c`v_© f‚wgKv Avgv‡`i cÖK…wZ- c`v_© Ges kw³i mgš^‡q MwVZ| GB BDwb‡U c`v_©, c`v‡_©i ag©, Ae ’v, MVb e¨envi cÖf…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| Avgv‡`i Rxeb avi‡bi Rb¨ my›`i cwi‡ek PvB| wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z KZ¸‡jv c`v‡_©i f‚wgKv gyL¨| G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv evqy ev evZvm Ges cvwb| cvwb bv n‡j Avgv‡`i GK w`bI P‡j bv; evqy bv n‡j P‡j bv GK g~ûZ©I| wbg©j evqy Ges cvwb Avgv‡`i Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ †hgb Acwinvh©; ~wlZ cvwb I evqy Avgv‡`i Rb¨ †Zgwb welZzj¨| cvwb I evqy weï× ivLvi e¨e ’v MÖnY Kiv Avgv‡`i wbR ¯v‡_©B cÖ‡qvRb| Avi GKvi‡YB cvwb I evqyi msi¶b, mwVK e¨envi, evqy I cvwbi ~lY Ges ~lYgy³ ivLvi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© G BDwb‡Ui welqe ‘‡K 3wU ZË¡xq Ges 1wU e¨envwiK mn †gvU 4wU cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Dc ’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV- 1: c`v_©: ag©, Ae ’v, †hŠwMK, †gŠwjK cvV- 2: cvwb: ag©, e¨envi, ~lY I cÖwZKvi cvV- 3: evqy: Dcv`vb, wgkª c`v_©, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ~lY cvV- 4: e¨envwiK: evqy †h GKwU c`v_© Zvi cÖgvY

BDwbU 4

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 38

c`v_©: ag©, Ae¯’v, †hŠwMK, †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � c`v‡_©i aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, � c`v‡_©i ag© I Ae ’vi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb; � †gŠwjK I †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges � †gŠwjK I †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i ˆewk󨸇jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c`v_© ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv †h w`‡KB ZvKvB wKQy bv wKQy c`v_©© Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L c‡o, †hgb, †Pqvi, †Uwej, eB, KvMR, Kjg, cvwb, evZvm BZ¨vw`| cÖK…Zc‡¶− hvi IRi Av‡Q, ’vb `Lj K‡i, cÖhy³ ej‡K cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i I MwZi ’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvivB c`v_©| wKš‘ Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ me wKQyB c`v_© bq| †hgb− Av‡jv, Zvc cÖf…wZ‡K Avgiv Bw›`ªq Øviv Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi, wKš‘ G¸‡jv c`v_© bq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q kw³| c`v_©‡K cÖavbZt yÕ†kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiv nq, h_v− Rxe I Ro| hv‡`i Rxeb Av‡Q Zv‡`i Rxe Ges hv‡`i Rxeb †bB Zv‡`i Ro c`v_© ejv nq| Avevi− Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfw³ K‡iI c`v_©mg n‡K yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v− †gŠwjK c`v_© I †hŠwMK c`v_©| c`v‡_©i ag© cªwZwU c`v‡_©iB wKQy mvaviY ˆewkó¨ _v‡K hvi mvnv‡h¨ c`v‡_©i wfbœZv †evSv hvq| G¸‡jvB n‡”Q c`v‡_©i mvaviY ag©| G¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc− †Kvb e ‘i ga¨Kvi †gvU c`v‡_©i cwigvYB n‡”Q Zvi fi| wbw`©ó †Kvb e ‘i fi me©Î mgvb| †Kvb e ‘‡K c„w_ex AvKl©Y ej Øviv wb‡Ri (c„w_exi) †K‡›`ªi w`‡K Uv‡b Zv‡K H e ‘i IRb e‡j| ZvB †Kvb e ‘i IRb ’vb †f‡` wewfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| me c`v_©B wKQyUv RvqMv `Lj K‡i| G‡K Zvi we Í…wZ ev AvqZb e‡j|

cvV 1

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 39

GKK AvqZ‡bi †Kvb e ‘i fiB n‡”Q Zvi NYZ¡| cÖwZwU c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ AmsL¨ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª wQ`ª _v‡K| G‡K c`v‡_©i mw”Q`ªZv ag© e‡j| Avevi, cÖ‡Z¨KwU e ‘i ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Kbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q GK we‡kl AvKl©Y ej| GUvB Zvi msmw³| c`v‡_©i i‡q‡Q w ’wZ ’vcKZv ag©; Avi GRb¨B evB‡i †_‡K †Kvb ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi ˆ`N©¨, AvKvi ev AvqZb cwiewZ©Z Ki‡Z PvB‡j evav †`q| GQvovI c`v‡_©i AviI wKQy mvaviY ag© _v‡K| h_v− Nl©Y, msbg¨Zv, AvmÄb, A‡f`¨Zv, gnvKl©, RoZv I wefvR¨Zv| Ae ’v cÖK…wZ‡Z c`v_©− KwVb, Zij Ges evqexq G wZbwU Ae ’vq weivR K‡i| wKQy wKQy c`v_© Av‡Q †hgb− ¯Y©, †iŠc¨, KvV, PK& BZ¨vw` †h¸‡jvi wbw`©ó AvKvi, AvqZb Ges IRb i‡q‡Q| G‡`i ejv nq KwVb c`v_©|

