Beaver Creek Restoration/Development ProgramTucker County, West Virginia

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Bob Carey & John Tracy

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P 1 : mission I goals

P 5 : local attractions

P 2 : site location

P 3 : proposed highway

P 4 : demographic analysis

P11 : fauna analysis

P 7 : regional analysis

P 8 : high Allegheny wetland analysis

P 9 : site specific wetland analysis

P13 : landcover analysis

P17 : hydrology analysis

P14 : climate analysis

P15 : slope/aspect analysis

P16 : soil analysis

P18 : stream restoration analysis

P23: relationship diagrams

P25 : site related diagrams

P27 : design process

P28 : conceptual master plan

P29 : references cited

P19 : landscape character analysis

P21 : composite analysis

P22 : compatibility/suitability matrix

Mission: Our mission is to create an aesthetically responsive master plan focusing on recreation and leisure along Beaver Creek while seamlessly integrating the site into the natural surroundings. Our site shall serve as a destination for a multitude of recreational opportunities providing a visceral experience and a serene atmosphere. The design will achieve goals that respond to stream rehabilitation efforts and increased access.

Sponsored By: WV Division of Natural Resources Stream Restoration and Habitat Enhancement Program (SR&HE)

Bob Carey & John Tracy

Goals and Objectives: When the Beaver Creek restoration and development project is completed the following criteria will have been met:Create a Destination • create an environment for a variety of easily accessible leisure

activities that surrounding towns and resorts may not offer• Create an easily accessible fishing area that may be suitable for people

of multiple skill levels and ages.• Develop trails for multiple functions and opportunities• Develop an ADA accessible fishing pier with seating and staging area• Provide many access points along trails to allow for ease of accessibility

targeting children and elderly• Provide bait and tackle as well equipment rental• Develop lodging for longer stays in the areaEnhance the visual landscape • Enhance existing vegetation with natural plantings• Provide foci on specific view shed• Develop a place with experiential opportunities• Develop a vegetated buffer to diminish the view of buffalo coal mine and

Highway 48• Ensure that the development maintains a natural characteristic• Provide shelter and shade using natural and constructed infrastructure• Elevated boardwalks to allow the user to experience the landscape with

minimal disturbanceIncorporate restoration methods• Develop site for lime dumps and seasonally stocked trout• Enhance/mitigate wetlands• Stabilize stream banks• Increase fish navigation and habitat• Improve canopy vegetation cover to better suit stream conditionsCreate a learning opportunity in the Mid-Atlantic Highland Landscape• Learning Kiosks• Wildlife observation• Outdoor classroom• Coordinated local school trips to promote environmental education and

sustainability

Activities:Cross Country Skiing, Fishing, Biking, Hiking, Leisure Pursuits, Lodging, Bird Watching, Learning, Walking, Running, Exploring, Relaxing, Viewing

Facilities: ADA Accessible fishing pierPublic RestroomsLodgingPublic Pavilions/shelters and Information/Patrol Center Parking Access

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Continental United StatesWest Virginia

Tucker County

Beaver Creek WatershedProject Site

Project Site 9.6 Miles from Davis, WVArea = 50 Acres

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site location

( not to scale)

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Beaver Creek

Proposed Highway 48Corridor “H”

Existing Highway 93toward Davis, WV

Proposed Highway 48 Corridor “H”: Project Site to Washing,DC Currently 157miles Approx. 3hrs Drive wil l be cut down to 2hrs and 30mins

Project Site with 10f t Contours

Proposed Highway48 Alignment Davis to Bismark Project Site

Project Site

proposed highway

Davis WV, Project Site

Washington, DC

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300’ 600’1” = 300’

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Beaver Creek

Proposed Highway 48Existing Highway 93

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Thomas is located in the small four-by-seven mile area known as the Fairfax district of Tucker County. The West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway arrived here in 1884 and, 36 years later, the Fairfax District was the most densely populated area the county has ever known, at that time there were196 persons per square mile. The one and one-half mile stretch between Thomas and Douglas, aglow with the fires of nearly a thousand coke ovens, contained nearly 3,000 people, three post offices, and three railway stations. The magnet was King Coal. Thomas was named for Thomas Beall Davis, brother of Senator Henry Gassaway Davis. The Davis brothers, in 1883, opened a mine near Thomas and had coal ready to ship when their railway arrived a year later. By 1892, Davis Coal and Coke was among the largest and best known coal companies in the world and employed 1,600 people. At the peak of its operations in 1915, there were nine producing mines within a mile of the company’s office in Thomas.Immigrants flocked to the area as miners, railroad laborers, or merchants. In 1901, in less than two hours, nearly half of Thomas (83 buildings) was destroyed by fire. The town was quickly rebuilt with fine hotels and a new opera house, which is currently undergoing restoration. The Cottrill Opera House had a saloon on the first floor which was by far the most elegant of the eight bars located on Front Street. In 1909, Front Street was laid with brick to become the first paved street in the county. Thomas claimed the grandest railway station between Cumberland, Maryland, and Elkins, West Virginia. Built of brick in 1901, it was destroyed by a tornado in 1944. Considered the finest building in all the county was the Buxton and Landstreet Store in nearby Coketon. It had white tile bricks, ornamental ceilings, graceful columns, and many electric lights. It closed its doors in 1950. In 1921, coke production ceased and mining operations have diminished. But, the spirit of Thomas not only lives on, but it has recently been revitalized with the formation of the New Historic Thomas Committee. The residents of this small town tend to be quite artsy, with local art displayed all around town and in their resturaunts. There are a number of small specialty and craft stores in Thomas that contribute to its’ artsy contemperary subculture. www.wamonline.com

Demographics

Population:

Income:

Household Makeup:

County:

Attractions

Distance to Site:

Distance to Site: 9.6 mi

Approx: 624

Tucker

Median Household: $25,221

290 householdsAvg. Household Size: 2.15 people

Blackwater Falls State Park

Blackwater Brewing

Windwood Fly-In Resort

Canaan Valley Resort State Park

Blackwater Bikes

Alpine Lodge

Hellbender Burritos Resturaunt

Bright Morning InnAvg. Family Size: 2.76

Median Family: $31,333

Demographics

Population:

Income:

Household Makeup:

County:

Attractions

Distance to Site:

Distance to Site: 11 mi

Approx: 452

Tucker

Median Household: $22,443

224 households

Mountaintop Hunting Club

Mountain State Brewing Company

Flying Pigs Cafe

Tally Ho Mountain Lodge

Blue Ridge Restaurant

Thomas Cemetary

The Purple Fiddle Restaurant

Thomas Water Treatment Plant

Avg. Household Size: 2.02 people

Avg. Family Size: 2.69

Median Family: $25,417

Davis became a well know and boisterous lumber town in the late 1800's and early 1900's. US Senator and industrialist, Henry Gassaway Davis paid between $5.00 and $15.00 an acre for the land, which is now, Davis. On the mouth of Beaver Creek, Col. Robert Ward Eastham of Canaan Valley built the first house in Davis after he secured a contract to clear the site for the town. Growth was rapid and according to Pearl G. Mott, Davis was called "stump town" for several years because it was possible to travel all over by stepping from tree stump to tree stump. Davis enjoyed great prosperity for nearly forty years. In 1886 Davis had a post office and the Jacob L. Rumbarger Lumber Co. and the Fayweather & Ladew Tanning Co. opened. This established Davis as one of the earliest lumber towns in the states. By 1902, Davis had a population of about 3,000 and more than 80 businesses, including three hotels, the first of two banks, five res-taurants, two sawmills, a box factory, shingle mill and tannery. There were seven churches and soon to be seven saloons. Davis had the first hospital in Tucker County. Founded in 1907, Allegheny Heights Hospital operated until 1929 in the large house where Fairfax S. Landstreet. Although it had a succession of owners and names the mill started by Rumbarger in 1886 operated two mills, one for hardwoods and one for softwoods. They cut timber along much of the Blackwater River, in Canaan Valley, along Beaver Creek, on Canaan Mountain, the Blackwa-ter Manor Tract, Cabin Mountain and Backbone Mountain. In nearly 38 years their mills produced nearly 9-million board feet of lumber. www.

daviswva.com

The highly profitable Babcock Lumber and BoomCompany, operating out of Davis was responsible for devastating environmental damage to much of surrounding Tucker County, including Canaan Valley, Dolly Sods and the Blackwater Canyon. These areas were clear-cut and the landscape converted into a tinderbox by the residual cuttings. By 1910, fires swept over the wasteland, often burning continuously from spring until the first snows. Uncontrollable soil erosion and flooding further degraded and depopulated the region, which bears the scars of the infernos to the present day. Today’s Davis is a much less populated place than it once was. This is a direct result of the decline of the timber industry. The residents of this small town tend to be quite artsy, with local art displayed all around town and in their resturaunts. There are a number of small specialty and craft stores in Davis that contribute to its’ artsy contemperary subculture.

Davis, WV Thomas, WV

demographic analysis

local attractions

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Mountain Made Thomas,WV:Mountain Made is proud to support the artistic efforts of West Virginia’s artists, craftsmen and craftswomen, and musicians. Their selection of handmade fine art and crafts represent some of the most accomplished artist in the country, and MountainMade’s support, marketing efforts, and commercial retail presence keep handmade art alive for future generations. When one purchase handmade crafts, music, books, and fine art from Mountain Made, they are supporting professional artists, some of the best in their crafts, and not large corporations.

Hypnocoffe Davis, WV: Local Hipster Cafe serving micro-roastery business—The space is an unofficial community gatheringspot for both locals and tourists headed for Canaan Valley’s ski resort and local attractions.

resorts and state parks

The Purple Fiddle: Downtown Thomas, WVThe Purple fiddle is a family oriented music venue and restaurant. It has a diverse music lineup playing bluegrass rock n’ roll, jazz, funk, reggae, old-country, blues, Celtic, folk, and even Latin bands.

Canaan Valley Resort: State Park is a state park within Canaan Valley, Tucker County, West Virginia. Located in the highest valley east of the Mississippi River, the park contains the second-largest inland wetland area in the United States. The valley featured the first commercial ski development in West Virginia. Ski&Snowboard America

Amenities:

Distance to Site:

Distance to Site: 22.6 mi

Hiking Trails Rock Climbing Paintball

Biking Trails Eurobungy Recreation Sports

Downhill Skiing Summer Turtle Slides Hunting

X-Country Skiing Outdoor Pool Fishing

Fairfax Stone, Davis WV Marks the boundary between West Virginia and Maryland

Fairfax Stone, Davis WV

Blackwater Falls State Park:Blackwater Falls State Park Blackwater Falls State Park is located in the Allegheny Mountains of Tucker County, West Virginia. The centerpiece of the Park is Blackwater Falls is a 62 foot waterfall. It is here where the Blackwater River leaves its comfortable course in Canaan Valley and enters rough Blackwater Canyon.

Amenities:

Distance to Site:

Distance to Site: 13.1 mi

Hiking Trails Rock Climbing Bass Fishing

Biking Trails Whitewater Rafting Trout Fishing

Downhill Skiing Canoeing Hunting

X-Country Skiing Kayaking Lodging

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1 inch = 10,000 feet

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Hendricks,WV

Thomas,WV

Davis,WV

Project Site

Major Bike Trails in the Area:Two exotic invasive species of true bugs pose a serious threat to forested wetlands in the study area. They are thehemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae).

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local attractions

Canaan Mountain Bike Festival Davis,WV:Blackwater bikes is a starting point for many weekly trail rides and bike club gatherings.

Trails Around Davis,WV:Moonrocks trail located near Canaan Valley Institute just outside Davis,WV.

Cross Country Skiing:When winter hits Cross Country Skiing becomes a daily site around Davis, WV.

Blackwater Bikes Davis,WV:Davis, WV is the East Coast mecca of mountain biking. Blackwater Bikes has everything for the beginning rider to the seasoned Pro racer.

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Scale 1in = 10,000ft

regional site analysisPhoto by Steve Brown

Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region: The Mid-Atlantic Highlands region extends from New York in the north to the North Carolina/Tennessee border in the south, and from the Blue Ridge Mountains in the east to the Ohio River in the west.

Mid-Atlantic Highlands

Richness of Divesity

Highland Landscape Photo

Ecoregional Context: The Higland area comprises a region of exceptionally high biodiversity value approx (79,000 sq. miles). The Allegheny Mountain region of West Virginia contains some of the highest concentrations of globally rare plant and animal species within the northeastern states. The high conservation value of this region stems from several intrinsic factors, including its location south of the maximum extent of Pleistocene glaciation its complex topography and geology, and the relatively large remaining tracts of natural vegetation compared to adjacent areas in the northeast.

