Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNTIL IT flUEO THe R.m1Y\ fORCIN0 A CORNER ....... .
, I
J j
The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was first published in Jan. 1971 by Ant Farm.It was our attempt to gather information and skills learned in process and present it in an easily accessible format. That INFLATOCOOKBOOK came loose leaf in a vinyl binder that we fabricated in our warehouse in Sausalito. The first printing was 2000 copies.
The experiences that qualified us as 'Inflatoexpertsl occurred over an 18 month period in which we designed, built, and erected inflatables for a variety of clients and situations.Charley Tilford showed Ant Farm how to make fast, cheap inflatagles out of polyethylene and tape and support them with used fans from Goodwill. That was in the fall of 1969. The first one built was the largest, a 100'xlOO ' white pillow that was built for the ill fated WiJd West Festival in San Francisco, then after being turned down for Stewart Brandis Liferaft Earth Event, finally had its day at Altamont. There followed a year in which we built numerous demo-inflatables at schools,conferences, festivals and gatherings around the state of California and beyond.
ANT FARM at that time was: Andy Shapiro, Kelly Gloger, Fred Unterseher, Hudson Marquez, Chip Lord, Doug Hurr, Michael Wright,Curtis Schreier, Joe Hall, and Doug Michels.
The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was written, designed, and put together by: Chip Lord, Curtis Schreier, Andy Shapiro, Hudson Marquez, Doug Hurr, Doug Michels .with help from: Sylvia Dreyfus, Charley Tilford, and Sotiti Kitrilakis.
This SECOND PRINTING (July 1973) takes on a new form for ease of printing and distribution. It gets a new cover and binding, and some material has been omitted for update. Still its a good buy at the original price of 3.00$, only at one place; thats Box 471 San Francisco Calif 94101
- @ ANT CORPS 1973
7/{-/ 0 ~~ 9
'T 1./ ~> ~ .... ,,-.,...-,,'
> I
~ I I ~.1 a: I - , c:( I
I
o I Z . I' - ,
0.' :c. u Z «
V)
~. > w
V) .....J « ~. « :E
V)
o «I ~. w Z a..
- f
I . I
.!
ENTRANCE
\.
~r'-4E VVOf\LOt,S Lf\f\GES~r
S~'f\~e
C(
OIL MASSAGE
MEDIA VAN
DETAIL
"
{D .f' ./~-,
t',,""?t!! I rifi/
The World's Largest Snake Alphabet Electroasis-instant media & The Universal Mass Consumption Grid Erection American shopping centers Livin' & jivin' - a & b . or university automatons/sto. - c&e Ultrasonic media blasts from d Blow it up - f The World's Largest Snake eats videoscreens - g & a 5 man crew explores limits, blows up buildings, destroy Fat City, build real (C)ity Solar energy, dreams, enviroyesterday mobiletomorrow AND We give lOX energy credits wi th fi llup.
SECTION at CADDY
SECTION at CLOUD
WORLD'S LARGEST, SNAKE TRUCK SECTION
SNAKE RATTLE & ROLL ROOM
57 CADDY
m < m Z -i U'l
-~.
, 11.1 ~ ,
~
" I:
abilities and can be a
. space-making beautifying into her; his ow.nhan(;l~.
-
.. ~ I~-
.-•
11
___ Ii
the size of the neckhole b
ypjn
chin
glt
\:
tautness or limpness o
f the structure Jfunder
Tape the neckhole shu
tqn
din
flate fully.
near the sho/fI(;lerDfthebag.W
fth a 3
" slit A
CR
OS
S thevvrinkles. N
o;tice 'im
mediately, to
the hole. N
ow try
deflate the bag and tape the ho
le with your
then turn the blowers 0
{1 agaih.
Th
fstime
slit A LO
NG
one of the W
rinkles. N
otice does.
Try this again a
ta plqce. w
here are no w
rinkles. A
ny difference? O
f the w
hich way w
ouldyoLlcL
ifjf you
were
a door an
d you w
an
tedto
(:onserve
. Get som
e thicker plastic §ornewhere.
