Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Amer J of Potato Res (2006) 83:241-247 241
B e a c o n Chipper: A Round White Chip-Process ing P o t a t o Variety
D. S. D o u c h e s 1., J. C o o m b s ' , R. H a m m e r s c h m i d t ~, W. W. Kirk 2, C. Long 1, S. S n a p p ' , B e n K u d w a 3, D o n F l a n n e r y 4, a n d Ter ry B o u r g o i n 5
'Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 2Dept. of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
3Michigan Potato Industry Commission, 13109 Schavey Rd, Ste 7, Dewitt, MI 48820, USA 4Maine Potato Board, 744 Main St., Room 1, Presque Isle, ME 04769, USA
5Maine Seed Potato Board, 28 State House Station, Deering Bldg. AMHI Complex, Augusta, ME 04333-0028, USA *Corresponding author: Tel: 517-355-0271; Fax: 517-353-5174; Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
'Beacon Chipper ' is a high-yielding, round white
po ta to for the chip-processing market . This var ie ty has
an a t t rac t ive round appearance with shallow eyes and
high percentage of oversize tubers . Specific gravity in
Michigan ranges from 1.077 to 1.083. Beacon Chipper
may fit a window in raw product r equ i r emen t s be tween
out-of-the-field 'At lan t ic ' crop and a la te s torage crop.
This var ie ty has some to le rance to common scab (S tep-
t omy ces s cab ie s Thax te r ) in comparison to At lant ic and
'Snowden ' . Beacon Chipper also has good chip-process-
ing s torage character is t ics ( l ight color and low a m o u n t
of defects) and b e t t e r to le rance to pressure bru ise t han
Snowden. Based upon n i t rogen and spacing managemen t
studies, we recommend tha t Beacon Chipper be p lan ted
a t 20-cm within-row spacing with 180 lbs N/acre to max-
imize U.S. No. 1 yield and quality. The origin and pedi-
gree of Beacon Chipper is cu r ren t ly unknown, despi te
ex tens ive f ingerpr in t analyses. The name Beacon Chip-
per was chosen to ref lect the common naut ica l theme of
Michigan and Maine.
RESUMEN
Beacon Chipper es una var iedad de papa de al to
rendimiento , de tub4rculos redondos, blancos, apropia-
dos para el mercado de p rocesamien to de hojuelas. Es ta
Accepted for publication 28 December 2005. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: Solanum tuberosum, cultivar, Strepto- myces scabies
variedad t iene una a t rac t iva apar ienc ia r edonda con
ojos poco profundos y u n al to porcen ta je de tub~rculos
de gran tamafio. La gravedad especifica en Michigan
var ia de 1.077 a 1.083. Beacon Chipper puede l l enar el
vacio de mate r ia pr ima requer ido del p roducto en t r e el
cult ivo de At lant ic despu~s de cosecha y uno de almace-
namien to tardlo. Es ta var iedad t i ene c ier ta to le ranc ia a
la s a rna comtin ( S t e p t o m y c e s s c ab i e s Thax te r ) en com-
parac i6n con At lant ic y Snowden. Beacon Chipper t i ene
tambi~n buenas caracter is t icas de a lmacenamien to del
producto en hojuelas (color claro y pocos defectos) y
mejor to le ranc ia a l a s magul laduras por p res i6n que
Snowden. Tomando como base es tudios de mane jo de
n i t r6geno y espaciamiento se recomienda que Beacon
Chipper se s iembre a 20 cm en t r e surcos con 180 lbs de
N/acre para l levar al mdyAmo el r end imien to y calidad de
U.S. No. 1. E1 or igen y genealogla de Beacon Chipper es
gene ra lmen te desconocido a pesar de un amplio an~lisis
de su perfi l de ADN. E1 nombre de Beacon Chipper rue
escogido para ref le jar el t ema n~ut ico de Michigan y
Maine.