During more than one million years of Pleistocene glaciations, ice sheets more than a mile thick advanced and retreated over the much of the northern part of North America. The ground was scoured clean of all life with the possible exception of microorganisms. When the ice age ended a mere 10,000 years ago, the northern part of the continent was re-colonized by plants and animals that lived in unglaciated regions. In the unglaciated Central and Southern Appalachians, however, plants and animals had the luxury of adapting slowly to gradual fluctuations in climate over many millions of years. Evolution is a slow process, and this long period of gradual change allowed many species to evolve and occupy a myriad of ecological niches.

The terrain of the Central Appalachians is topographically complex, with dissected plateaus and long ridges rising above steep river valleys. The rapid changes in elevation, slope, and aspect result in a compression of climatic zones and ecological niches, offering a profusion of habitats for potential exploitation by species with slightly differing adaptations. Adding to the diversity of habitats is the folded and jointed geologic substrate, which brings rocks of differing types to the surface in finely patterned mosaics. Each rock type has its own characteristic nutrient bank, permeability, and susceptibility to erosion. The overlay of densely juxtaposed climatic zones over differing rock types results in a complicated array of soil types and growth niches. Combining this intrinsic habitat diversity with the long period available for gradual plant evolution in the region, it comes as no surprise that the Central and Southern Appalachians are a nationally significant hotspot of biodiversity.

The last piece of the “perfect storm” that gives rise to the exceptionally high conservation importance of the region is its human history. The steep slopes and relative inaccessibility of the Central Appalachians have hindered intensive human development in comparison with many of the surrounding areas. Large tracts of forested private land, and large public landholdings such as the Monongahela National Forest, have conserved relatively unfragmented natural landscapes where native species are able to flourish. The mountains function essentially as islands of biodiversity within a sea of tamed and transformed lowlands.

Tucker County

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High Allegheny Wetlands

Site Area Photo

Site Area Photo

High Allegheny Wetlands: The High Allegheny Wetland ecological system occurs in a southwest-northeast trending band about 24 miles wide and 124 miles long along the high, flat plateau of the Allegheny Mountains in West Virginia and Maryland. The eastern boundary is the Allegheny Front, and the westernboundary is the heavily dissected, lower elevation Allegheny Plateau. Minimum elevations range from 2,395 ft in the north (Garrett County, MD) to 3,083 ft in the south (Droop Mountain, WV).

Wetlands in this system are drained by low-gradient, meandering, intermittent to small streams that form the headwaters of larger (often high-gradient) mountain rivers. The system is underlain by gently folded sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous and Devonian age. Drainage is impounded in high, flat-lying basins by natural dams or “knickpoints” of resistant sandstone (Pottsville and Price formations). These sandstone layers come to the surface along the gently dipping axes of breached anticlines or synclines, or occasionally on the gently dipping limb of a fold. Cold air drains from the surrounding uplands to pool in the flat basins, which function as frost pockets. Rainfall is plentiful, averaging about 51 in/year.

These high Allegheny wetlands form complex mosaics of small patch communities. Forested swamps occupy the less disturbed margins or slightly higher “islands” in the wetland mosaic. Ombrotrophic bogs are rare, but occur in undisturbed portions of a few of the larger wetlands. The more central, flood- or beaver-influenced sections contain shrub swamps, sedge fens, wet meadows, and open marshes.

Mist and fog usually form at night when the air is too cold to hold all its moisture. Clear skies mean that the ground gets cold and it then cools the air close to it. This cool air causes condensation and water droplets form in the air. Mist is often seen on autumn mornings when nights get longer and cooler again. This is particularly true in this valley, because cold air sinks down and collects in the valley during the night.

high allegheny wetlands analysis

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Photo by Steve Brown

Shows sandstone/shale substrate

Shows shor t shrub layer

Red Spruce – Heath Peat WoodlandThis acidic conifer woodland occurs on saturated soils in headwater basins of the Allegheny Mountains region of West Virginia, at elevations between 2,821 and 4,265 ft . It is a small-patch type that occupies flat to very gently sloping land (0- to 1-degree slopes) along the margins of open peat lands and in seepagefed portions of wetland mosaics. Seepage from adjacent upland forest and the high water table in adjacent open wetlands keep the community wet enough to kill trees during wet years, leaving numerous snags. Microtopography is characterized by a mix of rounded peat hummocks and irregular moss-covered hummocks formed over tree roots, woody stem clusters, and decaying wood. Bedrock is typically sandstone or shale. Soils are moderately to very poorly drained peat, underlain by clay-rich deposits. Soil pH averages 3.6.

The community is characterized by an open canopy of stunted, inundation-stressed trees with a diverse shrub and herb layer growing on hummock-forming bryophytes. The canopy is dominated by Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) and Picea rubens (red spruce), occasionally including low cover of Acer rubrum (red maple) or Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis (yellow birch).

Mean canopy cover is 25%. Canopy height is less than 50 ft and sometimes as low as 15 ft, essentially crossing the transition between woodland and shrubland physiognomy. The tall-shrub layer averages 30% cover and includes the canopy species along with Rhododendron maximum (great laurel), Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel), Nemopanthus mucronatus (catberry), and Ilex verticillata (common winterberry). Other species that occasionally occur with low cover in the tall-shrub layer include Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (northern wild raisin), Ilex montana (mountain holly), Photinia pyrifolia (red chokeberry), Acer rubrum (red maple), Sorbus americana (American mountain ash), Amelanchier laevis (Allegheny serviceberry), and Hamamelis virginiana (American witchhazel).

The short-shrub layer averages 15% cover and is similar in composition to the tall-shrub layer. The herbaceous layer, with mean 30% cover, typically includes Rubus hispidus (bristly dewberry), Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea (cinnamon fern), Solidago uliginosa (bog goldenrod), and the regenerating canopy species. Species with lower cover often include Carex trisperma var. trisperma (threeseeded sedge), Drosera rotundifolia var. rotundifolia (roundleaf sundew), Dennstaedtia punctilobula (eastern hayscented fern), Carex gynandra (nodding sedge), Glyceria melicaria (melic mannagrass), Eriophorum virginicum (tawny cottongrass), Oclemena acuminata (whorled wood aster), and Juncus effusus (common rush). Nonvascular plants average 80% cover and are dominated by Sphagnum spp. (Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum affine, Sphagnum capillifolium) and Polytrichum commune.

site specific wetland analysis

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Solidago uliginosa (bog goldenrod)

Rubus hispidus (bristly dewberry)

Juncus effusus (common rush)

Picea rubens (red spruce)

Wool Grass (Scirpus cyperinus)

Wetland Types:Of the 41 classified wetland associations in the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) our site can be categorized specifically into two types: Red Spruce – Heath Peat Woodland and the Cottongrass Fen.