Large orange or red nier.e.~ri(}me on flatcar loads o
f
I, ~--. E
•
I .
.... :
.-..J.
'Si'$
(i
)cD
ct
A
ct>
(()
QO
c-+
DC
rt
cs
Q+
(l)
I ~O'
r+~
<2 o
r., ~::J
~-
dn:l
<::
..,~
~
~ :&t
~
~",,-
'" ..,
,, \J
' '"
cf
+ : I
• I'
'{
I \
i i
(]\
:s.,
"0
<
(b -'
::sc-
+
CL
(1:)
c-+
-h
:s--
(l)~
. D
-.
:s
(j)
~~~
rt .
~
r+
o ~
ch :h-
Gt> ~
-I ,! OJ .'
~
0-
ro
D
(j) ~ ~
ro " OJ ::s
P- &t
-0
(b
~
R
A s: m o Z
'Tl ~
r-,.
-. _
_ 1
C3~
MO
-cs CD
Q
)l/)
6>q-
t\~
--,
~ a.
..:&:
).
~
VI 1I
\1\
~ 01~
~(t)o
lJ)
-r-.
~ c:: ... S
1 , 1 !----
~. -g
-u
@ %
I v
--9
1
&:L
_ ......
. __
_ (b
s ~
n c -i s: m o C
-i
~
~~
«£A)
;:1
~~
~
~
~
<'<
..
"- [}
""'-I
~
~
<. ~
ti
~
i -J
t$J 1
M05t. pl8stiu available.. corr1eS In stn~ or roll~. Here are. seveYGlI methods of m6kln5 ! pillow Sh8pes most; economrcali.y' from 51r1siej dooble,etc. Continuous stnps. Expenment wrth . smf:ll! nbbOl1';; first; 1;0 do 'tYIese aD tUI1 scale. requrror.; lots ofJ8}:OUt. SI1<3ce end 8 i chov-eoerapr:Y of teemWorK8mol'1B thoSe UYl roil 1VJ8 I hofdlt1B,6h wplnB We plastic.
I 1 PI ECE., ( x 4
: x4 S1f:lP PILLOVY
,,-
'" /
ri
~ ,
'" '"
" '" '"
I~ 1
· GEOMETRY - - - - -,.,.
b "tl -j1i.
'< f;J
~i~ ~======~===~~l Li,
I+---_-+-__ ~ ,:z
" " " "- .... ....
<:>
,.",.",.
.... ",,"-,~ --- ----
, ~
I
I I !.j -r-..
,
J-1
I II ! I
MA
TE
RIA
LS
W
e us
ed p
olye
thyl
ene
beca
use
of
low
co
st a
nd e
asy
hand
ling
. W
ith
a m
ater
ial
as a
bst
ract
as a
mic
ro-t
hick
pla
stic
fil
m,
and
as e
asy
to j
oin
as p
oly
eth
yle
ne,
on
e ca
n tr
ansi
t th
e en
tire
de
sign
-the
n-bu
ild
proc
ess
in s
uch
a sh
ort
tim
e as
to
be
able
to
see
th
e pr
oces
s as
a w
hole
. In
thi
s se
nse
po
lyet
hy
len
e ca
n be
a m
ediu
m f
or l
earn
ing
abo
ut
who
le d
esig
n pr
oces
ses.
I
' P
OL
YE
TH
YL
EN
E -
(dic
tion
ary
defi
niti
on)
impe
rvio
us t
o m
oist
ure,
lig
hter
th
an w
ater
, to
u~h, p
liab
le,
ou
tsta
nd
ing
at
diel
ectr
ic h
igh
freq
uenc
ies;
exc
elle
nt c
hem
ical
res
ista
nce.
We
star
ted
ou
t us
ing
fou
r m
il (.
