“Be a lamp, a lifeboat, or a ladder.” · Coronary vessels Arteries and veins that ... Veins Vein Vessel that carries blood toward the heart. Venules Small-sized vein that connects

“Be a lamp, a lifeboat, or a ladder.”

Cardiovascular System 1

-Rumi

Lesson Plan: Cardiovascular System 1

  5 minutes: Breath of Arrival and Attendance

  50 minutes: Cardiovascular System 1

Classroom Rules

Punctuality- everybody's time is precious:

  Be ready to learn by 9:00, we'll have you out of here by 1:30

  Tardiness: arriving late, late return after breaks, leaving early

The following are not allowed:

  Bare feet

  Side talking

  Lying down

  Inappropriate clothing

  Food or drink except water

  Phones in classrooms, clinic or bathrooms

You will receive one verbal warning, then you'll have to leave the room.

Anatomy

Blood Blood vessels such as arteries, veins , and capillaries Heart

Transportation Protection Combat hemorrhage

Physiology

Physiology

Transportation The process of transporting respiratory gases, nutrients from the digestive tract, antibodies, waste materials , and hormones from the endocrine glands, heat from active muscles to the skin.

Physiology

Protection The process of protecting the body through disease-fighting white blood cells and the removal of impurities and pathogens

Physiology

Combat hemorrhage The process of preventing the loss of body fluids from damaged vessels through clotting mechanisms.

Formed elements (blood cells) Plasma (liquid portion)

Blood

Blood

Blood Liquid connective tissue composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

Blood

Erythrocyte Red blood cell. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Blood

Hemoglobin

  Iron-based protein

  Gives blood its color

  Allows gases to combine with

it temporarily so that oxygen

or carbon dioxide can be

transported and released

throughout the body.

Blood

Leukocyte White blood cell. Serves as a part of the body's immune system.

Blood

Thrombocyte Platelet. Prevents blood loss through clotting mechanisms.

Blood

Thrombus Blood clot.

Embolus Floating mass of broken thrombus flowing through the blood stream.

Embolism Blockage of a blood vessel with an embolus.

Embolism Embolus

Blood

Plasma Liquid portion of blood.

Erythrocytes or Red blood cells

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Leukocytes or White blood cells

Fight pathogens

Thrombocytes or Platelets

Combat hemorrhage

Heart

Wall Chambers Valves Blood flow

PERI-cardium EPI-cardium MYO-cardium ENDO-cardium

Heart Wall

Heart Wall

Pericardium Tissue that surrounds the heart and secretes a lubricating fluid that prevents friction.

Heart Wall

Epicardium Thin outer connective tissue layer. Possesses adipose tissue and coronary vessels.

Heart Wall

Myocardium Thick muscular layer that makes up the bulk of the heart wall. Its contraction forces blood out of the ventricles.

Heart Wall

Endocardium Thin, inner lining of the heart. Continuous with the endothelial lining of the heart chambers and blood vessels, as well as the valves of the heart.

Atrium Ventricle

Heart Chambers

Heart Chambers

Atrium Superior heart chamber. Plural is atria.

Heart Chambers

Ventricle Inferior heart chamber.

Atrioventricular (A-V valve) Semilunar

Heart Valves

Heart Valves

Atrioventricular Valves   Mitral   Tricuspid

Heart Valves

Mitral valve Valve located between the left atrium and left , ventricle. AKA: bicuspid valve, left atrioventricular valve.

Heart Valves

Tricuspid valve Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle. AKA: right atrioventricular valve

Heart Valves

Semilunar Valves   Pulmonary   Aortic

Heart Valves

Pulmonary valve Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. AKA: right semilunar valve

Heart Valves

Aortic valve Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta. AKA: left semilunar valve

Coronary Vessels

Coronary vessels Arteries and veins that circulate blood to and from the myocardium.

Blood arrives at the heart Blood goes to the lungs and back Blood goes out to the body

Blood Flow Through the Heart


Stage 1 Oxygen-depleted blood enters the superior and inferior vena cava

and flows into the right atrium. When the right atrium is full, it

empties through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

Occurs at the same time as Stage 3.


