52
BE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

BE THE MATCH

The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood 

Stem Cell Transplantation 

Page 2: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Leukemia• Leukemia is a type of cancer of the 

blood or bone marrow. It is characterized by an increase in white blood cells. There are four types:– Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)– Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)– Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)– Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

• Leukemia is treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hematopoietic cell transplant.

• Incidence rates per 100,000– World: 5.0– More developed: 7.3– Less developed: 4.0– http://www.wcrf.org/cancer_statistics/d

eveloped_countries_cancer_statistics.php

Source of figure: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia

Page 3: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

PART I

Page 4: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

The Story of Xilan Part I: Related Donor

• At age 13, Xilan was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which was treated with chemotherapy. Xilan has been in remission for five years. She is now 18 years old, and of lately, she is feeling quite tired and running a fever. Her parent takes her to her doctor where a blood smear discovers a recurrence of the leukemia. Although she tolerated the first treatment well, her doctor recommends a hematopoietic cell transplant. She has 4 older siblings who immediately volunteer to be tested for being a donor. 

Bone marrow aspirate showing acute myeloid leukemia. Several blasts have Auer rods.Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

Page 5: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 1

Page 6: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

HLA and Matching

• Go to the following website to learn about related donors– http://www.stanford.edu/

dept/HPS/transplant/html/hla.html

• HLAs (human leukocyte antigens) are proteins located on white blood cells and other tissues that are inherited as “sets” from parents

There is a 1 in 4 chance of being an identical match with a sibling.

Page 7: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Gene Map of the HLA Region

Page 8: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

HLA Nomenclature

Source: http://hla.alleles.org/nomenclature/nomenclature_2009.html

Serological antigen

Page 9: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Types of Matching• Sibling

– Full match– haploidentical (haplo) match– No match

• Parent– haploidentical (haplo) match

• Unrelated donor– HLA full (8/8 HLA‐ A,‐B,‐C,‐DR) match– Partial match

• Umbilical cord blood (UCB) – HLA 6/6 (‐A,‐ B, ‐DR matches) – Partial match

Source: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/hla.html

Page 10: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 2

Page 11: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Related Donor

• Below is Xilan’s family tree. Draw genotypes of the four siblings of Xilan so that one is a full match, one is a haplo match but not a full match, and two are no matches.

Figure modified from: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/hla.html

Xilan

1,8,10

3,14,17

2,7,11

10,16,8

10,16,8

3,14,17

Page 12: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 3

Page 13: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Related Donor

• Investigate through simulations how likely it is that at least one of Xilan’s siblings is a full or haplomatch.

Figure modified from: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/hla.html

Xilan

1,8,10

3,14,17

2,7,11

10,16,8

10,16,8

3,14,17

Page 14: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Excel Simulation

1,8,10

3,14,17

2,7,11

10,16,8

1,8,10

10,16,8 10,16,8

3,14,17 3,14,17

2,7,11 2,7,11

1,8,103,14,17

10,16,8

Type 0 1Parent 1 1 8 10 3 14 17Parent 2 2 7 11 10 16 8

Sibling 1 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 8Sibling 2 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8Sibling 3 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 11Sibling 4 0 0 1 8 10 2 7 11

Full Match

Haplo Match

Sibling 1 0 1Sibling 2 1 1Sibling 3 0 1Sibling 4 0 0Total 1 3

Xilan is of type 1‐1

Xilan

Page 15: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

A B C D E F G12 Type 0 13 Parent 1 1 8 10 3 14 174 Parent 2 2 7 11 10 16 856 Sibling 1 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 87 Sibling 2 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 88 Sibling 3 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 119 Sibling 4 0 0 1 8 10 2 7 11

Xilan is of type 1‐1

Given

=IF(RAND()<0.5,0,1) =IF(C9=0,$C$3,$D$3)

=IF(D9=0,$C$4,$D$4)

Code I

Page 16: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Full and Haplo Match