BACKGROUND
'Beacon Chipper' is a new round white potato variety
(Solanum tuberosum L.) identified at Michigan State Univer-
sity, Maine Seed Potato Board, and Maine Potato Board that
can be grown for chip-processing markets. Beacon Chipper
was evaluated as Unknown Eastern Chipper (UEC). Beacon
Chipper is a high-yielding, round white potato with an attrac-
tive round appearance with shallow eyes. Specific gravity in
Michigan ranges from 1.077 to 1.083 for this variety. Beacon
242 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH Vol. 83
Chipper should fit into Michigan's production scheme by filling
a window in raw product requirements between out-of-the-
field 'Atlantic' crop and a late storage crop. Beacon Chipper
has been observed to be tolerant of mid-season heat stress
with early to mid-season bulking. This variety has some toler-
ance to Streptomyces scabies (common scab) in comparison
to Atlantic and 'Snowden'. Beacon Chipper also has good chip-
processing storage characteristics and better tolerance to
pressure bruise than Snowden. The origin and pedigree of Bea-
con Chipper is currently unknown, despite extensive fmger-
print analysis.
Beacon Chipper was previously tested and labeled as the
clone B0766-3 and then as UEC. The correctly labeled B0766-3
is a USDA/ARS BeltsviUe, MD, potato clone. The two clones
Beacon Chipper and B0766-3 have undergone fingerprint anal-
ysis at Michigan State University, and the pattern of B0766-3
does not match that of Beacon Chipper. Thus, the Beacon
Chipper clone tested was first incorrectly referred to as B0766-
3. No known variety or breeding clone matches the Beacon
Chipper fingerprint pattern to date.
Beacon Chipper seed that was used for all trials in Michi-
gan from 2001 to 2004 was obtained from Devoe Seed Farm,
Limestone, ME. The initial seed stock was obtained from the
Maine State Seed Farm (Porter Seed Farm). The Michigan
State University fmgerprint data of Beacon Chipper shows an
identical match between the Devoe Farm seed and the tissue
culture plantlets at the Porter Seed Farm from which all the
seed labeled as Beacon Chipper has been derived.
FIGURE 1. Tuber (A), f lower (B), leaf samples (C) and light sprouts (D) o f Beacon Chipper.
2006 D O U C H E S et al.: BEACON CHIPPER 243
VARIETAL DESCRIPTION
Plant Vine and Foliage Growth habit: medium to tall height, semi-erect with a
balance be tween s tems and foliage visible. Stems: anthocyanin
absent, wings are medium. Leaves: medium-green (Royal Hor-
ticulture Society [RHS] Color Chart value 137A) with thickly
dense, short pubescence; medium leaf silhouette; petiole
anthocyanin coloration is absent; leaf stipules are medium
sized. Terminal leaflets: medium ovate with acuminate tip and
cordate base, with weak leaflet margin waviness. Primary
leaflets: four to five pairs pe r leaf, narrowly ovate leaf shape,
with acuminate tip and cordate base. Secondary and tertiary
leaflets: five pairs. Vine maturity: mid-season (120 days).
Inflorescence Six to 11 with an average of nine per plant; mean of 10 flo-
rets per inflorescence. Corolla: semi-stellate in shape with a
white color (RHS Color Chart value 155D). Calyx: anthocyanin
coloration is absent. Anthers: narrow cone shape with a yel-
low-orange color (RHS Color Chart value 17A). Stigma: capi-
tate and green (RHS Color Chart value 137B). Fertility: pollen
shed is abundant and female fertility is average. Fruit set in the
field is low.
Tubers Shape: round. The average tuber length x width x thickness
is 73 mm x 67 nun x 52 mm with an average weight of 183 g.
Skin: flaky with a brown color (RHS Color Chart value 167C).
Eyes: shallow eye depth, evenly distributed with an average 11
eyes/tuber, eyebrows have a slight prominence. Flesh: cream
(RHS Color Chart value 11D). Dormancy: medium, comparable
to Atlantic.