Stage 2 The right ventricle contracts and pushes blood through the

pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk then

divides into left and right pulmonary arteries which take blood to

each lung. Four pulmonary veins leave the lungs and carry oxygen-

rich blood back to the left atrium.


Stage 3 Blood leaves the left atrium and passes through the left

ventricle through the mitral valve. The left ventricle contracts and

pushes blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and descending

aorta and to all parts of the body except the lungs. Occurs at the same

time as Stage 1.

Stage 1: End of Systemic Circuit, Blood fills the right side of the heart

Stage 2: Pulmonary Circuit, Heart pumps blood to lungs and back to the heart

Stage 3: Beginning of Systemic Circuit, Heart pumps blood out to the entire body

LUNGS LUNGS

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 7

Lungs Lungs

8 8

9 9

10

11

12

13

14



-Rumi



-Rumi

Lesson Plan: Cardiovascular System 2


  5 minutes: Trapezius OIA

  45 minutes: Cardiovascular System 2

Classroom Rules





  Bare feet

  Side talking

  Lying down





Trapezius in context

Trapezius in context

Trapezius

Origin:

  Occiput

  Ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)

  Spinous processes of C7-T12

Insertion:

  Lateral one-third of clavicle

  Acromion process

  Spine of the scapula

Actions:

  Upper:

  Elevate the scapula   Upwardly rotate the scapula

  Laterally flex head and neck

  Rotate head and neck to opposite side

  Extend head and neck

  Middle:   Adduct the scapula

  Lower:

  Depress the scapula

  Upwardly rotate the scapula

Trapezius

Origin:

  Occiput

  Ligamentum nuchae


Insertion:




Actions:

  Upper:





  Middle:   Adduct the scapula

  Lower:



Trapezius

Origin:

  Occiput

  Ligamentum nuchae


Insertion:




Actions:

  Upper:





  Middle:   Adduct the scapula (retraction)

  Lower:



Walls of Arteries and Veins Arteries Pulse Capillary Veins Venous Return

Blood Vessels

Walls of Arteries and Veins

Tunica interna Innermost layer of a blood vessel. Endothelium fused with a small quantity of elastic connective tissue. Valves assists venous return by only allowing blood to move back towards the heart.


Tunica media Middle layer of a blood vessel. Contains both connective tissue and smooth muscle.


Tunica externa Outer layer of a blood vessel. Possesses mostly dense connective tissue.


Vasodilation Enlargement of the vascular lumen’s diameter.

Vasoconstriction Narrowing of the vascular lumen’s diameter.

Vasodilation Normal Vasoconstriction


Vasodilation Enlargement of the vascular lumen’s diameter.

Vasoconstriction Narrowing of the vascular lumen’s diameter.


Hyperemia Increased local blood flow causing the skin to become reddened and warm.

Ischemia Local abnormal decrease in blood flow. Often marked by pain and tissue dysfunction.

Arteries

Artery Vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body.

Arterioles Small-sized arteries.

Arteries

Ascending aorta Very large artery that begins at the left ventricle and travels superiorly.

Arteries

Descending aorta Very large artery that is a continuation of the ascending aorta that branches off and travels inferiorly.

Arteries

Common carotid arteries Two arteries located in the throat.

Right Carotid Artery Left Carotid Artery

Arteries

Pulse Expansion effect of arteries that occurs when the left ventricle contracts and produces a wave of blood that surges through and expands arterial walls.

Capillaries

Capillary Vessel between an arteriole and a venule. Possesses a thin, permeable membrane for efficient gas exchange with tissues.

Capillaries

Microcirculation Flow of blood through a capillary bed .

Veins

Vein Vessel that carries blood toward the heart.

Venules Small-sized vein that connects with capillaries.

Veins

Superior vena cava Very large vein that empties blood from the head and arms into the right atrium.

Veins

Inferior vena cava Very large vein that empties blood from the abdomen into the right atrium.