wPÎ 4.1.1: KwVb c`v_©| wPÎ 4.1.2: Zij c`v_©| Avevi, wKQy wKQy c`v‡_©i AvqZb Ges IRb _v‡K wKš‘ wbw`©ó AvKvi _v‡K bv †hgb− cvwb, `ya, ˆZj BZ¨vw`− G¸‡jv n‡”Q Zij c`v_©| G‡`i hLb †h cv‡Î ivLv nq †m cv‡Îi AvKvi aviY K‡i| Avi †h mKj c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó IRb _v‡K wKš‘ †Kvb wbw`©ó AvKvi ev AvqZb _v‡K bv Zviv n‡”Q− evqexq c`v_©| †hgb− Aw·‡Rb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb BZ¨vw`| G‡`i hLb †h cv‡Î ivLv nq ZLb †m cv‡Îi AvKvi I AvqZb aviY K‡i|

msmw³

w ’wZ ’vcKZv

evqexq c`v_©

NYZ¡

mw”Q`ªZv

KwVb c`v_©

Zij c`v_©

KwVb c`v_©

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 40

wPÎ 4.1.3: evqexq c`v_©|

†gŠwjK c`v_© GK UzK‡iv †jvnv‡K †f‡½ Avgiv hZB †QvU †_‡K †QvU Kwi bv †Kb G †_‡K †jvnv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb c`v_© cvIqv hv‡e bv| G‡¶‡Î †jvnv †gŠwjK c`v_©| Abyiƒcfv‡e, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, Zvgv, iƒcv cÖf…wZ †gŠwjK c`v_© ev †gŠj| G ch©šÍ †gvU 105wU †gŠwjK c`v_© Avwe¯‹…wZ n‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvK…wZK †gŠwjK msL¨v 92wU Ges K…wÎgfv‡e cvIqv hvq 13wU †gŠj| †hŠwMK c`v_© cvwb (H2O), Lvevi jeb (Na2cl), Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW (CO2) cÖf…wZ GKvwaK †gŠwjK c`v_© Øviv MwVZ| cvwb‡K ivmvqwbK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ag© wewkó nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb †gŠj cvIqv hvq| Giƒ‡c Ab¨vb¨ †hŠwMK c`v‡_©I _v‡K GKvwaK †gŠj| Avi ZvB− ivmvqwbK we‡kølY Øviv †h mKj c`v_© n‡Z m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ag© wewkó GKvwaK c`v_© cvIqv hvq Zv‡`i †hŠwMK c`v_© ev †hŠM e‡j| c„w_ex‡Z †gvU †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i msL¨v 50 j‡¶i I †ewk|

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 41

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1 A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)| 1. c`v_© Kv‡K e‡j?

K. hvÕ ej cÖ‡qv‡M evav m„wó K‡i L. hvi IRb Av‡Q M. hv RvqMv `Lj K‡i N. Dc‡ii wZb¸Y hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q|

2. †h c`v_©‡K ¶z`ªZg As‡k fvO‡j GKB †gŠj cvIqv hvq Zv‡K wK e‡j?

K †hŠwMK c`v_© L. †gŠwjK c`v_© M. wgkª c`v_© N. †KvbUvB bv|

3. †KvbwU †hŠwMK c`v_©?

K. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb L. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M. cvwb N. Aw·‡Rb|

4. †Kvb c`v_©wU wZb Ae ’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i?

K. †Zj L. cvwb M. gvwU N. †mvbv|

mwVK DËi A) 1| N, 2| L, 3| M, 4| L|

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evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 42

cvwb: ag©, e¨envi, `~lY I cÖwZKvi D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � cvwbi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; � cvwbi ivmvqwbK bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb; � cvwbi ag© D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; � cvwbi eûwea e¨env‡ii D`vniY w`‡Z cvi‡eb; � cvwb wKfv‡e ~wlZ nq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges � cvwb `yl‡Yi cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvwb Avgiv †h mKj c`v‡_©i ms‡M AwZgvÎvq cwiwPZ− cvwb Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg| cvwbi ivmvqwbK bvg− nvB‡Wªv‡Rb g‡bv·vBW I AvbweK ms‡KZ H2O A_v©r, cvwbi cÖ‡Z¨K Aby‡Z `yÕwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I GKwU Aw·‡Rb cigvYy _v‡K| 1781 Lªxóv‡ã weÁvbx †nbwi K¨v‡fb&wWm (Henry Cavendish) `vn¨ evqy (nvB‡Wªv‡Rb) I Aw·‡R‡bi wgkª‡Y ¯‹zwjs‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ we‡ùviY NwU‡q cvwb Drcbœ Ki‡Z m¶g nb Ges cÖgvY K‡ib †h− cvwb GKwU †hŠwMK c`v_©| cvwbB GKgvÎ cÖvK…wZK e ‘ hv c„w_ex‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb| Avgv‡`i f‚-c„‡ôi