Flora Analysis:The flora of the study area is characterized by a generally northern affiliation, not surprising given the high elevation and frost pocket morphology of many wetlands. This unglaciated part of the Appalachians was an important ancestral seed source for many species that migrated northward after the retreat of the glaciers. In fact, there are some typically northern species, such as Abies balsamea (balsam fir) that maintain their greatest genetic diversity in the central and southern Appalachians.

Sphagnum Plaustre

Eriophorum virginicum (tawny cottongrass)

Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)

Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)

Rhododendron maximum (great laurel)Mucronatus (catberry)

Sphagnum magellanicumB

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Low cover of stunted trees, shrubs, and snags may occupy hummock tops, typically including Picea rubens (red spruce), Amelanchier laevis (Allegheny serviceberry), Rhododendron maximum (great laurel), Hypericum densiflorum (bushy St. Johnswort), Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (northern wild raisin), Photinia pyrifolia (red chokeberry), Photinia melanocarpa (black chokeberry), Vaccinium myrtilloides (velvetleaf huckleberry), Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel), and Ilex verticillata (common winterberry).

The dwarf-shrub Rubus hispidus (bristly dewberry) has high cover and constancy in this type. The dwarf-shrubs Vaccinium oxycoccos (small cranberry) and Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) are often present with low cover. The herbaceous layer is dominated by Eriophorum virginicum (tawny cottongrass), Solidago uliginosa (bog goldenrod), Carex folliculata (northern long sedge), and Juncus effusus (common rush). Other common herbaceous species include Juncus brevicaudatus (narrowpanicle rush), Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea (cinnamon fern), Carex trispermavar. trisperma (threeseeded sedge), Drosera rotundifolia var. rotundifolia (roundleaf sundew), Scirpus cyperin Gentiana linearis (narrowleaf gentian), Rhynchospora alba (white beaksedge), Carex stipata (owlfruit sedge), Agrostis hyemalis (winter bentgrass), and Agrostis perennans (upland bentgrass). Nonvascular plants are dominated by Sphagnum spp. (Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum fallax, and others) and generally include moderate cover by Polytrichum spp. (Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum strictum).

Cottongrass Fen:This acidic herbaceous community occurs on temporarily flooded, semipermanently flooded, or saturated peat in the Allegheny Mountains region of West Virginia, at elevations between 2,526 and 3,969 ft. It is a small-patch type that occupies flat-lying land (0- to 1-degree slopes) in headwater basins. Older stands typically occur over shallow bedrock, where they are kept open by high water tables. Younger stands often occur in beaver-influenced wetland mosaics, often behind breached dams on the site of former beaver ponds. The type also occurs as a successional community on formerly forested peatlands that have been logged and/or burned within the last century. Hummock-and-hollow microtopography is moderately well-developed, with hummocks ranging from 34-12inches in height. Bedrock is typically acidic sandstone and, less commonly, shale or limestone. The substrate is poorly to very poorly drained peat or muck. Peat deposits are shallow, ranging from 4-30 inches in depth, underlain by clay-rich soils or bedrock. Mean soil pH is 3.8.

site specific wetland analysis

fauna analysis

Mammals:The high elevation wetlands of the Allegheny Mountains are productive environments, providing diverse wildlife habitats and supporting complex food chains. Many animals rely on these wetlands for breeding, foraging, and other activities. These wetlands provide the primary breeding grounds for some amphibians, small mammals, songbirds, waterfowl, and invertebrates. For many species, forested areas adjacent

Birds:The high quality and relatively undisturbed nature of the high Allegheny wetlands provide breeding habitat for 96 bird species. Many more bird species use wetlands at some time during the year, but do not breed there. Although these species have been observed breeding within study area wetlands, relatively few of them actually depend on wetlands for their survival. Within West Virginia, six breeding birds rely primarily on the high elevation wetland habitats of the Allegheny Mountains. Five additional rare breeding birds are associated with high elevation wetlands in West Virginia, although they are probably not wetland-dependent.

Amphibians and reptiles:High elevation wetlands of the Allegheny Mountains contain terrestrial and aquatic habitats which are essential to the biphasal lifecycle of amphibians. Most amphibians spend the first part of their lifecycle in aquatic habitat, and migrate as juveniles to surrounding forests for foraging and hibernation. Many amphibian species, including wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), are philopatric, and return to natal ponds to breed each year. Two rare amphibian species, Jefferson salamander and northern red salamander (Pseudotriton r. ruber), could potentially be found on site.

Land snails:Land snails are found throughout West Virginia but their distribution and ecology are poorly known. Most land snails live in the upper leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands, but they are also found in more disturbed habitats. Nine species of land snail have been recorded within wetlands in the project area, including two rare species.

Beaver (Castor canadensis)

Mink (Mustela vison)

Masked shrew (Sorex cinereus)

Swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)

Olive sided flycatcher (Contopus cooperi)

Willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

northern red salamander (Pseudotriton r. ruber)

Spruce Knob threetooth(Triodopsis picea)

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Endangered SpeciesCarolina northern flying squirrel(Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus)

Crayfish:Eight species of crayfish are known from the study area, two of which are rare. Monongahela crayfish (Cambarus monongalensis) is ranked as vulnerable in West Virginia, where it is found in the Allegheny Mountain region and northern panhandle. The Monongahela crayfish is distributed throughout the study area. It is a primary burrower, which constructs burrows in seeps, springs, and roadside ditches in deciduous woods.

Dragonflies and Damselflies:Odonata, or dragonflies and damselflies, have a complex life cycle that is closely linked to water quality and vegetation in wetland and riparian environments. Odonata are excellent indicators of wetland quality. Species richness of odonata is positively correlated with species richness of vegetation, and negatively correlated with wetland stressors such as cattle grazing (Hornung and Rice 2003). The high elevation wetlands of West Virginia’s Allegheny Mountains are extremely rich in dragonfly and damselfly species. Many of these wetlands are in excellent environmental condition, with diverse native vegetation and mosaiced wetland habitats. One hundred and seven species, of which 58 are rare in West Virginia, have been recorded in the project area. Twenty-six of the rare species are typically found at high elevations in West Virginia.