AGRONOMIC PRODUCTION
Field exper iments were conduc ted at the Montcalm
Research Farm in Entrican, MI, a central Michigan site on a
sandy loam soil representat ive of commercia l irrigated potato
production, to measure total and marketable yields, to deter-
mine tuber-size distribution, specific gravity, blackspot bruis-
ing, to evaluate tuber appearance and incidence of external
and internal defects. Beacon Chipper and other lines and
check variet ies were planted in a randomized complete block
design with four replications. Beacon Chipper's agronomic
performance has been tested for 3 years at the Montcalm
Research Farm, 3 years in the North Central Regional trials,
and 3 years in on-farm trials in Michigan. Three years
(2002-2004) of full season (140-145 days af ter planting)
TABLE 1--Michigan State University Advanced Variety Trials with Beacon Chipper
Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI.
t ha -~ Specific Chip % Tuber Quali.tY2 Entry US#1 Total Gravity Score 1 HH VD IBS BC
2002 (2 May-23 September, 144 d)
Beacon Chipper 44 46 1.072 1.0 10 8 0 0 Atlantic 37 39 1.078 1.5 28 3 5 0 Snowden 29 34 1.073 1.0 8 10 0 5 LSDo.os 6 6 0.002
2003 (7 May-29 September; 145 d)
Atlantic 38 . . . . . 4~1 1.089 1.0 28 - 0 0 3 Beacon Chipper 35 36 1.082 1.0 18 0 3 0 Snowden 31 33 1.085 1.0 35 0 0 0 LSDoo~ 7 7 0.004
2004 (3 May-20 September; 140 d)
Atlantic 39 41 1.104 1.0 28 10 0 3 Snowden 31 35 1.095 1.0 5 25 0 0 Beacon Chipper 31 32 1.092 1.0 5 8 0 0 LSD00n 5 5 0.003
1Chip score: Snack Food Association Scale (out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1 = excellent, 5 = poor. 2Quality: Percentage from 40 cut tubers of oversize tubers: HH: hollow heart; BC: brown center; VD: vascular discoloration; IBS: hltemal brown spot.
ag ronomic da ta at the
Michigan State University
Montcalm Research Farm
for B e a c o n Chipper in
compa r i son to Atlantic
and Snowden are summa-
rized in Table 1. The yield
of marketable tubers for
Beacon Chipper was
equiva len t to or be t t e r
than Atlantic and Snow-
den. Also, the incidence of
hol low heart in oversize
tubers for Beacon Chipper
was tess than for Atlantic.
The specif ic gravity for
Beacon Chipper was also
lower than Snowden and
Atlantic. In the North Cen-
tral Regional Trial (2001-
2003), Beacon Chipper 's
244 A M E R I C A N J O U R N A L O F P O T A T O R E S E A R C H Vol. 83
TABLE 2 - - N C R - 8 4 North Central Regional Variety TriaLs wi th Beacon Chipper Montcalm
Research Farm, Entrican, MI. = : := =
t h ~ ~ Specific Chip % Tuber Quality z Entry US#1 Total Gravity Score 1 HH VD IBS BC
2001 (1 May-5 September; 128 d)
Beacon Chipper 47 51 1.075 1.5 0 3 0 3 Atlantic 38 43 1.080 1.5 18 3 " 20 15 Snowden 31 41 1.073 1.0 8 10 0 3 LSDo.o~ 9 8 0.002
2002 (1 May-9 September; 131 d)
Atlantic 41 44 Beacon Chipper 38 40 Snowden 36 44
LSDoo ~ 8 8
Snowden 49 51 Beacon Chipper 35 37 Atlantic 33 36 LSD0.0~ 7 8
1.077 1.5 8 0 0 5 1.072 1.0 3 0 0 0 1.074 1.0 0 5 0 0 0.003
2003 (13 May-23 September; 133 d)
1.089 1.0 50 18 0 3 1.082 1.0 10 0 0 0 1.089 1.0 35 5 0 0 0.003
1Chip score: Snack Food Association Scale (out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1 = excellent, 5 = poor. 2Quality: Percentage from 40 cut tubers of oversize tubers: HH: hollow heart; BC: brown center; VD: vascular discoloration; IBS: internal brown spot.