cÖvq Pvi fv‡Mi wZb fvMB (4

3 ) cvwb| cÖK…wZ‡Z cvwb- KwVb, Zij I evqexq GB

wZb Ae ’v‡ZB weivR K‡i| mgy`ª mg~‡n cvwbi †gvU AvqZb cÖvq 1020 NbdzU| evZv‡mi g‡a¨ †KvwU †KvwU KzB›Uvj cvwb ev‡®úi AvKv‡i †f‡m †eovq| GB cvwbB e„wó, Zzlvi, ev wkjviƒ‡c gvwU‡Z c‡o| ce©Z gvjvi Dci R‡g _vKv Zzlvi I e„wói cvwb n‡ZB wekvj b`xi DrcwË N‡U| †h‡nZz cÖvY-NwUZ ivmvqwbK wewµqvmg n Rjxq ªe‡Y msNwUZ nq †m‡nZz cÖvwY I Dw™¢` †`‡ni wecyj As‡k _v‡K cvwb|| †hgb− gvbe‡`‡n M‡o kZKiv 60 fvM Ges †jUzm kv‡K kZKiv 90 fvM cvwb i‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡Z cvwbi †h mKj Drm i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q− e„wói cvwb, SY©v, I K‚qvi cvwb, b`xi cvwb I mgy‡`ªi cvwb|

cvV 2

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 43

cvwbi ag©

1. mvaviY ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c weï× cvwb eb©nxb, MÜnxb, ¯v`nxb, ¯”Q Zij c`v_©| AMfxi cvwb Íi (Møv‡m ivLv cvwb) eY©nxb Ges Mfxi cvwb Íi (mgy‡ ªi cvwb) bxjvf meyR †`Lvq|

2. mvgvb¨ cwigvY avZe jeb I Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j cvwb my¯v`y nq|

3. cvwb GKwU DØvqx c`v_© Ges weï× cvwb‡K ev®úxfzZ Ki‡j †Kvb Ae‡kl _v‡K bv|

4. GK evqy gÛjxq Pv‡c cvwbi ùzUbvsK n‡”Q 1000 †m: Ges wngv¼ 00 †m:|

5. cvwbi Zvc aviY ¶gZv AZ¨vwaK|

6. 40 †m: ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk Ges Gi Kg ev †ewk ZvcgvÎvq Gi NbZ¡ n«vm cvq; Avi G Kvi‡YB eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m|

cvwb AwZ mnRjf¨ Ges m‡ev©rK…ó `ªveK| GwmW, ¶viK, jeb I bvbv cÖKvi M¨vmxq c`v_© cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| GwU GKwU wbi‡c¶ Zij c`v_©| avZz, AavZz A·vBW cÖf…wZi mv‡_ GUv wewµqv K‡i| e¨envi cvwb Rxeb avi‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| cvwbi Aci bvg ZvB− Rxeb| cvwb cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i Rxeb i¶vq mnvqZv K‡i| Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R, †hgb− Kvco †avqv, nvZgyL †avqv, _vjv evmb †avqv, †MvQj, Ihy Kiv, cÖf…wZ Kv‡R cvwbi f‚wgKv e¨vcK| K…wl Kv‡R cvwb †m‡Pi e¨e ’v K‡i djb eû¸Y e„w× Kiv hvq| †Kvb †Kvb †ivM mviv‡Z wPwKrmKMY wbw`©ó c×wZ‡Z cvwb e¨envi Kivi civgk© w`‡q _v‡Kb| R¡i n‡j †ivMxi gv_vq cvwb Xvjv nq, Mv cvwb w`‡q gy‡Q †`qv nq, †Kvb ’v‡b AvNvZ †c‡j eid ev VvÛv cvwb jvMv‡bv nq, Avevi Kvwk ev Mjve¨_v n‡j Mig cvwbi KzjKzwP Ki‡j fvj Kzdj cvIqv hvq| G Qvov wewfbœ M‡elYv Kv‡RI cvwb e¨eüZ nq| cÖK…Z c‡¶ GB cÖvK…wZK RMr cvwbi Dci `viæYfv‡e wbf©i K‡i Avi ZvB cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB i‡q‡Q cvwbi e¨vcK e¨envi| cvwb ~lY

Rj gÛ‡j †Kvb AevwÃZ c`v‡_©i Aby cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y cvwbi ¯vfvweK ˆewk‡ó¨i ZviZg¨ NU‡j Zv‡K cvwb ylY e‡j| Gi weiƒc cÖfve Rxe RMr I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i DciI c‡o|

†fŠZ ag©

ivmvqwbK ag©

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 44

cvwb wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb− 1. Mvn© ’¨RvZ AveR©bv, gjg~Î, cqtcÖYvjx I b`©gv wbtm„Z †bvsiv cvwb Rjvk‡q

cwZZ n‡j|

2. K…wl‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUbvkK, AvMvQv bvkK, cÖf…wZ e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej cÖf…wZ Rjvk‡q cwZZ n‡j|

3. Kj-KviLvbvi eR©¨-AveR©bv Rjvk‡q cwZZ n‡j gvivZ¥K cvwb `ylY nq| wkíRvZ AveR©bvq A¨v‡gvwbqv, †jW, Av‡m©wbK, cvi`, cÖf…wZ ¶wZKi ivmvqwbK c`v_© _v‡K|

4. KLbI KLbI e× Rjvk‡q KPzwicvbv, AvMvQv cÖf…wZ cu‡P cvwb‡K `ywlZ K‡i †Zv‡j|

5. cvigvYweK we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j D™¢‚Z †ZRw¯Œq f®§ Ges cvigvYweK †K‡›`ªi eR©¨ AveR©bv Rjvk‡q cwZZ n‡j cvwb `ylY nq|