Veins

Jugular Vein in the throat that drains blood from the face, head, neck, and brain.

Veins

Avascular Lacking blood vessels.

Venous Return

Venous Return

Venous return Veins return blood to the heart passively.

Venomotor tone

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

Venous Return

Venomotor tone Changes in smooth muscle tone in the walls of veins can increase or decrease venous circulation.

Venous Return

Skeletal muscle pump Skeletal muscle contract and squeeze venous walls which moves blood toward the heart.

Venous Return

Respiratory pump Pressure changes in the thorax and abdomen caused by skeletal muscular contractions of breathing muscles that act as a mechanism to assist venous return.

Blood Pressure

Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure

High blood pressure Average blood pressure Low blood pressure

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure Pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls.

Systolic pressure Maximal pressure in blood pressure measurement. Occurs when the left ventricle contracts.

Diastolic pressure Lowest pressure in blood pressure measurement. Occurs when the left ventricle relaxes.

Blood Pressure

High blood pressure Persistently more than 140/90 mm Hg. AKA: hypertension.

Average blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg.

Low blood pressure Persistently less than 90/60 mm Hg. AKA: hypotension

Paths of Circulation

Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Microcirculation


Pulmonary circuit Circuit that brings de-oxygenated blood from the right

ventricle of the heart to the lungs to release carbon dioxide and regain

oxygen, then transports the oxygenated blood to the left atrium.


Systemic circuit Circuit that brings oxygenated blood from the left

ventricle of the heart through numerous arteries into the capillaries, then

moves it through the veins and returns the now de-oxygenated blood to

the right atrium of the heart.


Systemic Circuit 1. Left ventricle 2. Aortic semilunar valve 3. Aorta 4. Ascending and descending aortae 5. Arteries 6. Arterioles 7. Capillaries 8. Venules 9. Veins 10. Inferior and superior venae cavae 11. Right atrium


Microcirculation Flow of blood through a capillary bed .



-Rumi

“When an ordinary man attains knowledge, he becomes a sage. When a sage attains knowledge, he becomes an ordinary man.”

Lymphatic System and Immunity

-Zen saying

Lesson Plan: Lymphatic System and Immunity


  5 minutes: Rhomboids and Levator Scapula

  45 minutes: Lymphatic System and Immunity

Classroom Rules





  Bare feet

  Side talking

  Lying down





Rhomboids in context

Rhomboids

Origin:   Major:

  Spinous processes of T2-T5   Minor:


Insertion:   Major:

  Medial border of scapula, between the spine and inferior angle

  Minor:   Upper portion of medial border of

scapula, across from the spine

Actions:   Adduct the scapula   Downwardly rotate the scapula

Rhomboids

Origin:   Major:

  Spinous processes of T2-T5   Minor:


Insertion:   Major:

  Medial border of scapula, between the spine and inferior angle

  Minor:   Upper portion of medial border of scapula,

across from the spine

Actions:   Adduct the scapula (retraction)   Downwardly rotate the scapula

Levator Scapula in context

Levator Scapula

Origin:   Transverse processes of C1-4

Insertion:   Upper region of medial border of scapula   Superior angle of scapula

Actions:   Elevate the scapula   Downward rotation of the scapula

Levator Scapula

Origin:   Transverse processes of C1-4

Insertion:   Upper region of medial border of scapula   Superior angle of scapula

Actions:   Elevate the scapula   Downward rotation of the scapula


Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Microcirculation

Lymph Lymph vessels Lymph glands, such as the thymus . Lymphatic organs, such as the spleen . Lymph nodes Lymphocytes

Anatomy

Transportation Immune response Maintain homeostasis

Physiology

Physiology

Transportation The process of transporting dietary proteins, lipids, and lipid- soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K from the digestive tract to the blood.

Physiology

Immune response The process of active immune defense.

Physiology

Maintains homeostasis The process of collecting accumulated tissue fluid and returning it to blood circulation. This maintains blood volume, blood pressure, and prevents edema (swelling).