Butterflies and Moths:Six rare species of butterfly are known from the project area. Five of these are northern species with disjunct populations in the high Alleghenies, and one, the Diana fritillary (Speyeria 26 diana) is a southern Appalachian species that reaches its northernmost range in West Virginia. The pink-edged sulphur (Colias interior), bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe), black dash (Euphyes conspicua) and Harris’ checkerspot (Chlosyne harrisii) are imperiled in West Virginia, and populations of Atlantis fritillary (Speyeria atlantis) are vulnerable in West Virginia. The pinkedged sulphur is found in the high Alleghenies in open areas and bogs.

Spiders and Harvestmen:Fifty taxa of spiders and four taxa of harvestmen are known from thestudy area. Four of the spiders are rare. These include an undescribed hahniid spider(Calymmaria) which is endemic to West Virginia and critically imperiled throughout its range. Three pirate wolf spiders (Pirata insularis, Pirata sedentarius, Pirata seminolus) are critically imperiled in West Virginia, but have not yet been assigned global ranks. These rare pirate wolf spiders were collected at several locations in both forested and open wetlands within the study area.

Exotic Invasies:Two exotic invasive species of true bugs pose a serious threat to forested wetlands in the study area. They are thehemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae).

Shadow Darner (Aeshna umbrosaumbrosa)

Yellow-sided Skimmer (Libellula flavida)

Blue-ringed Dancer (Argia sedula)

Monongahela crayfish (Cambarus monongalensis)

Smeared Dagger Moth (Acronicta oblinita)

Pirate Wolf Spider (Pirata insularis)

hahniid spider(Calymmaria)

fauna analysis

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landcover analysis

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Fresh Water Forested/Shrub Wetland

Operating Surface Mine“Buffalo Coal Company”

Mountain Hardwood

Areas with no classification:These areas represent distrubed land that has no canopy cover with with shrub/tree species less than 15ft.

Buffalo Coal Clean Water Permit Info:Program Id: WV0051519In compliance/no vilations

1990 Ortho Aerial Photo: Landcover Doesnt change significantly between 1990 and 2009.

2009 NAIP Aerial photo

Environmental Conditions on site:Impaired Waters: Field indicates if the permit discharges directly into impaired waters. The impaired waters field has been expanded from facilities that discharge into an impaired water body for which a plan has not yet been developed - these are listed waters under the CWA section 303(d) program - to also include facilities that discharge to an impaired water body for which the state has developed a plan to return the water to its designated uses

Site Related Environmental law:Impaired Waters: Under section 303(d) of the CWA, states are required to develop lists of impaired waters. These are waters for which technology-based regulations and other required controls are not stringent enough to meet the water quality standards set by states.

( not to scale)

north

Beaver Creek

Proposed Highway 48Existing Highway 93

0 200 400 6 0100Feet

1 inch = 300 feet

Å0 220 440 660110Feet

1 inch = 300 feet

Legend

BoundaryLine

north0 300 600

Feet300’ 600’

FeetScale: 1” = 300’

climate analysis

Snow Fall Analysis Average Snow Fall =160 inches/year

Max Avg Min SumTemperature

Max Temperature 91 °F 62 °F 13 °F

Mean Temperature 79 °F 50 °F 6 °F

Min Temperature 72 °F 38 °F -8 °F

Degree Days

Heating Degree Days (base 65) 59 17 0 6099

Cooling Degree Days (base 65) 14 2 0 715

Growing Degree Days (base 50) 28 8 0 2960

Dew Point

Dew Point 74 °F 41 °F -13 °F

Precipitation

Precipitation 1.86 in 0.12 in 0.0 in 39.29 in

Snowdepth 16.0 in 1.6 in 0.0 in -

Wind

Wind 31 mph 4 mph 0 mph

Gust Wind 48 mph 20 mph 16 mph

Sea Level Pressure

Sea Level Pressure 30.54 in 30.04 in 28.25 in

Temperature

Degree Days

Dew Point

Precipitation

Wind

Sea Level Pressure

2010-2011 Weather History Chart for Davis, WVA cool, moist climate characterizes the region. The flat-lying basins where many wetlands occur function as frost pockets, catching and pooling cold air that drains from the surrounding uplands. Rainfall in this region is the highest in the state, with 30-year averages ranging from 1220-1680 mm/yr (48-66 in/yr) (SCAS 2000). Temperatures are low and growing seasons are short compared to the rest of the state. The 30 year mean annual temperature from 1971-2000 was 6.7-9.4 oC (44-49 oF) at four stations in the project area (SRCC 2007). Mean annual soil temperature ranges from 7.2-9.4oC (45-49 oF) (Prescott et al. 2006).

Climate Analysis

Average Annual Precipitation (inches)

High Allegheny Wetlands

climate analysis

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north

Beaver Creek

Proposed Highway 48Existing Highway 93

Project Area

Sun Aspect Map:Because of the sun angle, slopes ranging from north-north-west to east-north-east only receive sunlight for a portion of the day and are there for cooler. Slopes ranging from south-south-east to west-south-west receive the greatest amount of sunlight through out the day and are there for warmer.

What this tells us:Because of the amount of sunlight reaching the northern banks of the stream these banks become warmer and influences the vegetation types and habitat of this area. We will focus on vegetating the southern banks to keep the stream at a cool temperature for downstream fish habitat.

Slope Legend:

0-4% slope

4-8% slope

8-16% slope

16-24% slope

24->% slope

Slope Map: Analysis of this map shows that the site area is relatively flat mainly ranging from 4-8% slope no slopes directly within the site boundry exceed 12%.