6. wewfbœ ai‡Yi Rjhvb †_‡K wbM©Z †Zj, Rjvk‡q cwZZ n‡j cvwbi ylY N‡U| GQvov LwbR ˆZj AvniY, †kvab ev cwien‡bi mgq, wKsev ˆZjevnx U¨vsKv‡ii `yN©Ubvi d‡j wbM©Z ˆZj Øviv b`x I mvM‡ii cvwb e¨vcKfv‡e `ywlZ nq|

7. Rjvk‡qi cvwb `ywlZ n‡j RjR Dw™¢` I cÖvwY g‡i c‡P cvwb‡K AviI †ewk cwigv‡Y `ywlZ K‡i †Zv‡j|

G me QvovI AviI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y cvwb `ywlZ nq| `ywlZ cvwb KLbI cvb Ki‡Z †bB| ywlZ cvwb †_‡K †h `ywU †ivM †ekx nq Zv n‡jv− K‡jiv I Wvqwiqv| GQvovI− UvBd‡qW, c¨viv-c¨vBd‡qW, Aš¿ cÖ`vn cÖf…wZ †ivM `ywlZ cvwbi gva¨‡g Qovq| cvwb‡K dzwU‡q weï× Kiv hvq| GQvov cvwb‡K w_wZ‡q, †Qu‡K, RxevYybvkK cÖ‡qvM K‡i weï× Kiv hvq| cÖwZKvi wb¤œwjwLZ Dcv‡q cvwb `ylY †iva Kiv hvq− 1. Kj-KviLvbvi eR© AveR©bv mivmwi Rjvk‡q bv †d‡j ivmvqwbK ev ˆRweK

cÖwµqvq cwi‡kvab K‡i Rjvk‡q †djvi e¨e ’v K‡i|

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 45

2. cqtcÖYvjx wbqwgZ ms¯‹vi I AvaywbKxKiY K‡i Ges cqtcÖYvjx evwnZ †bvsiv cvwb b`x‡Z cwZZ nIqvi c~‡e© wdëvi U¨vsK, Aw·‡Wkb cÐ, cÖf…wZi ga¨ w`‡q Pvjbvi gva¨‡g cwi‡kva‡bi e¨e ’v K‡i|

3. K…wl‡Z ivmvqwbK ª‡e¨i e¨envi mxwgZ K‡i|

4. †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i e¨envi mxwgZ K‡i Ges cix¶v g~jK cvigvYweK we‡ùviY wbwl× K‡i|

5. LwbR c`v_© AvniY, †kvab ev cwien‡Yi mgq hv‡Z cvwb‡Z wbM©Z n‡Z bv cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ ch©vß mZK©Zvg jK e¨e ’v MÖnY K‡i|

6. b`-b`xi bve¨Zv I cÖevn hv‡Z n«vm bv cvq †m e¨e ’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g|

7. cyKzi †Wvev, cÖf…wZ Rjvkq hv‡Z KPzwicvbv, †Uvcvcvbv I AveR©bvq c~Y© n‡Z bv cv‡i †m w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L Ges G mKj Rjvk‡q gv‡S gv‡S wbw`©ó cwigv‡Y RxevbybvkK cÖ‡qvM K‡i|

8. m‡ev©cwi mKj Rb‡Mvôx‡K cvwb `yl‡Yi ¶wZKi cÖfve I Gi cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kivi gva¨‡g e¨vcK cvwb `ylY †iva Kiv m¤¢e|

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 46

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2 A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. MVb cÖYvjx we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq- K. cvwb †gŠwjK c`v_© L. cvwb †hŠwMK c`v_© M. cvwb 2wU †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i mgš‡q MwVZ N. cvwb 2 Gi AwaK †gŠwjK c`v_© Øviv MwVZ|

2. cvwb fwZ© Kv‡Pi RM †`‡L g‡b nq- K. cvwbi is Av‡Q L. cvwbi is mv`v M. RMwU cvwb k~Y¨ N. RMwU AvswkKfv‡e c~Y©|

3. `ywlZ cvwb e¨env‡ii d‡j- K. kix‡ii †KvbI ¶wZ nq bv L. R¡i n‡q _v‡K M. Avgvkq, Wv‡qixqv n‡q _v‡K N. mw`© Kvwk n‡q _v‡K|

4. c„w_ex‡Z cvwbi cwigvY- K. c„w_ex‡Z cvwbi cwigvY Lye mvgvb¨ L. fz-c„‡ôi wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM cvwb M. f‚-c„‡ôi Pvi fv‡Mi wZb fvM cvwb N. f‚-c„‡ôi Pvi fv‡Mi GK fvM cvwb|

mwVK DËi A) 1| M, 2| M, 3| M, 4| M|

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Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 47

