict with other nations. with other nations.

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

The Coming of WarThe Coming of War

Cuba, a Cuba, a SpanishSpanish colony, provided wealth colony, provided wealth for Spain with for Spain with sugarcanesugarcane plantations plantations

1868: Cuban 1868: Cuban rebelsrebels declared declared independence and began a guerrilla attack independence and began a guerrilla attack against against SpanishSpanish authorities authorities-the attack -the attack failedfailed…the Cuban rebels fled to the …the Cuban rebels fled to the U.S.U.S. to plan a new revolution to plan a new revolution


Jose MartiJose Marti – exiled leader of Cuba’s – exiled leader of Cuba’s rebellion – fled to rebellion – fled to NYCNYC

-raised money from Americans and began -raised money from Americans and began purchasing purchasing weaponsweapons and training troops to and training troops to prepare for an prepare for an invasioninvasion of Cuba of Cuba

1894: U.S. imposed a new 1894: U.S. imposed a new tarifftariff on sugar on sugar from Cuba – devastated the from Cuba – devastated the CubanCuban economyeconomy


Feb. 1895: Feb. 1895: MartiMarti and his followers began and his followers began a a newnew rebellion rebellion-seized control of eastern Cuba, declared its -seized control of eastern Cuba, declared its independenceindependence

Americans were Americans were neutralneutral at the start of the at the start of the Cuban revolutionCuban revolution-but, -but, yellowyellow journalists William Randolph Hearst journalists William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer ran exaggerated stories of and Joseph Pulitzer ran exaggerated stories of SpanishSpanish attacks on Cubans attacks on Cubans


The Cuban The Cuban rebelsrebels attacked and destroyed attacked and destroyed AmericanAmerican property, hoping for American property, hoping for American intervention in the war (blamed it on the intervention in the war (blamed it on the Spanish)Spanish)

Gen. Valeriano WeylerGen. Valeriano Weyler, Spanish governor , Spanish governor in Cuba, sent tens of thousands of Cubans in Cuba, sent tens of thousands of Cubans to to concentrationconcentration camps where many died camps where many died

-some Americans called for -some Americans called for warwar against Spain against Spain


Enrique Dupuy de LomeEnrique Dupuy de Lome – Spanish – Spanish ambassador to the ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

-wrote a private letter which described Pres. -wrote a private letter which described Pres. McKinley as “McKinley as “weakweak””

-printed in The-printed in The New York Journal New York Journal (“The de Lome (“The de Lome Letter”)Letter”)

--angeredangered Americans Americans


Feb. Feb. 18981898: the U.S.S. : the U.S.S. MaineMaine exploded off exploded off the coast of Havana, Cubathe coast of Havana, Cuba

-killed -killed 266266 American soldiers American soldiers

-no one knows why the ship exploded or -no one knows why the ship exploded or whowho did did itit

-many Americans blamed -many Americans blamed SpainSpain

-“Remember the -“Remember the MaineMaine” became the battle cry ” became the battle cry across the U.S.across the U.S.


Pres. McKinley did Pres. McKinley did notnot want to intervene in want to intervene in the war – cost too much money and too the war – cost too much money and too many many liveslives

Within McKinley’s own Rep. Party, Within McKinley’s own Rep. Party, jingoismjingoism (attitude of (attitude of aggressiveaggressive nationalism) was strongnationalism) was strong

April 11, 1898: McKinley asked April 11, 1898: McKinley asked CongressCongress to authorize the use of force to end the to authorize the use of force to end the conflictconflict


A War On Two FrontsA War On Two Fronts

U.S. Navy blockaded U.S. Navy blockaded CubaCuba An American fleet in Hong Kong was An American fleet in Hong Kong was

ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the PhilippinesPhilippines (a Spanish colony in the (a Spanish colony in the Pacific)Pacific)


May 1898: May 1898: Adm. George DeweyAdm. George Dewey led the led the U.S. fleet into Manila Bay in the U.S. fleet into Manila Bay in the PhilippinesPhilippines

-destroyed or captured Spanish -destroyed or captured Spanish warshipswarships

McKinley sent McKinley sent 20,00020,000 American troops to American troops to the Philippinesthe Philippines

-captured the Spanish-held island of -captured the Spanish-held island of GuamGuam along the wayalong the way


The American army was untrained and The American army was untrained and unequippedunequipped

-poor conditions in -poor conditions in trainingtraining camps resulted in camps resulted in more Americans dying in training than in battlemore Americans dying in training than in battle


June 1898: American troops advanced June 1898: American troops advanced towards towards SantiagoSantiago Harbor in Cuba Harbor in Cuba

-among the groups were the “-among the groups were the “Rough RidersRough Riders” led ” led by Col. by Col. Leonard WoodLeonard Wood, with , with Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt as second in commandas second in command

The “Rough Riders” were The “Rough Riders” were volunteersvolunteers – – former miners, cowboys, law men, athletesformer miners, cowboys, law men, athletes

About About 1\41\4 of all American troops in Cuba of all American troops in Cuba were African Americanwere African American


Spanish resistance Spanish resistance endedended with the with the surrender of Santiagosurrender of Santiago