8% -8%

-16%

6-24

4->

m mapaplyly f flalat t mamaslslopopeses

eded 1 12%2%

slopeslope

% slope

4% slope

% slope

s shohowsws t thahat t ththe e sisitete mamaininlyly r ranangigingng f frorom m

eses d dirirecectltly y wiwiththinin t thehe s sitite e 2%2%..

slope/aspect analysis

0-4% slope

0-4% slope

4-8% slope

4-8% slope

8-16% slope

8-16% slope

Section B-B’

Section B-B’

Section A-A’

Section A-A’

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15Beaver Creek

north

north

0 300 600

Fee

60’ 120’1” = 60’

0 300 600

Fee

60’ 120’1” = 60’

Beaver Creek

Proposed Highway 48Existing Highway 93

Beaver Creek

Proposed Highway 48Existing Highway 93

BXC

LkC

LkC

ByC

Crd

soil analysis

BXC

LkC

LkC

ByC

Crd

soil analysis

north

BXC - Brinkerton-Lickdale association, 0 to 15 percent slopes, very rubbly:• Found in drainage ways and drainhead complexes • Frost-free period: 80 to 120 days• Parent material: Fine-silty colluvium derived from acid shale• Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders: 52.0 percent• Depth to restrictive feature: 13 to 26 inches to fragipan• Drainage class: Poorly drained• Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water• (Ksat): Moderately low to moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr)• Depth to water table: About 0 to 6 inches• Available water capacity: Low (about 3.3 inches)

CrD - Cedarcreek extremely channery loam, moderately steep:• Found on upland slopes• Frost-free period: 115 to 165 days• Parent material: Mine spoil or earthy fill derived from sandstone and shale• Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders: 1.6 percent• Depth to restrictive feature: 10 inches to• Drainage class: Well drained• Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water• (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.60 to 6.00 in/hr)• Depth to water table: More than 80 inches• Available water capacity: Very low (about 1.2 inches)

ByC - Brinkerton-Nolo complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes, rubbly:• Found on drainhead complexes and drainageways• Frost-free period: 80 to 120 days• Parent material: Fine-loamy residuum weathered from shale and siltstone• Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders: 9.0 percent• Depth to restrictive feature: 13 to 18 inches to fragipan; 40 to 60• inches to lithic bedrock• Drainage class: Poorly drained• Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water• (Ksat): Moderately low to moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr)• Depth to water table: About 0 to 6 inches• Available water capacity: Very low (about 2.4 inches)

LkC - Leetonia very cobbly loamy sand, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very rubbly:• Found on Plateaus• Frost-free period: 80 to 120 days• Parent material: Loamy residuum weathered from sandstone• Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders: 65.0 percent• Depth to restrictive feature: 40 to 60 inches to lithic bedrock• Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained• Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water• (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.85 to 1.70 in/hr)• Depth to water table: More than 80 inches• Available water capacity: Very low (about 1.0 inches)

BXC

LkC

ByC

CrD

Soil Analysis:Communities in this system are poorly drained and have a high volume of their surface area covered with stones and bolders. They also have substrates of shallow to deep peat (a few inches to 10 ft in depth), or less commonly, mineral soil. Soils are acid to circumneutral, with pH ranging from 3.1 to 6.5. Compared to upland and wetland soils statewide, soils in the area exhibit typically high values for soil organic matter, total exchange capacity, estimated nitrogen release, soluble sulphur, and phosphorus.

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Beaver Creek

Proposed Highway 48Existing Highway 93

!C

!C!C!C

!C

!C

DB9

DB8

DB7

DB6DB5DB4DB3

DB2

DB1 DB19

DB18DB17DB16

DB15

DB14DB13DB12

DB11

DB10

³AVG_pH

AVG_pH

3.5000 - 5.0000

5.0001 - 6.0000

6.0001 - 8.0000

!C Potential Treatment Areas

Potential AMD tributaries

Streams

State Road 93

Roads

Surface Mining

Underground Mining

AML

Permit Boundaries

hydrology analysis

Watershed Ph Sampling Points for Liming Sites Project SiteWatershed

Fresh water shrub wetland

Hydrology Analysis Map

Surface Flow Direction

Fresh water emergent wetland

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PH for Bio-Chem monitoring points along Beaver Creek/Tucker County

BioChemID Three readings on different dates

DB 1 7.01 8.2 5.91 7.0 DB 2 6.71 6.44 6.69 6.6 DB 3 6.79 6.41 5.78 6.3 DB 4 4.01 3.74 2.68 3.5 DB 5 5.63 4.93 7.6 6.1 DB 6 5.91 5.11 4.58 5.2 DB 7 6.6 5.4 4.95 5.7 DB 8 6.23 4.75 4.07 5.0 DB 9 5.49 4.2 4.79 4.8 DB 10 5.99 4.7 5.1 5.3 DB 11 6.63 4.85 5.4 5.6 DB 12 6.79 4.67 5.21 5.6 DB 13 6.63 5.39 4.79 5.6 DB 14 6.54 5.04 6.16 5.9 DB 15 6.11 8.1 5.9 6.7 DB 16 7.04 8.13 5.79 7.0 DB 17 6.7 5.2 5.55 5.8 DB 18 6.91 8.25 6.04 7.1 DB 19 7.14 7.86 7.26 7.4

ph < 6.0

ph < 5.0

Project Site

Hydrology Analysis Map

e Flow Direction

w

e

w

water shrub wetland

e Flow Direction

water emergent wetland

Beaver CreekFlows West

north

( not to scale)

Stream Acidification: The mining of Beaver Creek watershed, both sur face deep mining, consists mainly in the Allegheny Upper Freepor t and Glenshaw Bakerstown coal seams. More than 30% of the watershed has been mined according to the WV Geologic and Economic Survey. Much of the mining occured prior to the Sur face Mining Control Act (SMCRA) and many of the tributaries of Beaver Creek have a history of acid mine drainage.

Stream Liming: A thesis submitted by to the Civil and Environmental Engineering Depar tment at WVU by Patrick Hudnall recommends reclaiming upper Beaver Creek by adding limestone sands. Remediation methods for the tributaries include a combination of passive treatment systems which should also be sufficient to treat the main stream of Beaver Creek through the lower section.

north

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Crushed Culver t

Existing Highway 93:Heavy traffic from Coal trucks leaving sur face mines heading to and from Mt. Storm Power Substation.

Crushed Culver t:A section of road and underlying 100 f t long culver t that previously served as access to the Buffalo Coal Mine has failed to maintain its structural integrity and has collapsed under the weight of overlying material. This was due in par t to erosion and the daily traffic of heavy coal truck use. This creates a blockage for aquatic organism passage.

A. Up-Stream Sedimentation:Up stream from the culver t the stream is fi l l ing with fine

B. Down-Stream Pool:Downstream from the culver t a large pool has developed. The pool is over twice the width of the channel and was eroded when the culver t was flowing. The pool has the potential to increase water temperature to the downstream fisheries.