evqy: Dcv`vb, wgkª c`v_©, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I `ylY D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � evqyi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; � evqy †h GKwU wgkª c`v_© cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; � evqyi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©‡`i ej‡Z cvi‡eb; � evqy `ylY Gi KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges � evqy `ylYgy³ ivLvi Dcvq ¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| evqy Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ evqyi Aw ÍË¡ Abyfe Kwi| evqy GKwU c`v_©| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z f‚-c„ô n‡Z cÖvq `yÕkZ gvBj DaŸ© ch©šÍ evqygÛj we Í…Z i‡q‡Q Ges f‚-c„‡ô Gi NbZ¡ I Pvc me‡P‡q †ewk| f‚-c„‡ôi hZB Dc‡i DVv hvq ZZB evqyi NbZ¡ I Pvc K‡g Av‡m| evqyi Dcv`vb Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb n‡jv evqyi cÖavb `yÕwU Dcv`vb| Aw·‡Rb evqyi GKwU mwµq Dcv`vb hv k¦vmKv‡h©, `nb Kv‡h© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †jvnvq gwiPv civi †¶‡ÎI Gi f‚wgKv h‡_ó| Acic‡¶ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Dw™¢` I Rxe‡`‡n †cÖvwUb MV‡bi cÖavb Dcv`vb| GKwU wbw ©ó AvqZ‡bi evqyi g‡a¨ cÖvq GK cÂgvsk Aw·‡Rb Ges cÖvq Pvi cÂgvsk bvB‡Uªv‡Rb i‡q‡Q| Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb QvovI evqy‡Z mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y Rjxq ev®ú, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I wbw®Œq M¨vm (wnwjqvg, AvM©b BZ¨vw`) Av‡Q| Aek¨ evqyi G wgkª‡Yi AbycvZ G‡Kev‡i w ’i bq- GK ’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ’v‡b, mg‡qi e¨eav‡bI evqyi MVb wKQyUv cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| mvaiYfv‡e, AvqZb Abymv‡i evqyi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Mo kZKiv nvi wb¤œiƒc:

Aw·‡Rb 10.60 AvqZb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb 77.16 AvqZb Rjxq ev®ú 1.40 AvqZb wbw¯Œq M¨vm 0.80 AvqZb Kve©b WvB A·vBW 0.04 AvqZb

†gvU 100.00 AvqZb

cvV 3

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 48

G¸‡jv QvovI A¨v‡gvwbqv, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-cvi-A·vBW, I‡Rvb, bvBwUªK I bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi ev®ú, mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW cÖf…wZ AwZ Aí cwigv‡Y evqy‡Z we`¨gvb _v‡K|

evqy−wgkª c`v_© evqy‡K Avw`Kv‡j †gŠwjK c`v_© e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‘ cieZx©Kv‡j j¨vfqwmu‡q I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv wewfbœ cix¶v wbix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY K‡ib †h, evqy KZK¸‡jv M¨v‡mi GKwU mvaviY wgkªY| wk¶v_x©‡`i myweav‡_© K‡qKwU AwZ cÖ‡qRvbxq M¨v‡mi Dcw ’wZi cÖgvY I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv− cÖgvY− 1 cÖ_‡g GKwU eo evwU‡Z GKwU R¡jšÍ †gvgevwZ emvb| Gevi evwUwU‡Z cvwb Xv‡jb †hb †gvgevwZi †gvg wKQyUv cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq| Gevi evwZi Kv‡Q cvwb‡Z GK UzK‡iv KK© fvwm‡q Zvi Dci GKwU †cvKv Ggb fv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Av¸‡bi Zv‡c †cvKv bv g‡i| Avi Aek¨B Ggb †cvKv wb‡eb hv Do‡Z cv‡i bv| Gevi GKwU Lvwj Kv‡Pi Møvm †gvgevwZi Dci Dëv K‡i emvb (wPÎ- K) †hb Møv‡mi gyL cvwbi wb‡P _v‡K| wKQy¶Y ci †`Lv hv‡e †h− †gvgevwZwU wb‡f †M‡Q Ges Av‡ Í Av‡ Í Møv‡mi Lvwj

As‡ki cÖvq cvuP fv‡Mi GK fvM (5

1 ) cvwb‡Z f‡i †M‡Q I †cvKvwUI g‡i †M‡Q|

wPÎ 4.3. 1: (K ) †gvgevwZ R¡j‡Q, †cvKv RxešÍ| (L) †gvgevwZ wb‡f †M‡Q, †cvKv g‡i †M‡Q|

myZivs, G †_‡K Avcbvi eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb †h evZv‡mi (5

1 ) Ask `n‡b e¨q n‡”Q Ges

weÁvbxiv Zvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb− Aw·‡Rb| GQvov evqyi Aewkó †h (5

4 ) fvM `n‡b

mnvqZv K‡i bv weÁvbxiv Zvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb− bvB‡Uªv‡Rb|

evqy‡Z Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wgwkÖZ

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 49

cÖgvY− 2 cwi¯‹vi GKwU Kvu‡Pi Møv‡m wKQy eid UzK‡iv †i‡L wKQy¶Y ci j¶¨ Ki‡j Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb †h− Møv‡mi evB‡ii Mv‡q we›`y we›`y cvwb R‡g‡Q| †h‡nZz Møv‡mi wfZ‡ii cvwb evB‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv †m‡nZz G cvwbi Drm m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi g‡b cÖkœ RvMvB ¯vfvweK| Avm‡j hv NU‡Q Zv n‡jv ei‡di cÖfve Mªv‡mi c„ô VvÐv n‡q‡Q Ges GB VvÛv c„‡ôi ms¯ú‡k© _vKv evqyi Rjxq ev®ú (DËß cvwb Kbv) VvÛvi cÖfv‡e NYxf‚Z n‡q Zij cvwb we›`yiƒ‡c Møv‡mi Mv‡q R‡g‡Q| VvÛv cvbxq †me‡bi mgqI †evZ‡ji evB‡ii c„‡ô Giƒc cvwb we›`y R‡g|