Full 0 1

0 No No

1 No Yes

Haplo 0 1

0 No Yes

1 Yes Yes

Full match (both are “1”) if both haplotypes match: Logical AND

Haplo match (at least one “1”) if at least one haplotypes matches: Logical OR

Xilan is of type 1‐1

Page 17: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Code IIaA B C D E F G

12 Type 0 13 Parent 1 1 8 10 3 14 174 Parent 2 2 7 11 10 16 856 Sibling 1 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 87 Sibling 2 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 88 Sibling 3 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 119 Sibling 4 0 0 1 8 10 2 7 1110

11Full Match

Haplo Match

Full Match

Haplo Match

12 Sibling 1 FALSE TRUE 0 113 Sibling 2 TRUE TRUE 1 114 Sibling 3 FALSE TRUE 0 115 Sibling 4 FALSE FALSE 0 016 Total 1 3

Xilan is of type 1‐1

=AND(C9,D9) =OR(C9,D9)

=IF(D12,1,0)

=SUM(G12:G15)

Excel cannot count the number of “TRUE” or “FALSE.” A “TRUE” or “FALSE” needs to be converted first.

Page 18: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Code IIbA B C D E F G

12 Type 0 13 Parent 1 1 8 10 3 14 174 Parent 2 2 7 11 10 16 856 Sibling 1 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 87 Sibling 2 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 88 Sibling 3 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 119 Sibling 4 0 0 1 8 10 2 7 1110

11Full Match

Haplo Match

12 Sibling 1 0 113 Sibling 2 1 114 Sibling 3 0 115 Sibling 4 0 016 Total 1 3

Xilan is of type 1‐1

=C6*D6

=1‐(1‐C6)*(1‐D6)

=SUM(C12:C15)

If at least one entry is a “1”, the product is 0, and hence 1‐product is equal to 1.

Page 19: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

FURTHER EXPLORATION

Page 20: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Expand to larger families…

Type 0 1Parent 1 1 8 10 3 14 17Parent 2 2 7 11 10 16 8

Match 1‐1Sibling 1 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 11 0 0Sibling 2 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 8 0 0Sibling 3 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 1Sibling 4 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 2Sibling 5 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 8 0 2Sibling 6 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 11 0 2Sibling 7 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 3Sibling 8 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 4Sibling 9 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 5Sibling 10 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 8 0 5Sibling 11 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 11 0 5Sibling 12 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 6Sibling 13 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 7Sibling 14 0 1 1 8 10 10 16 8 0 7Sibling 15 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 8Sibling 16 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 11 0 8Sibling 17 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 11 0 8Sibling 18 1 0 3 14 17 2 7 11 0 8Sibling 19 1 1 3 14 17 10 16 8 1 9

New baby is of type 1‐1

Cumulative number of matching siblings

Page 21: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Binomial and Geometric Distribution

• Write a macro to simulate 500 families• Explore through simulations

– Number of siblings needed for first match– Number of matches for fixed number of siblings

• Theory– See worksheet

Page 22: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

PART II

Page 23: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

The Story of Xilan Part II: Unrelated Donor

• It turns out that none of Xilan’s four siblings is a suitable donor. Her friends from college learn about Xilan’sdisease and volunteer to help.

Page 24: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

• NMDP—History – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXwUzEkrWf0

• Transplant sources– Umbilical cord blood– Bone marrow– Peripheral blood stem cells– For more detail

• http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/bone‐marrow‐transplant

Page 25: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Ballen, K. K., King, R. J., Chitphakdithai, P., Bolan Jr, C. D., Agura, E., Hartzman, R. J., & Kernan, N. A. (2008). The national marrow donor program 20 years of unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation: journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 14(9 Suppl), 2.

Page 26: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Pediatric and adult transplants facilitated by NMDP

Ballen, K. K., King, R. J., Chitphakdithai, P., Bolan Jr, C. D., Agura, E., Hartzman, R. J., & Kernan, N. A. (2008). The national marrow donor program 20 years of unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation: journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 14(9 Suppl), 2.

Page 27: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Survival of patients with early and intermediate disease depending on degree of HLA matching (8/8, 7/8, and 6/8) for HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1.