004"
) fo
r ev
eryt
hing
(it
's c
heap
est)
bu
t no
w w
e us
e 6
mil
whe
reve
r w
e ca
n -
6 m
il st
rike
s a
pre
tty
goo
d ba
lanc
e be
twee
n co
st a
nd l
onge
vity
. T
he
life
~pan
of
the
mem
bra
ne
dep
end
s o
n 1
) th
e su
rfac
e th
e bu
bble
will
sit
on
(gr
ass
is b
est)
2)
il hat t
he
win
d w
ill d
o t
o i
t (H
igh
win
ds m
ay d
estr
oy
th
e pl
asti
cs j
ust
by
the
forc
e o
f th
e w
i d,
bu
t m
ore
oft
en t
he
dam
age
is d
on
e by
th
e w
ind
ripp
ing
the
poly
on
bra
nche
s, c
orne
rs
of
hing
s, e
tc.)
; 3)
th
e us
e it
is p
ut
to.
Pub
lic
even
ts w
ith
high
ene
rgy
sour
ces
such
as
rock
m
usic
ten
d t
o w
ear
hard
-st
able
use
s su
ch a
s gr
eenh
ouse
s o
r sl
eepi
ng p
lace
s te
nd
to
wea
r w
elt
Und
er o
pti
mu
m c
on
dit
ion
s (m
inim
um s
un &
win
d) t
he
mat
eria
l sh
ould
las
t ab
ou
t a
year
. 4)
(fo
r pu
blic
pla
ces
part
icul
arly
) un
ders
tand
ing
of
the
natu
re o
f th
e m
ater
ial
by t
he
peop
le u
sing
it.
Use
rs n
eed
to b
e m
ade
awar
e, s
om
eho
w,
to t
ake
off
the
ir s
hoes
bef
ore
ente
ring
, n
ot
to w
alk
on
(th
roug
h) t
he
wal
ls,
no
t to
tea
r th
e d
oo
rs a
s th
ey g
o th
rou
gh
, an
d n
ot
to b
lock
th
e ai
r-su
pply
tun
nels
. G
ener
ally
we
try
to
rei
nfor
ce a
reas
of
heav
y us
age
and
mak
e ai
r tu
nnel
s w
here
yo
u c
an't
get
to
th
em o
r m
ake
them
big
eno
ugh
to c
raw
l in
wit
ho
ut
bloc
king
th
e ai
r fl
ow.
It's
bet
ter
to d
esig
n in
dur
abil
ity
than
hav
e to
pol
ice
the
vuln
erab
le
deta
ils
(e.g
., se
lf-c
losi
ng d
oors
in
Geo
met
ry s
ecti
on).
... C
OL
OR
or
: C
OL
OR
T
he m
ost
eas
ily
avai
labl
e co
lors
are
cle
ar a
nd b
lack
(us
ed i
n co
ncr
ete
con
stru
ctio
n w
ork)
b
ut
wh
ite
and
colo
red
poly
can
als
o be
fou
nd.
Cle
ar i
s de
cide
dly
mag
ical
. It
s dr
awba
cks
arei
ltha
t it
get
s tr
emen
do
usl
y h
ot
insi
de i
f th
ere
is su
n an
d it
is
a h
ot
day.
It
ca~
co
ok
th
e pe
ople
ins
ide
and
the
gras
s u
nd
ern
eath
. T
his
can
be t
urn
ed t
o g
ood
adva
ntag
e In
coo
l we
~the
r fo
r so
lar
hea
t or
, in
war
mer
wea
ther
goo
d fo
r w
ater
env
iron
men
ts,
sau
na
bath
s, o
il m
alss
ages
, et
c.
Be
care
ful
of
leav
ing
a cl
ear
bubb
le o
n a
gre
en l
awn
for
too
lon
g as
it
wi'l
l ste~m
tl'fe
gra
ss i
n its
ow
n ju
ice
in a
few
hou
rs i
f th
e su
n is
hot.
W
hite
ref
lect
s he
at,
bu
t it
ge~s v
ery
brig
ht i
nsid
e.