C. Vegetation Cover:Canopy vegetation is absent throughout the this area and will need to be brought back to a more natural condition to decrease water temperature and increase habitat.

Restoration at this site wil l include:• removing the culver t• re-shaping the banks to a more stable angle of repose • narrowing the channel through the over widened pool• enhancing the in-stream habitat with woody debris• Establishing canopy species• establishing a public access point and limestone

depositing station

What to expect when the culver t is removed: • Increased soil saturation will occur where the banks of

the stream are graded back to a more stable angle of repose.

• Aquatic organisms passage will increase. • water level in up-stream wetlands will decrease

stream restoration site analysis

Crushed Culver tSite Area Map

Existing Highway 93: wil l become a continuation of the existing highland railtrail system connecting to Davis, WV

Buffalo Coal

Beaver CreekFlows West

A

B

C

0 300 600

Fee

300’ 600’Feet

Scale: 1” = 300’north

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19

D. View looking Nor th at the large coal storage area. Storage area will be buffered from this viewshed.

Landscape Character: The Landscape character of the site gives it the visual and cultural image and consists of physical, biological and cultural attributes that make each landscape identif iable and unique. Landscape character embodies distinct landscape attributes that exist throughout an area, these attributes on our site are:• Predominantly Naturally appearing landscape• Evidence of Human disturbance• Formation of Hummocks on the sur face of the wetlands• Dense patches of Hemlock and Red Spruce• Rock formations close to soil sur face• Opening in the canopy of over story vegetation• Over story canopy equal to or less that 50f t in height• Shor t shrubland species less than 15f t in height• Dendrit ic channelization of the stream

landscape character analysis

C. View of stream and wetland landscape Character to be enhanced

A. View of sediment build up in wetland/stream that wil l diminish when the culver t is removed

Viewshed Map

B. Area to be preserved as a secluded viewshed

DC

B A

( not to scale)

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20landscape character analysis

Viewshed Map

DC

B A

( not to scale)

VIew of the crushed culver t that wil l be removed for restoration

Wetland and Stream Aerial

Stream Aerial

Stream Aerial

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21composite analysis

Composite Analysis

0 300 600

Fee

300’ 600’Feet

Scale: 1” = 300’north

Slope AnalysisSlope Analysis

Aspect Analysis

Hydrology Analysis

Soil Analysis

Landscape Analysis

Most Suitable for developmentnot suitable for l ime dump and fishing pier

Moderately Suitable for DevelopmentSuitablle for :• Trails• Outdoor classroom• Parking• Small structures• Public pavil ions• Recreation

Preservation AreaSuitable for :• Raised walks• Lime sand deposit• Raised pavil ions• Learning kiosks• Fishing pier• Stream restoration

• Enhancing vegetation

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22 compatibil ity/suitabil ity matrix

Facil it ies Capabil ity Diagram

Recreation Capabil ity Diagram

Land Cover Recreation Restrictions

Facility Elements 0-4%

4-8%

8-16

%

16-2

4%

24%

& G

reat

er

Bri

nker

ton-

Lick

dale

Leet

onia

Ver

y C

obbl

y Lo

amy

San

d

Bri

nker

ton-

Nol

o C

ompl

ex

Ced

arcr

eek

Extr

emel

y

Cha

nner

y Lo

am

Fres

hwat

er/F

ores

ted

Shr

ub

Wet

land

Min

e La

nd

Har

dwoo

d Fo

rest

Pas

sive

Act

ive

US

48

WV

93

Bea

ver

Cre

ek

Import

ant

Vie

wsh

eds

X Country Skiing Trails

Biking Trails

Hiking Trails

Outdoor Classroom

Learning Kiosk

Patrol Center

Information Center

Public Pavillions

Lodging

Restrooms

Parking

ADA Fishing Peir

Incompatable

Slope Soils

High ModeratlySite Suitabil ity Diagram

Activities

Activities

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HikingBiking

Outdoor

Learning

Wildlife

Viewing

Relaxation

Recreation

XC

Skiing

Running

relationship diagrams

Relationship Diagram #1

Pros: • shows good hierarchy of impor tance

through the use of scale• star ts to show how areas should

connect

Cons:• to general• doesn’t show relation of individual

uses

Relationship Diagram Breakdown

Pros: • through spatial relation this shows the

compatibil ity of recreational uses to each other

Cons:

• doesn’t show how the recreation in integrated with the facil it ies

Recreation

Stream

Fishing

Pier

Parking

Lodging

Highway

Access

Info

Center

Restore

Pavillion

Wetland

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Relationship Diagram #4

Pros: • Represents the most cohesive relation

of site elements in a way that assist in developing the masterplan

Cons: • Not site specific

Stream

Novice

Fishing

Advanced

Fishing

Viewsheds

Parking

Secluded

Lodging

Community

Lodging

Coal Mine

Highway

Access

Info

Center

Restore

RelaxPavillion

Learn

Hiking

Running

Biking

XC

SkiingWetland

relationship diagrams

Recreation

Stream

Fishing

Pier

Parking

Lodging

Highway

Access

Info

Center

Restore

Pavillion

Wetland

Relationship Diagram #1

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Novice

Fishing

NNNN

FFFFiAdvanced

Fishing

Community

Lodges

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCooooooooooooommmmm

Lodg

Secluded

Lodges

Coal Mine

Parking

Info

CenterRestorestoree

Learn

Running

Relax

Viewsheds

XC

Skiing

Biking

Wetland

Highway Access

HikingParking

site related diagrams

Site Related Diagram #1This diagram shows the relation of site amenities with the consideration of compatibil ity, suitabil ity and scale.

0 300 600

Fee

300’ 600’Feet

Scale: 1” = 300’north

Relationship Diagram #2

Pros: • Represents the most cohesive relation

of site elements in a way that assists in developing the masterplan

Cons:

• Not site specific

Stream

Novice

Fishing

Advanced

Fishing

Viewsheds

Parking

Secluded

Lodging

Community

Lodging

Coal Mine

Highway

Access

Info

Center

Restore

RelaxPavillion

Learn

Hiking

Running

Biking

XC

SkiingWetland

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26 site related diagrams

Novice

Fishing

NNNN

FFFFiAdvanced

Fishing

Community

Lodges

A

F

ni

s

Secluded

Lodges

Coal Mine

yyyyyynittyyyyyy

sParking

Info

Center

Restoreree

Learn

gRunning

Relax

Viewsheds

XC

Skiing

Biking

Wetland

Highway Access

Hiking

Parking

This diagram shows a more refined layout influenced by existing site features. Things were planned out in a way that would do minimal disturbance to existing natural conditions.