wPÎ 4.3.2: Møv‡mi c„‡ô we›`y we›`y cvwb R‡g‡Q|

GQvov evqy‡Z †h Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I wbw¯Œq M¨vm i‡q‡Q Zv weÁvbxiv c„_K c„_K cix¶vi gva¨‡g wbwðZ n‡q‡Q| evqyi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv evqyi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vcK| Avgiv hw` evqyi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Rvb‡Z cvwi Zvn‡j mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvi‡ev Gi f‚wgKv KZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvB wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ G As‡k c„_K c„_Kfv‡e evqyi Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q− evqyi Aw·‡Rb k¦vmwµqvi mnvqK| Bnv cÖvYx‡`‡ni i³‡kvab K‡i Ges Zvckw³ Drcv`b K‡i| Aw·‡Rb Qvov Av¸b R¡vjv‡bv m¤¢e bq Ges cÖvYxi Rxeb aviY I Am¤¢e| G Qvov evqyi Aw·‡Rb e¨eüZ n‡”Q wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡R| evqyi mwµq Aw·‡R‡bi jNyKviK wn‡m‡e bvB‡Uªv‡Rb evqy‡Z we`¨gvb| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb bv _vK‡j weï× Aw·‡Rb Øviv k¦vmwµqvi d‡j Rxe‡`‡n GZ †ewk Zvc Drcbœ n‡Zv †h− Rxe‡`n wb‡Ri kix‡ii Zv‡cB `» n‡Zv| ZvQvov− ïay Aw·‡Rb Øviv `nb

bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

evqy‡Z Rjxqev®ú Dcw ’Z

Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 50

wµqv G‡Zv ªæZ msNwUZ n‡Zv †h mvgvb¨ Av¸‡bB c„w_exgq Av¸b Qwo‡q co‡Zv Ges AwMœwbqš¿Y m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| GQvovI bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Dw™¢` I Rxe‡`‡n †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cÖavb DcKiY| evqy ’ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q mvi I wewfbœ ivmvqwb †hŠM eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK nv‡i Drcv`b I e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| Dw™¢` Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW MÖnY K‡i mv‡jvK ms‡kølY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wbR Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i Ges evqygÛ‡j Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i| GB Aw·‡Rb cÖvYxi Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| evqy‡Z Rjxq ev®ú bv _vK‡j Rxe‡`n I Dw™¢` n‡Z cvwb G‡Zv ªæZ I AwaK cwigv‡Y ev®úxf‚Z n‡Zv †h Rxe I Dw™¢` ïwK‡q gviv †h‡Zv| Avevi, evqyi Rjxq ev®úB Nbxf‚Z n‡q e„wói AvKv‡i f‚-c„‡ô c‡o| evqy wbw¯Œq M¨vmI AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| evqy ~lY evqy MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi mswgkª‡Yi d‡j wKsev †Kvb Kvi‡Y evqyi A¯vfvweK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi gvÎvwZwi³ ZviZg¨ NU‡j Zv‡K evqy `~lY e‡j| evqy ~l‡Yi d‡j cÖvYxRMZ Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dci weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq| `~wlZ evqy cÖvqktB gvby‡li k¦vmKv‡h© e¨vNvZ NUvq Ges †`‡n bvbvb †ivM m„wó K‡i| `ywlZ evqyi a~wj KYv, avZe Kbv, bvbvwe` welv³ M¨vm, †ZRw¯Œq M¨vm cÖf…wZi cÖfv‡e gvbe‡`‡n GjvwR©, Kvwk, nvucvwb, eªæsKvBwUm, D”Pi³ Pvc, gv_v e¨_v, dzmdz‡m µvÝvi, †`‡ni Avw½K weK…wZ cÖf…wZ gvivZ¥K †ivM m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| evqy ~l‡Yi d‡j Dw™¢‡`i e„w× I weKvk e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK DcKvix KxU-cZ½, cvLx, Rxe-Rš‘ cÖf…wZ gviv wM‡q cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ webó Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b mviv we‡k¦ eûj Av‡jvwPZ ÔMÖxY nvDm cÖwZwµqvÕ evqy ~l‡biB djvdj| w`‡b w`‡b evqygÛ‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW, wg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW cÖf„wZ M¨v‡mi cwigvb †e‡o hv‡”Q| d‡j c„w_ex c„ô n‡Z wewKwiZ Zvc iwk¥ gnvk~‡Y¨ wd‡i †h‡Z †ewk evav cÖvß n‡”Q Ges dj¯iƒc ax‡i ax‡i evqygÛj DËß n‡q DV‡Q| evqygÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv Gfv‡e e„w× cvIqvq †giæ A‡ji eid c~‡e©i †P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Y Mj‡Q Ges mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv †e‡o hv‡”Q hvi fwel¨r cwiYwZ AZ¨šÍ fq¼i|