You
can
pro
ject
on
it
at n
ight
or
bo
un
ce c
olor
ed l
ight
s ar
ou
nd
in
s'ide
it.
One
goo
d de
sign
co
mp
rom
ise
is a
half
wh
ite/
hal
f cl
ear
bubb
le -
yo
u c
an p
ut
the
whi
te s
ide
up
to
th
e su
n o
r th
e cl
ear
side
up
on
coo
l o
r cl
ou
dy
day
s.
It's
bes
t to
fin
d sh
ade,
o
r br
ing
yo
ur
ow
n -
a bi
g p
arac
hu
te o
ver
a bu
bble
hel
ps a
gre
at d
eal
on h
ot
days
. F
rost
ed
poly
is
best
for
rea
r pr
ojec
tion
, w
hit
e fo
r fr
on
t pr
ojec
tion
(al
thou
gh w
hite
will
wo
rk f
or
rear
pro
ject
ion
-it
ju
st i
sn't
qu
ite
as b
righ
t an
im
age)
. S
om
e po
ly s
old
as c
lear
is
wh
at i
s ca
Ued
"n
atu
ral"
whi
ch i
s sl
ight
ly f
rost
ed,
alth
ough
no
t fr
oste
d en
ough
to
wo
rk w
ell
for
rear
pr
ojec
tion
. W
ith
usag
e, c
lear
bec
omes
fro
sted
-y
ou
can
fac
ilit
ate
the
proc
ess
by
rub
bing
it
un~i
l th
e st
atic
cha
rge
pick
s u
p d
ust.
C
olor
ed p
oly
give
s a
fine
col
ored
lig
ht i
nsid
e.
Sou
rces
fo
r co
lore
d po
ly a
re 1
) sh
eetr
ock
and
som
e o
ther
bui
ldin
g m
ater
ials
are
shi
pped
on
fla
tcar
s
cove
red
wit
h 2
0' X
50
' she
ets
of
colo
red
poly
. T
alk
to
th
e pe
ople
wh
o u
nloa
d th
e ca
rs.
Orl
ce w
e g
ot
a br
and
new
red
cov
er f
rom
th
e U
S G
yp
sum
fac
tory
in
Hou
ston
. 2)
Col
ored
po:ly
dro
pcl
oth
s fr
om p
ain
t o
r ha
rdw
are
stor
es.
3) M
anuf
actu
rers
of
gas
stat
ion
and
use
d ca
r, lo
t ba
nner
s.
Ber
gman
Ban
ners
in
San
Fra
ncis
co s
tock
s ni
ne c
olor
s in
36
" w
idth
(4
mil)
an
d se
lls
it f
or
$.0
3/s
q.f
t.
4) U
nion
Car
bide
will
mak
e an
y co
lor
for
yo
u i
n lo
ts o
f 5
,00
0 I
bs.
It is
pos
sibl
e to
bu
y c
olor
s th
at t
hey
alr
eady
hav
e in
1,0
00-l
b. l
ots.
'----~------.:~ -
-._-
----
---
,---=
= =
=
Cd
NT
AC
T P
AP
ER
(th
e st
uff
yo
u p
ut
on s
helv
es)
"
It'~ g
ood
rein
forc
ing
for
plac
es t
hat
get
hea
vy s
tres
s o
r tr
affi
c, I
ike
do
ors
and
whe
re
turn
els
join
flo
ors.
RE
INF
OR
CE
D P
OL
Y
;! (S
ee S
ears
cat
alog
pag
e.)
Thi
s is
fine
, st
rong
stu
ff,
alth
ough
a l
ittl
e di
ffic
ult
to t
ape
du
e to
te~ture.
The
re i
s al
so a
co
mp
any
in
Hou
ston
nam
ed G
riff
olyn
th
at p
rodu
ces
this
stu
ff.
I
do
n't
kn
ow
ho
w t
hei
r pr
ices
com
pare
.