TABLE 3 - - M S U Processing Potato Variety On-Farm Grower Trials wi th Beacon Chippe~.
t ha -1
Entry US#1 Total
Beacon Chipper 41 45 Snowden 35 41 Atlantic 34 40
Specific Chip % Tuber Quality ~ Gravity Score I HH VD IBS BC
2001
1.071 1.0 13 13 0 ~ O
1.072 1.O 3 10 3 0 1.075 1.2 27 13 0 0
2002
Beacon Chipper 40 42 1.069 1.0 3 3 0 0 Atlantic 34 41 1.072 1.0 0 3 3 0 Snowden 34 42 1.072 1.0 7 7 0 0
2003
Atlantic 48 53 1.082 1.0 10 3 0 3 Beacon Chipper 45 47 1.078 1.0 7 3 0 0 Snowden 35 39 1.077 1.0 0 7 0 0
Overall averages f rom three locations: Allegan, Monroe, and Montcalm counties. ~Chip score: Snack Food Association Scale (out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1 = excellent, 5 = poor. eQuality: Percentage from 40 cut tubers of oversize tubers: HH: hollow heart; BC: brown center, VD: vascular discoloration; IBS: internal brown spot.
2006 DOUCHES et al.: BEACON CHIPPER 245
yield performance was also similar to Atlantic and Snowden
(Table 2). Summarizing vine maturity data from 2001 to 2004,
Beacon Chipper was similar to Atlantic and Snowden (data not
shown). Beacon Chipper was included in on-farm trials in
Michigan from 2001 to 2004. Table 3 summarizes the agro-
nomic performance of three locations. Beacon Chipper had a
marketable yield similar to or better than Atlantic and Snow-
den in these trials.
Tuber yield and quality of Beacon Chipper was evaluated
in a 2-year study of response to nitrogen fertilizer and plant
population density. This experiment was conducted at the
Montcalm Research Farm. Seedpiece spacing treatments com-
pared a high plant population density (20-cm within-row spac-
ing) to a moderate plant population density (33-cm within-row
spacing). Nitrogen treatments followed recommended prac-
tice, including four applications of fertilizer applied at plant-
ing, emergence, tuber initiation, and tuber bulking. The four
nitrogen treatments compared were (1) the recommended fer-
tilizer rate of 202 N kg/ha; (2) a slow-release feffilizer applied
at the rate of 202 kg/ha; (3) a combination of conventional N
fertilizer and a poultry manure to provide an estimated avail-
able N level of 202 kg/ha (5600 kg/ha of dried manure was cred-
ited at 22.7 kg available N); and (4) conventional fertilizer at
302 N kg/ha as a higher-than-optimum level to test for response
of nitrogen responsive varieties.
U.S. No.1 yield in response to seed spacing and nitrogen
source were markedly similar in both years of the experiment
(data not shown). The highest yield was consistently obtained
from the narrow seed spacing, particularly at the recom-
mended fertilizer rate of 202 kg N/ha, 40.4 mt/ha with 20-cm
spacing compared to 31.6 mt/ha at 33-cm spacing (Figure 2).
The higher than recommended fertilizer rate of 302 kg N/ha did
not increase yields significantly and led to -20% higher resid-
ual inorganic nitrogen in the soil at harvest compared to the
202 kg N/ha rate (data not shown). The combination of 145.6
kg N/ha fertilizer plus poultry manure at 5600 kg/ha (202 kg
50
E "o _e >-
¢/}
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
302 Cony 202 Manure 202 Conv 202 Slow
[] 20 cm spacing I Nitrogen Regime (kg N/ha) [] 33 Cm spacing J
BTorbars indtcate ± 1 standard dewat~n
FIGU RE 2. Yield r e s p o n s e o f B e a c o n Chipper in 2 0 0 4 to t h r e e n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t s and t w o s e e d - s p a c i n g t r e a t m e n t s , narrow (20 cm wi th in r o w ) and w ide ( 3 3 cm wi th in row) . T h e r e w a s no s ign i f i cant fer t i l i zer × spac ing i n t e r a c t i o n in the ANOVA. Yields w i t h t h e s a m e l e t t e r d e s i g n a t i o n are no t s ign i f i cant ly d i f ferent as d e t e r m i n e d by l e a s t - s q u a r e m e a n s pair-wise c o m p a r i s o n s ( ~ = 0 .05) .
246 AMERICAN JOURNAL O F POTATO R E S E A R C H Vol. 83
N/ha manure ) e n h a n c e d yields of widely spaced plantings, a t
39.6 m t / h a c o m p a r e d to the cont ro l of 202 kg N/ha conven-
t ional fertil izer a t 31.6 mtfna_ Fert i l izer p lus m a n u r e t r e a t m e n t
did no t a l ter U.S. No.1 yield of n a r r o w spaced plantings,
c o m p a r e d to fertil izer alone.