wewfbœ Kvi‡Y evqy ~lY NU‡Q †hgb−

Rjxq ev‡®úi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 51

AveR©bv gy³KiY, f‚wg¶q, wkíKvh© cÖf…wZ wewfbœ cÖwµqvq †h e¨vcK cwigvY a~wjKYvi m„wó nq Zv evqy gÛ‡j we Í…Z n‡q evqy ~lY NUvq| Kj-KviLvbv I hvb-evnb Pvjv‡Z, ivbœvi Kv‡R, B‡Ui fvUvq BZ¨vw`‡Z e¨eüZ Kqjv, LwbR ˆZj, †c‡Uªvj, KvV cÖf…wZ `n‡bi d‡j †h †avqvi DrcwË nq Zv evqy `~lY NUvq| K…wl‡¶‡Î e¨eüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi KxUbvkK, QÎvKbvkK, AvMvQvbvkK cÖf…wZ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i m~²KYv evZv‡m Qwo‡q c‡o Ges evqy `ylY NUvq| cvigvbweK †K‡›`ªi cwiZ¨³ eR¨© AveR©bvi †ZRw¯Œq KYv wKsev cix¶vg jK cvigvbweK we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j D™¢‚Z †ZRw¯Œqv f®§ evqygÛ‡j Qwo‡q c‡o evqyi `ylY NUvq| Lv`¨, evm ’vb, R¡vjvbx cÖf…wZ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wbwe©Pv‡i eb-R½j †K‡U †djvi d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi †kvlK MvQcvjvi msL¨v Kg‡Q Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb KwZ©Z Mv‡Qi `nb I cP‡bi d‡j D™¢‚Z M¨vm evqy ~lY Ki‡Q| AvRKvj wd«R, Gqvi Kzjvi, †¯úÖ-K¨vb cÖf…wZ h‡š¿ e¨eüZ bvbv ai‡b wngvqb M¨vm e¨env‡ii ci evqy gÛ‡j wd‡i G‡m evqy `ylY NUv‡”Q| ~lY gy³ ivLvi Dcvq

cªK…Z c‡¶ †h mKj Kvi‡Y evqy ~lY N‡U †m¸‡jv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gva¨‡g evqy `ylY gy³ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb− 1. R¡vjvbx Kv‡h© †mŠi kw³i e¨env‡ii cÖPjb NwU‡q| 2. Kvu‡jv †avqv Drcv`bKvix ÎæwUc~Y© †gvUihvb e¨envi m¤ú~Y© wbwl× K‡i Ges Kg

R¡vjvbx LiP nq Ggb DbœZ cÖhyw³ D™¢veb K‡i| 3. gvÎvwZwi³ wkí-KviLvbv bv ˆZwi K‡i Ges Kj KviLvbv, hvbevnb cÖf…wZi

cwiZ¨³ †avuqv we‡kl c×wZ‡Z cwimªyZ K‡i wbM©g‡bi e¨e ’v K‡i| 4. K…wl‡Z ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e¨envi mxwgZKiY K‡i| 5. cvigvYweK A‡ ¿i cix¶v I e¨envi wbwl× K‡i Ges ivmvqwbK KviLvbv I

cvigvYweK †K‡›`ªi yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iv‡`i Rb¨ h‡_ó mZK©Zv g~jK e¨e ’v MÖnY K‡i|

6. ebf‚wg msi¶Y K‡i Ges wbqwgZ e¨vcK ebvq‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb ebf‚wg m„wó K‡i|

7. m‡ev©cwi MYgva¨g mg~‡ni Øviv e¨vcK cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g evqy ~lY, Gi fqven djvdj Ges †iv‡ai Dcvq m¤ú‡K© mgMÖ wek¦evmx‡K m‡PZb K‡i|

`~l‡Yi KviY

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 52

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3 A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)| 1. evqy‡Z AvqZb Abymv‡i Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw ’wZ kZKiv cÖvq-

K. 21 L. 30 M. 15 N. 77|

2. evqy‡Z Dcw ’Z M¨v‡mi g‡a¨ Av¸b R¡vjv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i-

K. Rjxq ev®ú L. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M. Aw·‡Rb N. wbw¯Œq M¨vm|

3. evqy‡Z Dcw ’Z M¨v‡mi g‡a¨ k¦vmKv‡h© mvnvh¨ K‡i-

K. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L. Aw·‡Rb M. wbw®Œq M¨vm N. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW|

4. evqy n‡jv-

K. †gŠwjK c`v_© L. wgkª c`v_© M. †hŠwMK c`v_© N. ivmvqwbK c`v_©|

mwVK DËi A) 1| K, 2| M, 3| L, 4| L|

�

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 53

e¨envwiK: evqy †h GKwU c`v_© Zvi cÖgvY D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � evqyi †h IRb Av‡Q, RvqMv `Lj K‡i I EaŸ©Pvc †`q Zv wZbwU cix¶v Øviv

†`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb| Avcwb 4bs BDwb‡Ui 1g cv‡V c`v_© m¤ú‡K© we‡klfv‡e Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| G †_‡K Avcbvi ¯úóZtB aviYv n‡q‡Q †h, c`v_© gvÎB IRb Av‡Q, RvqMv `Lj K‡i Ges ej cÖ‡qv‡M evuav †`q| Avevi, Z…Zxq cv‡V evqy‡K GKwU c`v_© wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi evqy cÖK…Zc‡¶B GKwU c`v_© wKbv A_v©r, c`v‡_©i wZbwU ˆewkó¨B evqy‡Z i‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z Avcwb wb‡¤œ ewY©Z wZbwU c„_K cix¶v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cix¶v− 1

cix¶vwU m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨− GKwU †Uwej, 2wU †¯‹j ev KvwV, 1wU fvix e ‘ ev eB, 2wU †ejyb, 3 UzK‡iv m~‡Zv I 1wU Avjwcb wbb| Kv‡Ri aviv