TA
PIN
G P
RO
CE
SS
or
: T
AP
ING
PR
OC
ES
S
Thi
s is
best
wo
rked
ou
t by
yo
u,
part
ly d
epen
ding
on
th
e n
um
ber
of
peop
le y
ou
hav
e ta
ping
to
geth
er.
AV
OID
WR
INK
LE
S i
n th
e ta
pe
as t
he
wri
nkle
s w
ill g
ath
er w
ater
, pa
rtic
ular
ly w
hen
the
bubb
le i
s le
ft u
ninf
late
d in
th
e ra
in.
Thi
s w
ill e
vent
uall
y d
estr
oy
th
e b
on
d o
f an
y o
f
thes
e ta
pes.
HE
AT
SE
AL
ING
SO,m
eone
fro
m O
rego
n se
z:
You
can
sea
l po
ly w
ith
a r
egul
ar c
loth
es i
ron
(Tef
lon
if p
ossi
ble)
. T
l1e
qu
alit
y o
f th
e se
am v
arie
s gr
eatl
y w
ith
th
e sk
ill
of t
he
pers
on w
ho
is
seam
ing,
so
prac
tice
fi
rst.
I
saw
a d
om
e bu
bble
th
at g
ot
des
tro
yed
by
th
e w
ind
as t
he
seam
s ha
d be
en h
eat-
seal
ed
this
way
by
amat
eurs
. P
ut
a co
up
le p
iece
s ar
e ca
rdb
oar
d t
og
eth
er u
pri
gh
t u
nd
er t
he
over
lapp
ing
edge
s an
d ru
n th
e ir
on a
long
it
smo
oth
ly a
nd e
venl
y.
PO
LY
ES
TE
R (
myl
ar i
s a
trad
e na
me
for
poly
este
r)
Sil
vere
d m
ylar
is
a go
od r
efle
ctiv
e su
rfac
e an
d V
E R
Y m
agic
al.
2 m
il m
ylar
is
roug
hly
equi
vale
nt in
str
eng
th t
o 6
or
8 m
il po
ly,
and
it c
an b
e ta
ped
to
get
her
lik
e p
oly
. Jo
hn
R
eeve
s in
Bos
ton
go
t a
qu
anti
ty o
f it
fro
m E
iser
Ind
ustr
ies
in R
ever
e, M
ass.
fo
r $
.20
/sq
.ft.
He
had
to d
o a
lo
t o
f ta
lkin
g to
get
it
at t
hat
pri
ce.
Th
ere
are
a lo
t o
f co
mp
anie
s pr
oduc
ing
myl
ar n
ow,
bu
t w
e h
aven
't i
nves
tiga
ted.
A
gain
, le
t us
kn
ow
wh
at y
ou
fin
d o
ut.
- '.
Bui
ldin
g su
pp
ly s
tore
s ar
e th
e m
ost
wid
espr
ead
sour
ces
of
po
lyet
hy
len
e (g
ood
last
min
ute
, S
atu
rday
sou
rces
) b
ut
pack
agin
g ho
uses
and
co
ncr
ete
con
stru
ctio
n s
uppl
y co
mp
anie
s us
uall
y
are
chea
per
an
d c
arry
a l
arge
r st
ock
of
dif
fere
nt
wei
ghts
and
siz
es o
f bl
ack
and
clea
r.
Th
ey
can
usua
lly
ord
er w
hit
e (i
n S
an F
ranc
is_c
o ar
ea,
the
Vis
quee
n d
istr
ibu
tor
has
whi
te,_
Bes
t pr
ices
we'
ve f
ou
nd
in
the
San
Fra
ncis
co A
rea
(per
sq.
ft.)
WEI
GH
T 4
V\l\11
h(YV\1
1 8v
vu\
CLEA
R 14
-
1.5~
2~
WHI
TE
2.¢
N.A.
N
,A
BLAC
K I,'
d;
1.,,4
1.