Lymph

Lymph

Lymph Liquid connective tissue that is part of the lymphatic system. Nearly

colorless fluid. Chemically it is very similar to blood plasma .

contains white blood cells, proteins, and fats.

Lymph capillary Lymph vessel Lymphatic trunk Lymphatic duct

Lymph Vessels

Lymph Vessels

Lymph capillary Tiny, open -ended channel located in tissue space throughout most of the body.

Lymph Vessels

Lymph vessel Larger vessels than a lymph capillary. Has thinner walls and more valves than veins. Has lymph nodes situated along them.

Lymph Vessels

Lymphatic trunk Made up of large vessels into which lymph is drained from the lymph vessels.

Lymph Vessels

Lymphatic duct The joining of lymphatic trunks. Examples:   Right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the head, right

arm, and right torso (in green)   Thoracic duct drains the rest of the body.

Lymph Vessels

Lymphatic duct The joining of lymphatic trunks. Examples:   Right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the head, right

arm, and right torso (in green)   Thoracic duct drains the rest of the body.

Red bone marrow Lymphocyte Thymus Spleen Lymph node Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Lymphatic Structures


Red bone marrow Blood forming cells found in flat and long bones. Produce red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells (specifically lymphocytes called B cells).


Lymphocyte Type of white blood cell. Examples: B cell, T cell, macrophage


Thymus Bi-lobed gland posterior to the sternum . Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin, which stimulate the production and activation of T cells.


Spleen Largest lymphatic organ. Located within the left lateral rib cage just posterior to the stomach. Stores lymphocytes , releasing them during immune responses.


Lymph node Bean-shaped structures located along lymph vessels . Filters lymph. Houses phagocytes and lymphocytes that destroy pathogens and other foreign substances in the lymph before it returns to the blood.


Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Small masses of lymph tissue in respiratory and digestive tracts. Examples: tonsils, Peyer patches, and vermiform appendix.

Lymphatic drainage Lymphatic pump

Lymph Flow

Lymph Flow

Lymphatic drainage The movement of lymph.

Lymph Flow

Lymphatic pump The mechanism of lymphatic drainage that uses pressure gradients from external sources exerted on its vessel walls to move lymph. Examples:

  Skeletal muscle contractions against vessel walls   Pressure changes in the thorax and abdomen during breathing .   Pulling of the skin and fascia during movement .   Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of lymphatic vessels   Rhythmic pumping of walking and grasping.

Lymph Flow

Non-specific immunity Infection Inflammation

Specific immunity T cells B cells

Immunity

Immunity

Immunity Reaction that involves all body systems as they join together to destroy and eliminate pathogens, foreign substances, or toxic materials.

Immunity

Non-specific immunity Non-specific response to invading pathogens. Includes intact skin and mucous membranes, saliva, gastric juices, vomiting, urine flow, certain white blood cells, fever, and inflammation. AKA: innate immunity.

Immunity

Infection The period after disease transmission. Pathogens use host resources to multiply.

Immunity

Inflammation Protective mechanism in response to tissue damage that serves to stabilize the injured area, contain infection, and initiate the healing process for damaged tissue. Swelling, Heat, Loss of Function, Redness, Pain.

Immunity

Specific immunity Body's response to invaders. T cells and B cells become activated for a specific pathogen after they come into contact with it and then destroy it. AKA: adaptive immunity.

Immunity

T cells Lymphocytes that begin as B cells that migrate from bone marrow to the thymus where they fully mature. They recognize pathogens and respond by releasing inflammatory and toxic substances.

Immunity

B cells Lymphocytes that grow and mature in the bone marrow. Produce antibodies which circulate in body fluids such as blood and lymph. Their antibodies inactivate pathogens as they come across them.

“When an ordinary man attains knowledge, he becomes a sage. When a sage attains knowledge, he becomes an ordinary man.”

Lymphatic System and Immunity

-Zen saying

Documents

“Be a lamp, a lifeboat, or a ladder.” · Coronary vessels Arteries and veins that ... Veins Vein Vessel that carries blood toward the heart. Venules Small-sized vein that connects