BE300 Lecture 10

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Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology

CRICOS Provider Code 00301J

Lecturer: Dr Theodora Issa

Welcome toBusiness Ethics 300 (BE300)

Lecture 10

Why should managers review their decisions?

Reflection

REVIEW!2/11/2014

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First

TRIED to build upon in the workshops?

and

What did we do in the last NINE weeks in thelectures

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This weeks objectives

Explain the importance ofreviewing decisions

Define and apply the idea of

reflection-on-action

Define and apply the idea ofreflection-in-action

Synthesise S-T-A-R into acoherent approach

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WEEK 1

Introduction to Business EthicsWhatis Business Ethics?

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WEEK 2

What is Business for? (Telos ofBusiness, Dirty hands, Teleopathy )

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Non-Consequentialis

Consequentialism

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WEEK 3

How do we reconcile competing valuesand priorities?

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This has so far covered

The S in the S-T-A-Rframework

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WEEK 4we commenced our discussion on

the second part of the S-T-A-R framework -

THE T TALKING about the ethical issue

The Ethics of the Free Market

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WEEK 5continued with our discussion on

the second part of the S-T-A-R framework


Moral Relativism

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WEEK 6continued with our discussion on

the second part of the S-T-A-R framework


which was the FINAL session on TALKING

When should managers speak out?The Seeing-Talking Practitioner

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Teaching Weeks 4, 5, and 6

In teaching weeks 4, 5, and 6 we examined howand why managers should speak out.

Once we take an ethical position we should be ableto express it in an effective way and encourage

other to speak out.

By becoming seeing-talking practitioners we can

avoid ethical (and legal) transgressions that can puta business in a bad light or even lead to prosecutionand the negative consequences of whistleblowing.

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WEEK 7Commenced the discussion about

the A in the S.T.A.R. framework ACTING

(doing something)

How to Decide?

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WEEK 8continued the discussion about


(doing something)

Decision makingProblem Solving (1)Heuristicsbiases ?

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WEEK 9continued the discussion about


(doing something)

Decision makingProblem Solving (2)Tacit Knowing?

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Teaching weeks 7, 8, and 9

In teaching weeks 7, 8, and 9we explored how we can take

action based on our ethical

positions.

Most important was the roles ofreason and reasonableness and

the usefulness of heuristics andtacit knowing.

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Thus

It became clear that a rigid decision-makingmodel like those in the appendix of Grace andCohen (2013) are not really that useful in thebusy practice world of the manager. Such as

The AmericanAccountingAssociation

ModelSeven steps

The LauraNash Model

Twelve

Questions

The MichaelRion Model

six questions

Mary Guy:Values, rules

and a decisionmaking model

ANDOTHERS

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Therefore

So we have looked

at how to:See (S) the

ethicaldimension,

Talk (T) aboutethical aspects

ofproblems/issues

and

Act (A) ethicallyin makingdecisions.

As you have justdone in the

previous weeks,

In this week weare looking at

how to Review(R).

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Introduction

So far, we have learned that an effectiveapproach to thinking about businessethics in practice is to See (S) theethical dimensions, Talk (T) aboutethical issues and Act (A) on our ethical

positions.

The fourth element is to review(R)..

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Introduction

In the area of business ethics reviewing

means reflecting on and revising ourbeliefs, values, and ideas about our ethical

approaches to management practice.

However, it is not enough just to review

what you have done, it is also important tolock in the improvements you make as aresult.

To do this we must return to the Seeing(S) aspect of what we have learned about

to make sure that you incorporate you newknowledge into your practice

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So S-T-A-R becomes:

S

T

A

R

There are two ways of reviewing what you

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There are two ways of reviewing what you

do:

Reflection-on-action and

Reflection-in-action.

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Reflection-on-action (Schon, 1991)

This means looking back on decision that you made or actionthat you took.

Looking back on what you do as a manager is importantbecause it is an aspect of critical thinking that brings with it

many practice benefits.

It is about looking back on a decision or action tounderstand your intentions, actions and outcomes andsee how it could be done better next time.

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Therefore

To do this you shouldask and answerquestions about

your practice.

You look back at a

decision or action,understand it andlearn from it.

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Well

To follow are some suggestions on the sorts of questions

you should ask yourself, but you may want to develop

some better ones of your own:

T hi k 1 2 d 3

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Teaching weeks 1, 2, and

3 (S) (SEEING)

How well did Irecognise

variousstakeholders?

On whatethical basis

did I make mydecision?

T hi k 4 5 d 6

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Teaching weeks 4,5, and6 (T) (TALKING)

How well did Icommunicate withothers about my

decisions, before,during and after I

took action?

On whatbasis did Iprioritisevarious

interests/values?

T hi k 7

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Teaching week 7

Teaching week 7 (A)

(ACTING)

How welldid I reason

thingsthrough?

T hi k 8 d 9

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Teaching weeks 8 and 9

Teaching week 8 and 9 (A)

(ACTING)

Were thereany biases

in mydecision-

making?

T hi k 10 11 d 12

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Teaching weeks 10, 11 and

12 (R ) (REFLECTING)

How can Iimproveand whateffects will

it have?

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Therefore,

Reflecting-in-action andreflecting-on-action are twovery useful techniques forimproving your practice.

It helps build your repertoireor range of skills, knowledge,memories etc. that you can

draw on in future.

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Well

You might have already noticedthat these models have someoverlaps which is not surprisinggiven the main function of

reflection:

to learn from both experience

and theory, bringing bothtogether to deepenunderstanding.

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CONCLUSION

It is clear that we review how we do things in two ways.

The first is reflecting-in-action thatisthinking on our feet when we

are in a situation.

The second is reflecting-on-action. That is thinking aboutwhat we did after an event.

We have now learned where Reviewing fits into the S-T-A-R approach.

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MOVING FORWARD

In the next twoweeks you will be

tackling casestudies (from peer-reviewed journal

articles and news)so that you can

sharpen your skillsand knowledge.

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What is required from you for the next two

weeks

Organise andreview the

resources youhave built-up in thisunit over the

semester and bringthem with you tothe next seminar.

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Acknowledgements

These slides were derivedfrom material provided by

the previous unitcoordinator, the publishers

of the Grace and Cohenbook, the material on theblackboard, and other

sources derived from theweb, including some

images relevant to theconcepts under

discussion.

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Thank you!

Documents

BE300 Lecture 10