1Q;
(Not
e:
Pri
ces
in S
an F
ranc
isco
are
n't
low
for
bui
ldin
g m
ater
ials
. P
rice
per
squ
are
foo
t
do
esn
't s
eem
to
inc
reas
e fo
rlar
ger
siz
e pi
eces
. W
hite
on
ly c
omes
in
4 m
iL)
Als
o se
e at
tach
ed S
ears
pri
ce l
ist.,
TA
PE
or
: T
AP
E
Po
lyet
hy
len
e ca
n be
hea
t-se
aled
, b
ut
we
use
tap
e be
caus
e it
eli
min
ates
har
dwar
e, c
an b
e us
ed
in t
he
fiel
d, a
nd t
he
tech
niq
ue
can
be m
aste
red
by
lar
ge n
um
ber
s o
f pe
ople
. T
he
mo
st
com
mo
n k
ind
of
tap
e is
2"
poly
tap
e av
aila
ble
from
mo
st p
oly
eth
yle
ne
ou
tlet
s, b
ut
it's
no
t th
e be
st.
Goo
d ta
pe
com
es i
n w
ider
siz
es,
and
is m
uch
stro
ng
er (
if t
he
seam
is
tap
ed w
ell,
th
e po
ly w
ill r
ip b
efor
e th
e se
am).
Tap
e ca
n be
had
fro
m:
Ari
sta
Cus
tom
Tap
e C
o.
Fo
ot
of
Far
m R
d.
Sec
aucu
s, N
.J.
07
09
4
864-
3131
H.
T.
McG
ill C
o.
P.O
. B
ox 5
17
45
11
Fro
nt
St.
B
rook
shir
e, T
exas
7
74
23
Mr.
Zim
mle
r is
a fi
ne g
uy.
He
do
esn
't l
ike
to f
ill o
rder
s sm
alle
r th
an $
10
0.
He
can
send
an
ord
er b
y U
PS a
ir f
reig
ht t
o S
an
Fra
ncis
co i
n th
ree
days
. H
e w
ill c
ut
his
9 m
il vi
nyl
tap
e (f
or
use
on p
olye
thyl
ene)
to
any
wid
th.
Pri
ce i
s $
1.2
0/i
nch
of
wid
th f
or a
36
yd
. ro
ll i
n an
y c
olo
r ex
cep
t cl
ear
(whi
ch c
omes
in
4"
on
ly a
nd
is
abo
ut
$4
.50
/ro
ll).
Th
e 4
" cl
ear
stu
ff is
ver
y go
od f
or
on
th
e sp
o',
patc
hing
. 3
" w
idth
is
good
in
the
colo
red
tap
e.
Jim
Co
ok
(w
ho h
as a
goo
d de
al o
f ex
per
ien
ce i
n po
ly i
nfla
tabl
es
whi
ch h
e is
usua
lly
pre
tty
op
en t
o s
hari
ng)
sell
s 4
" w
ide
po
lyet
hy
len
e ta
pe
(36
yd
rol
ls)
whi
ch i
s al
so e
xce
llen
t ta
pe.
The
pric
e is
com
par
able
to
Ari
sta'
s o
n 4
" cl
ear
bu
t th
e se
rvic
e is
n't
qu it
e as
fas
t.
Let
us
kn
ow
of
any
oth
er g
ood
sour
ces
and
we
will
pub
lish
th
e in
fo.
.3A
FE
TY
CO
DE
S A
ND
TH
I:: 1
-1 K
I:: IV
Ir\h
""'l
h~-
=ro
m T
ensi
le S
tru
ctu
res,
Vol
ume
On
e b
y F
rei
Ott
o:
" ..
. p
neu
mat
ic b
uild
ings
are
saf
er
:han
any
oth
er f
orm
of
stru
ctu
re.