Chip-processing quality of Beacon Chipper was assessed on
tubers f rom Montcalm Research Farm trials, on-farm trials, and
from samples placed in the Michigan Pota to Industry Demon-
strat ion Storage. Tables 1, 2, and 3 also compare Beacon Chipper
to Atlantic and Snowden from 2001 to 2004 f rom the Montca lm
Resea rch Fa rm trials ( advanced tr ials and Nor th Centra l
Reg iona l Trials); chip-
p rocess ing ou t of the field TABLE 4--MPIC C.E Burt Cargill Demonstration Storage Chip Results (2002-2003) for was accep tab le for Beacon
Beacon Chipper, Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI. . . . . . . . . . . . . Chipper , Snowden , a n d
Date: 11/12/2002 12/18/2002 Line Temp: 13.9 C 12.8 C
Atlantic 1.0 1.5 Beacon Chipper 1.0 1.0
Chip Scores: SFA Scale t Sample Dates
1/7/2003 2/11/2003 3/10/2003 4/10/2003 5/5/2003 6/3/2003 10.6 C 12.8 C 12.8 C 12.2 C 12.2 C 13.3 C
1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.5
*Snack Food Association chip score: Ratings: 1-5; 1 = excellent; 5 = poor. Chip scores were from two-slice samples from five tubers of each line collected at each sample date.
TABLE 5--Blackspot bruise susceptibility test with Beacon Chippe~. : . . . = _ - . - . . . = ~ : : : :
(%) Number of Spots per Tuber
Entry 0 1 2
2002 Snowden Beacon Chipper Atlantic
2003 Beacon Chipper Snowden Atlantic
2 0 0 4 Snowden Beacon Chipper Atlantic
. . . . . . Bruise Average 3 4 5+ Free Spots/Tuber
MSU A d v a n c e d Trial
16 4 4 1 64 0.6 10 12 2 1 40 0.8 6 10 4 4 1 24 1.4
15 9 1 60 0.4 5 12 5 2 1 20 1.3
10 5 3 3 1 3 40 1.6
3 6 11 5 12 1.7 1 8 9 6 1 4 1.9 1 5 8 7 2 2 4 2.4
N o r t h Centra l Reg iona l Trial 2001
Atlantic 17 6 1 1 68 0.4 Snowden 10 8 6 1 40 0.9 Beacon Chipper 9 8 8 36 1.0
2002 Atlantic IS 7 72 0.3 Beacon Chipper 16 6 3 64 0.5 Snowden 12 9 4 48 0.7
2003 Atlantic 13 8 3 1 52 0.8 Beacon Chipper 9 6 8 2 36 1.1 Snowden 3 5 4 6 2 5 12 2.6
Simulated blackspot bruise tests: Each four-replicate composite sample of 25 A-sized tubers were collected at harvest, held at 10 C (50 F) at least 12 h, and placed in a six-sided plywood drum and rotated 10 times to produce simulated braising. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber.
Atlantic. Tuber s amples were
also s to red at the Michigan
Po ta to Indus t ry Commiss ion
Commerc ia l D e m o n s t r a t i o n
Storage in Montcalm, MI, for
a 10 C ta rge t s torage t emper -
ature. Table 4 s h o w s the SFA
chip co lo r s c o r e s a n d
m o n t h l y s to rage t e m p e r a -
tu res f rom November 2001
th rough June 2002. In this
study, the chip co lo r of
Beacon Chipper was accept-
able t h r o u g h o u t the s torage
s e a s o n and comparab l e to
Atlantic.
To eva lua te b l a c k s p o t
bruise, t ube r samples f rom
B e a c o n Chipper , At lant ic ,
and Snowden were col lec ted
for a s imula ted bru ise t e s t at
the t ime of grading at the
M o n t c a l m R e s e a r c h Farm.