Site Related Diagram #2

0 300 600

Fee

300’ 600’Feet

Scale: 1” = 300’north

Relationship Diagram #2

Pros: • Represents the most cohesive relation

of site elements in a way that assist in developing the masterplan

Cons: • Not site specific

Stream

Novice

Fishing

Advanced

Fishing

Viewsheds

Parking

Secluded

Lodging

Community

Lodging

Coal Mine

Highway

Access

Info

Center

Restore

RelaxPavillion

Learn

Hiking

Running

Biking

XC

SkiingWetland

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27 how we got here

Intro to the project

Research information on the type of project and the location

Collaboration with sponsor

Develop a program:• mission• goals• objectives• activit ies• facil it ies

Inventory and Analysis:• location • demographics• culture• tourism• regional community• site specific community• flora• fauna• landcover• climate• slope• aspect• soil• hydrology• stream restoration

• landscape character

Suitabil ity Map

Compatibil ity Matrix

Suitabil ity Matrix

Compatibil ity/ Suitabil ity diagrams

Site Related diagrams

Conceptual Master plan

Design Process

conceptual master plan

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Å0 220 440 660110Feet

1 inch = 300 feet

Legend

BoundaryLine

Learning Trails

Information Center

ParkingRail Trail

Novice Fly Fishing

Hiking Trails Throughout non Categorized Locations

Advanced Fly Fishing

Restoration

Vegetation to Buffer Buffalo Coal

Revegetated Corridor

Parking

Bikes Trails

LodgingCommunity

US 48

Recreation Opportunity

Conceptual Master plan #1

Conceptual Master plan: these graphics represent the solution to the design problem with the most cohesive relation to the site

Å0 220 440 660110Feet

1 inch = 300 feet

Legend

BoundaryLine

Learning Trails

Information Center

ParkingRail Trail

Novice Fly Fishing

Hiking Trails Throughout non Categorized Locations

Advanced Fly Fishing

Restoration

Vegetation to Buffer Buffalo Coal

Revegetated Corridor

Bikes Trails

LodgingCommunity

US 48

Recreation Opportunity

Conceptual Master plan #2

0 300 600Feet

300’ 600’Feet

Scale: 1” = 300’north

Å0 220 440 660110Feet

1 inch = 300 feet

Legend

BoundaryLine

Å0 220 440 660110Feet

1 inch = 300 feet

Legend

ExistingHighway

Å0 220 440 660110Feet

1 inch = 300 feet

Legend

US48

Stream

NoviceFishing

NoviceFishing

NoviceFishing

Advanced Fishing

Advanced Fishing

Advanced Fishing

Advanced Fishing

Community Lodges

Secluded Lodges

Viewsheds

Parking

Secluded Lodging

Community Lodging

Coal Mine

Relax

Pavillion

Parking InfoCenter

Restore

Learn

Learn

Hiking

Running

RunningRelax

Viewsheds

XCSkiing

XCSkiing

Biking

Wetland

Highway Access

Hiking

Parking

Stream

NoviceFishing

Advanced Fishing

Viewsheds

Parking

Secluded Lodging

Community Lodging

Coal Mine

HighwayAccess

InfoCenter

Restore

RelaxPavillion

Learn

Hiking

RunningBiking

XCSkiing

Wetland

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29

IN COLLABORATION WITH:

WV Division of Natural Resources Stream Restoration and Habitat Enhancement Program (SR&HE)

Canaan Valley Institute(Todd Miller & Ed Watson) 94 RiverStone Road Davis, WV 26260 © Canaan Valley Institute 2011

WV Natural Resource Analysis CenterWest Virginia University(Paul Kinder & Adam Riley)

West Virginia Water Research InstituteWest Virginia University(Paul F. Ziemkiewicz)

RARE PLANT COMMUNITIES IN CANAAN VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIARonald H. Fortney, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Steven L. Stephenson, Department of Biological Sciences, Fairmont State College; and James S. Rentch, Division of Forestry, West Virginia University Fortney and Rentch 2003

RESPONSE OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES TO HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN AN APPALACHIAN WATERSHEDLara B. Hedrick, Stuart A. Welsh, James T. Anderson, Lian-Shin Lin, Yushun Chen ,Xinchao WeiReceived: 9 December 2008 / Revised: 9 December

MID-ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS ACTION PROGRAMThis report was prepared by Canaan Valley Institute with the assistance of FTN Associates. This publication was developed under Cooperative Agreement No. R-82951201-0 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Prepared July, 2003

CLASSIFICATION AND CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT OF HIGH ELEVATION WETLAND COMMUNITIES IN THE ALLEGHENY MOUNTAINS OF WEST VIRGINIABy Elizabeth A. Byers, James P. Vanderhorst, and Brian P. Streets West Virginia Natural Heritage Program WV Division of Natural Resources, Wildlife Resources SectionP.O. Box 67, Elkins, WV 26241 4 December 2007

WATERSHED RESTORATION NOTES: LIMESTONE SAND: PROS AND CONSPrepared by William E. Sharpe, professor of forest hydrology,and Bryan R. Swistock, extension associate Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences research, extension, and resident education programs are funded in part by Pennsylvania counties, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. ©The Pennsylvania State University 2005

“HEART OF THE HIGHLANDS TRAIL SYSTEM.” Heart of the Highlands Trail System. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2012. <http://www.heartofthehighlandstrail.org/aboutus.html>.

A HANDBOOK FOR MANAGERS OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPESConservation and Stewardship Publication No. 5 Written by Barbara Slaiby and Nora Mitchell, with contributions from Susan Buggey, Brent Mitchell and Stephen Engler, and editorial assistance from Leslie Hudson Woodstock, Vermont 2003

HABITAT REQUIREMENTS FOR FRESH WATER FISHERIES by Dr. James V. Morrow, Jr. and Dr. Craig Fischenich May 2000

LANDSCAPE AESHETICS A HANDBOOK FOR SCENERY MANAGEMENTDecember 1995 This handbook supercedes AH-462,National Forest Landscape Management,Volume 2, Chapter 1,The Visual Management SystemIssued April 1974

references cited