1. cÖ_‡g GKwU †¯‹j‡K †Uwe‡ji Dci Ggbfv‡e ivLyb hv‡Z Gi GKwU gv_v †Uwe‡ji evB‡i _v‡K Ges Ab¨ gv_vwUi Dci fvix e ‘ ev eB w`‡q Pvc w`‡q ivLyb hv‡Z †¯‹jwU c‡o bv hvq|

2. Gevi, †ejyb 2wU‡K evqy Øviv dzwj‡q wb‡q fvjfv‡e m~Zv w`‡q †eu‡a wbb hv‡Z evqy wbM©Z n‡Z bv cv‡i|

3. AZtci †ejyb 2wU‡K Ab¨ KvwVwUi `yÕcÖv‡šÍ myZv w`‡q †eu‡a Szwj‡q w`b| 4. Gevi †ejyb hy³ KvwVwUi gvSvgvwS m~Zv †e‡a myZvi Ab¨gv_v †Uwe‡ji Dci ivLv

†¯‹jwUi mv‡_ hy³ Kiæb| G‡¶‡Î j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb KvwVwUi yÕw`‡Ki IRb mgvb nq A_v©r, KvwVwU gvwUi mv‡_ mgvšÍiv‡j _v‡K|

5. Dc‡i eY©bv g‡Zv e¨e ’v m¤úbœ n‡j− †h †Kvb GKwU †ejyb Avj&wcb w`‡q dzu‡Uv K‡i w`b| GLb Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb †h, KvwVwUi †h gv_vi †ejyb wcb& w`‡q dzu‡Uv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv evqy k~b¨ n‡q Pzc‡m †M‡Q Ges †h gv_vq dzjv‡bv †ejyb i‡q‡Q †m gv_vwU bx‡Pi w`‡K Sz‡j c‡o‡Q A_v©r, G gv_vi IRb GLb †ekx| Avi G evowZ IRb dzjv‡bv †eiæ‡bi †fZ‡i †h evqy Av‡Q ZviB IRb|

myZivs− Avcwb wbðqB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb †h− evqyi IRb Av‡Q|

cvV 4

evqyi IRb wbY©q

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU- 4 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 54

wPÎ 4.4.1: evqyi IRb cix¶v|

cix¶v− 2

G cix¶vwUI Avcwb 2wU †ejyb w`‡q mnRfv‡eB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kv‡Ri aviv

1. cÖ_‡g cvwb w`‡q GKwU †ejyb fwZ© Kiæb| Avcwb Rv‡bb †h cvwb GKwU c`v_© Ges RvqMv `Lj K‡i; ZvB cvwb c~Y© †ejybwU dz‡j D‡V‡Q|

2. Gevi wØZxq †ejybwU evqy w`‡q fwZ© Kiæb; G‡¶‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j Avcwb ¯úóZtB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h− evqy †ejy‡bi wfZ‡ii RvqMv `Lj K‡i †ejybwU‡K dzwj‡q Zz‡j‡Q|

myZivs evqy Aek¨B RvqMv `Lj K‡i|

wPÎ 4.4.2: evqy RvqMv `Lj K‡i| cix¶v− 3

G cix¶vi Rb¨ Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e GKwU cvwb fiwZ eo evjwZ I GKwU Lvwj gM|

evqy ’vb `Lj K‡i

Bangladesh Open University

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 55

Kv‡Ri aviv 1. cÖ_‡g gMwU Dcyo K‡i evjwZi Dci aiæb| Avcwb Rv‡bb †h− cÖK…wZ‡Z k~Y¨ ’vb

evqy Øviv c~Y©| myZivs, Dcyo K‡i aiv gMwUi wfZ‡ii ’v‡bI evqy i‡q‡Q| 2. Gevi hw` gMwU‡K wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv K‡i evjwZi cvwb‡Z eySv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib

Zvn‡j Abyfe Ki‡eb †h− †K †hb gMwU‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K av°v w`‡”Q| gMwU‡K hZ †ewk Wzev‡eb av°v ZZB evo‡e|

3. GLb hw` Avcwb gMwU n‡Z nvZ mwi‡q †bb, Zvn‡j †`L‡eb †h gMwU Dc‡i D‡V hv‡”Q|

wPÎ 4.4.3: evqy DaŸ©Pvc †`q| GKUz wPšÍv Ki‡jB e¨vcviwU Avcbvi Kv‡Q cwi¯‹vi n‡q hv‡e| cÖK…Z c‡¶ G‡¶‡Î hv NU‡Q Zv n‡”Q− g‡Mi wfZ‡i †h evqy Av‡Q Zv mwi‡q cvwb gMwUi wfZi cÖ‡e‡ki †Póv Ki‡Q; wKš‘ evqy mivi †Kvb ’vb bv †c‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K av°v w`‡”Q| myZivs− GK_v mZ¨ †h evqyi EaŸ©Pvc i‡q‡Q| myZivs Dc‡iv³ 3wU cix¶v †_‡K Avcwb G wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib †h− 1. evqyi IRb Av‡Q, 2. evqy RvqMv `Lj K‡i Ges 3. EaŸ©Pvc †`q| Avi, cÖwZwU c`v‡_©i G wZbwU ˆewkó¨B _v‡K| AZGe,− evqy GKwU c`v_©|

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