Lee S J et al. Blood 2007;110:4576-4583©2007 by American Society of Hematology

Eligible diagnoses included acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and myelodysplasticsyndrome (MDS).

Modified slide

HLA Matching of Unrelated Donors:Survival of Recipients

Page 28: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Student Engagement• NMDP—Community engagement 

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3L8p_rhiPuw• Doctors choose registry members between 18 & 44 more than 90% of the time.– College drives to sign up potential donors

Kollman, C., Howe, C. W., Anasetti, C., Antin, J. H., Davies, S. M., Filipovich, A. H., ... & Confer, D. L. (2001). Donor characteristics as risk factors in recipients after transplantation of bone marrow from unrelated donors: the effect of donor age. Blood, 98(7), 2043‐2051.

Page 29: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 1

Page 30: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Finding a donor in your county I

• Census Data– Go to http://www.census.gov/2010census/

– Select a state– Click on “Areas within”

Page 31: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Finding a donor in your county II

• Click on “Search”

Page 32: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Finding a donor in your county III

• Select  a county• Click “Display”

Page 33: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Finding a donor in your county IV

• Display data from county

• Population by Race

Page 34: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Finding a donor in your county V• Population by Ethnicity

– Hispanic or Latino– Non Hispanic or Latino

• Population by Race– White– African American– Asian– American Indian and Alaska 

Native– Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander– Other– Identified by two or more

• NMDP Classification• EUR

– White but not Hispanic/Latino• AFA

– African American• API

– Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander

• HIS – Hispanic

• Find the population size according to NMDP in your county of choice

Page 35: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Example: Ramsey County, MN

• NMDP Classification• EUR

– White but not Hispanic/Latino• AFA

– African American• API

– Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander• HIS 

– Hispanic

White 356,547  African American 56,170    Asian 59,301    American Indian and Alaska Native 4,043      Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 247          Other 14,776    Identified by two or more 17,556    

Hispanic or Latino 36,483    Non Hispanic or Latino 472,157  

Ramsey County, Minnesota EUR 320,064  

AFA 56,170    

API 59,548    

HIS 36,483    

Other 36,375    

Page 36: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 2

Page 37: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Tab: Unrelated Donor

HLA‐A serotype frequencies

Page 38: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 3

Page 39: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Example: Ramsey County, MN

• Type A1 (%) from NMDP data• Calculate the number of people in each ethnic/racial group in 

Ramsey county who are of type A1• Add up the number of people with this type• The likelihood of finding a match within these four groups is 

the relative frequency

EUR AFA API HIS Total320,064      56,170      59,548      36,483      472,265     

Type A1 (%) 17.21% 5.41% 5.08% 7.00%Type A1  55,070         3,038        3,026        2,555        63,689       

63,689Likelihood of match 0.1349 13.5%472,265

Page 40: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 4

Page 41: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

How many?

• The worksheet explains how to find the expected number of people needed for a match and the number of people required to find at least one match with a specified probability.

• Go to the worksheet and read the instructions under Task 4.

Page 42: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

PART III

Page 43: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

The Story of Xilan Part II: Genetic Distance

• Xilan’s family comes from the Tujia people, an ethnic minority in China. Which ethnic/racial group in the NMDP data base is closest based on the HLA‐A locus?

Tujia is location #3

Source: Zhang, L., Cheng, D., Tao, N., Zhao, M., Zhang, F., Yuan, Y., & Qiu, X. (2012). Distribution of HLA‐A,‐B and‐DRB1 Genes and Haplotypes in the TujiaPopulation Living in the Wufeng Region of Hubei Province, China. PloS one,7(6), e38774.

Page 44: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Genetic Distance between Populations

• Population 1 gene frequencies– [p1, p2, …, pn]

• Population 2 gene frequencies– [q1, q2, …, qn]

• Distance between the two populations

Cavalli‐Sforza, L. L., & Edwards, A. W. (1967). Phylogenetic analysis. Models and estimation procedures. American journal of human genetics, 19(3 Pt 1), 233.