Aug. 12, 1898: Spain and the U.S. signed Aug. 12, 1898: Spain and the U.S. signed a a ceasecease-fire-fire


An American Empire Is BornAn American Empire Is Born

Many Americans supported annexing the Many Americans supported annexing the PhilippinesPhilippines because it would provide… because it would provide…

1) a 1) a navalnaval base in Asia base in Asia

2) stopover on the way to 2) stopover on the way to ChinaChina

3) the ability to 3) the ability to teachteach “less-civilized” “less-civilized” peoplespeoples


Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris (Dec. 1898) – officially (Dec. 1898) – officially ended the Spanish-American Warended the Spanish-American War

--CubaCuba became an independent nation became an independent nation

-U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and -U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and GuamGuam and paid and paid Spain $20 million for the PhilippinesSpain $20 million for the Philippines

The treaty made the U.S. an The treaty made the U.S. an imperialimperial powerpower


Controlling it’s new empire was not Controlling it’s new empire was not easyeasy for the U.S.for the U.S.

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino revolutionary, , a Filipino revolutionary, ordered his ordered his troopstroops to attack American to attack American soldiers stationed in the Philippinessoldiers stationed in the Philippines

-Gen. -Gen. Arthur McArthurArthur McArthur was forced to set up was forced to set up concentration camps resulting in 1000s of concentration camps resulting in 1000s of Filipino deathsFilipino deaths


William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft, the first U.S. civilian , the first U.S. civilian governor of the Philippines, introduced governor of the Philippines, introduced reforms in…reforms in…

-education-education

-transportation-transportation

-health care-health care Taft was trying to win over the Taft was trying to win over the FilipinoFilipino

peoplepeople


These reforms slowly lessened Filipino These reforms slowly lessened Filipino hostilityhostility toward American rule toward American rule

April 1902: all Filipino resistance had April 1902: all Filipino resistance had stoppedstopped

19461946: U.S. granted independence to the : U.S. granted independence to the PhilippinesPhilippines


Foraker ActForaker Act (1900) – made Puerto Rico an (1900) – made Puerto Rico an unincorporated unincorporated territoryterritory of the U.S. of the U.S.

1917: Puerto Ricans made 1917: Puerto Ricans made citizenscitizens of the of the U.S.U.S.

1947: Puerto Rico given the right to elect 1947: Puerto Rico given the right to elect its own its own governorgovernor

Current Debate: Should Puerto Rico be Current Debate: Should Puerto Rico be granted granted statehoodstatehood??


Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment – ensured that Cuba – ensured that Cuba would remain tied to the would remain tied to the U.S.U.S.

--included a provision which allowed the U.S. to included a provision which allowed the U.S. to buy or lease buy or lease navalnaval stations in Cuba stations in Cuba

-repealed in -repealed in 19341934

The U.S. In ChinaThe U.S. In China

1895-1900: American 1895-1900: American exportsexports to China to China quadrupledquadrupled

1894: war between China and Japan 1894: war between China and Japan began over what is now began over what is now KoreaKorea

--JapanJapan won – showed China was weaker than won – showed China was weaker than most thought and Japan had successfully most thought and Japan had successfully adopted adopted WesternWestern tech. tech.


Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy – the belief that – the belief that allall countries should be allowed to trade with countries should be allowed to trade with ChinaChina

-proposed by Sec. of State -proposed by Sec. of State John HayJohn Hay

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion – Chinese – Chinese nationalistsnationalists who rebelled against foreign influencewho rebelled against foreign influence

-killed over -killed over 200200 foreigners (including U.S. foreigners (including U.S. missionaries)missionaries)


Great White FleetGreat White Fleet – 16 battleships of the – 16 battleships of the new U.S. new U.S. NavyNavy

-sent around the world to show -sent around the world to show militarymilitary strength strength

Relations between the U.S. and Relations between the U.S. and JapanJapan worsened because each wanted to control worsened because each wanted to control tradetrade with China with China

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

U.S. wanted a U.S. wanted a shortershorter route between the route between the Pacific and Atlantic OceansPacific and Atlantic Oceans

A canal built across A canal built across CentralCentral America America would make shipping fasterwould make shipping faster

U.S. wanted to build the canal across U.S. wanted to build the canal across PanamaPanama – problem: Colombia controlled – problem: Colombia controlled Panama and raised the Panama and raised the priceprice of the land of the land when the U.S. became interestedwhen the U.S. became interested

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

U.S. supported a U.S. supported a revoltrevolt against Colombia against Colombia and Panama became independentand Panama became independent

U.S. bought a U.S. bought a tenten mile wide strip of land mile wide strip of land from Panama for $from Panama for $1010 million million

Construction began in Construction began in 19041904 – finished in – finished in 19141914

Problems for the workers: Problems for the workers: diseasedisease (yellow (yellow fever, malaria, etc.) and accidentsfever, malaria, etc.) and accidents-More men died working on the canal than -More men died working on the canal than died during the died during the SpanishSpanish-American War-American War

Documents

Becoming A World Power Chapter 12. The Pressure To Expand By the late 1800s: Industrialists, inventors, and workers of the U.S. had built a powerful