The da ta f rom 2001 to 2004
are s h o w n in Table 5. The
bru ise da ta are r ep r e sen t ed
in two ways: pe rcen tage of
b ru i s e - f r ee p o t a t o e s a n d
average n u m b e r of b ru i ses
p e r tuber. Bruising levels of
grea te r t h a n 1.5 b ru i ses pe r
t u b e r a n d less t h a n 20%
bru i se free are classified as
ve ry sens i t i ve to b ru i s ing
dur ing handling. The black-
2006 DOUCHES et al.: BEACON CHIPPER 247
T~LE 6 I M S U Scab Disease Nursery Evaluations with
Beacon Chipper, MSU Scab Disease Nursery,
Soils Farm, East Lansing, MI. . . . . . _ I _ _ _ _ _ I _ _
Year
Entry 2001 2002
Beacon Chipper 1.0 1.5 Atlantic 1.8 2.7 Snowden 2.0
Scab disease rating: MSU Scab Nursery;
2003 2004 Mean
1.3 1.5 1.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.1
0 = no infection, 1 = low infection <5%, 3 = intermediate, 5 = highly susceptible.
spot bruise reaction of Atlantic is classified to be sensitive.
Beacon Chipper is classified to have similar blackspot bruise
sensitivity.
database with over 250 lines and varieties. The electrophoretic
fmgerprint is unique to Beacon Chipper.
CHEMISTRY
Total tuber glycoalkaloids (TGA) were measured on
tubers collected at hm~cest from 2003 to 2004. These samples
were sent to Dr. Ken Deahl at the USDA/ARS/PSI Vegetable
Laboratory. For these TGA analyses, the extraction and rapid
high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determina-
tion method was used (Carman et al. 1986). In 2003, the level
of TGA was well within the acceptable range (below 20 mg
TGA/100 g fresh weight) for Beacon Chipper (8.1) and Atlantic
(7.5).
SEED AVAILABILITY
D I S E A S E RESISTANCE
Replicated field trials were conducted at the MSU Soils
Farm Scab nursery in East Lansing, MI, to assess resistance to
common and pitted scab (Streptomyces scabies). Table 6
compares Beacon Chipper to Atlantic and Snowden. Based
upon four years of trials, Beacon Chipper has scab incidence
rating that is less than Atlantic and Snowden.
Beacon Chipper was also evaluated for foliar suscepti-
bility to late blight (Phytophthora infestans de Bary).
Although resistance was not observed, the infection level was
similar to other varieties. Beacon Chipper does express PLRV
and mosaic symptoms, but it has not been formally tested for
its level of susceptibility. Observations during field seed
increase or during agronomic trials did not indicate any
unusual susceptibility to PVX, PVY, and PLRV. Beacon Chipper
had shown some tolerance to potato early die in field trials at
the Montcalm Research Farm in 2004 (G. Bird pers comm).
ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS
Leaf and tuber tissue were sampled from Beacon Chipper
to construct an electrophoretic fingerprint. The procedures
and allelic designations used are according to Douches and
Ludlam (1991). The transcript for eight enzyme loci is
described as Mdh-1Z12P14, Mdh-22222~2 ~, 6-Pgdh-313~3z3z,
Pgi-lZF'lZl z, Got-1:~1314p, Got-23252525, Pgm-11F1s1 ~, Pgm-
2z2:~2:~'2 J. This electrophoretic data is maintained as part of a
Virus-free tissue culture plantlets of Beacon Chipper are
maintained at the Maine Porter Seed Farm. Beacon Chipper
was also sent to Sklarczyk Seed Farm (8714 M32 East, Johan-
nesburg, MI 49751; Tel: 989-731-5452) and Krueger Seed Farm
(2797 W. Hawkes Hwy., Hawks, MI 49743; Tel: 989-734-7366).
Plant Variety Protection for Beacon Chipper is being sought.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The development and testing of Beacon Chipper was
supported in part by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment
Station, Michigan Potato Industry Commission, NCR-84 Potato
Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee and the USDA
Special Grant for Potato Breeding/Variety Development, Maine
Potato Board, and Maine Seed Potato Board.
LITERATURE CITED
Carman AS, SS Shia, GM Ware, OJ Francis and GP Kirschenheuter. 1986. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determi- nation of the potato glycoalkaloids (x-solanine and ct-chaconine. J Agric Food Chem 34:279-282.
Douches DS and K Ludlanl. 1991. Electrophoretic characterization of North American potato varieties. Am Potato J 68:767-780.