Page 45: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Where does this come from?• Population 1 gene frequencies: [p1, p2]• Population 2 gene frequencies: [q1, q2]• Square root transformation

1 2

1 2 1 2

1 1 2 2

1 1 2 2

cos cos ︵ ︶

cos cos sin sin

p q p qp q p q

1

2

1 2,p p

1 2,q q

1 2

Page 46: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

TASK 1

Page 47: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Genetic Distances I 

• Calculate the genetic distances between the Tujia population and the ethnic/racial groups based on HLA‐A

A EUR_freq AFA_freq API_freq HIS_freq Tujia01 17.21% 5.41% 5.08% 7.00% 2.02%02 30.81% 18.78% 23.66% 26.96% 35.48%03 14.64% 8.22% 3.13% 8.08% 1.21%11 5.69% 1.58% 19.48% 4.67% 28.23%23 1.68% 10.80% 0.23% 3.72% 0.00%24 8.81% 2.37% 21.48% 13.10% 15.73%25 1.93% 0.50% 0.06% 0.88% 0.00%26 2.99% 1.52% 4.77% 3.04% 2.82%29 3.50% 3.74% 1.58% 4.52% 0.00%30 2.33% 13.33% 2.46% 5.32% 2.42%31 2.36% 1.06% 3.28% 4.97% 4.84%32 3.13% 1.41% 1.30% 2.74% 0.00%33 1.15% 6.57% 9.54% 3.26% 6.86%34 0.04% 3.41% 1.75% 0.35% 0.00%36 0.01% 2.43% 0.00% 0.28% 0.00%43 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%66 0.26% 2.50% 0.03% 0.65% 0.00%68 3.36% 10.23% 1.92% 8.91% 0.40%69 0.08% 0.04% 0.14% 0.55% 0.00%74 0.03% 5.37% 0.11% 0.75% 0.00%80 0.00% 0.71% 0.00% 0.25% 0.00%TOTAL 99.99% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.01%

Page 48: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Cosine

• The genetic distance αis calculated as cos α

• To find α, we use the Excel function ACOS

• Examples• “=COS(π/4)” results in 

0.707107• “=ACOS(0.707107)” 

results in 0.785398, which is approximately π/4 or 45⁰

=COS(PI()/4)

=ACOS(0.707107)

Page 49: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Genetic Distances II

Page 50: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

FURTHER EXPLORATION

Page 51: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Pairwise Distances

• Use the HLA‐A frequencies to calculate all pairwise genetic distances

• Use the distances to construct a tree that reflects the genetic distances

Page 52: BE THE MATCH - BioQUEST › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 02 › HLA-Presentation.pdfBE THE MATCH The Role of HLA in Finding a Match for Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem

Further Exploration• Table has frequencies for 

all HLA‐A serotypes by ethnic/racial group

• Use this table and the demographic data for your county to calculate the likelihood of a match for each type

• See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA‐A for more information on HLA‐A

A EUR_freq AFA_freq API_freq HIS_freq1 0.17206 0.05408 0.05082 0.070032 0.30806 0.18782 0.23659 0.269583 0.14639 0.08215 0.03133 0.0808311 0.05686 0.01581 0.1948 0.0466823 0.01684 0.10795 0.00226 0.0371524 0.08812 0.02372 0.21484 0.1310225 0.01931 0.00499 0.00056 0.0087926 0.02992 0.01519 0.04771 0.0303729 0.03495 0.03744 0.01581 0.0451830 0.02332 0.13332 0.02456 0.0532131 0.02357 0.01061 0.03275 0.049732 0.03133 0.01414 0.01299 0.0273633 0.01149 0.06572 0.09543 0.0326334 0.00044 0.03412 0.0175 0.0035136 0.00006 0.02434 0 0.0027643 0 0.00021 0 066 0.00261 0.02496 0.00028 0.0065268 0.0336 0.10233 0.01919 0.0891169 0.00076 0.00042 0.00141 0.0055274 0.00025 0.05365 0.00113 0.0075380 0 0.00707 0 0.00251

TOTAL 0.99994 1.00004 0.99996 0.99999