Th
e m
ain
adva
ntag
e o
f th
e pn
eum
atic
ally
str
etch
ed
nem
bra
ne
is it
s sm
all
wei
gllt
; ev
en w
ith
span
s o
f m
ore
than
10
0m
, th
e w
eigh
t o
f th
e ,t
ruct
ure
does
no
t ex
ceed
3k
g/s
q.m
. E
ven
if t
he
com
pres
sed
air
sup
ply
sho
uld
fail
, it
vo
uld
tak
e a
long
tim
e fo
r la
rge
enve
lope
s to
col
laps
e, s
ince
th
e en
clos
ed a
ir c
an l
eak
ou
t li
lly
slow
ly.
Eve
n la
rge
hole
s an
d te
ars
are
no
t da
nger
ous.
A
ltho
ugh
the
pres
sure
dro
ps
luit
e ra
pidl
y, t
he
forc
e d
ue
to t
he
wei
ght
of
the
mem
bra
ne
is so
sm
all
that
, in
lar
ge
!nv.
elop
es,
it m
ay t
ake
days
bef
ore
the
encl
osed
air
esc
apes
eve
n if
th
e op
enin
gs a
re l
arge
."
Ve'
ve n
ever
had
any
inj
urie
s d
ue
to s
truc
tura
l fa
ilur
e.
Fir
e co
des
are
nec
essa
ry,
wit
ness
cir
cus
ten
t fi
re t
rage
dies
. T
hey
are
usu
ally
pri
mar
ily
con
cern
ed w
ith
exit
s in
pub
lic
stru
ctu
res.
P
olye
thyl
ene
infl
atab
les
have
a v
irtu
al 3
60
' ex
it b
ecau
se a
ny
on
e ca
n ri
p hi
s w
ay o
ut,
bu
t th
is is
som
etim
es h
ard
to c
om
mu
nic
ate
to
a fi
re m
arsh
all
:J8c
ause
he
wil
l ha
ve n
o p
rece
den
t fo
r al
low
ing
that
ty
pe
of
exit
. H
e w
ill
also
wan
t to
tes
t th
e fi
re r
esis
tanc
e o
f th
e m
emb
ran
e it
self
, us
uall
y by
hol
ding
a s
mal
l pi
ece
of
it o
ver
a bu
nsen
bu
rner
fo
r te
n s
econ
ds,
then
rem
ovin
g it
. If
it
rem
ains
bur
ning
fo
r m
ore
than
tw
o s
econ
ds i
t is
no
t co
nsid
ered
sel
f-ex
ting
uish
ing.
H
owev
er,
wh
en t
he
po
lyet
hy
len
e is
inf
late
d, t
he
stru
ctu
re h
as i
nter
nal
pres
sure
whi
ch w
ork
s to
ext
ingu
ish
the
flam
e as
soo
n as
it
bu
rns
thro
ug
h t
he
mem
bran
e. (
Cha
rley
Til
ford
in
New
Yo
rk h
as d
on
e
som
e re
sear
ch o
n t
his
and
has
a f
ilm
of
his
effo
rts.
) T
ry t
o e
xpla
in t
his.
W
e p
ut
up
in
flat
able
s in
man
y p
ubli
c si
tuat
ion
s w
ith
mix
ed s
ucce
ss -
we
did
no
t ge
t ap
prov
al f
rom
th
e S
an L
eand
ro F
ire
Mar
shal
l fo
r S
tew
art
Bra
nd's
hu
ng
er s
how
, b
ut
we
did
get
appr
oval
(w
ith
the
dili
gent
aid
of
Dr.
Fra
nk
Opp
enhe
imer
) fo
r an
int
erm
edia
ev
ent
in t
he
Pal
ace
of
Fin
e A
rts
in S
an F
ranc
isco
. W
e d
idn
't c
on
sult
a f
ire
mar
shal
l be
fore
Alt
amo
nt,
bu
t
rem
emb
er y
ou
are
res
pons
ible
for
th
e sa
fety
of
yo
ur
stru
ctu
re.
Go
od
thi
ngs
to t
alk
ab
ou
t w
ith
Fir
e M
arsh
alls
:
1)
self
-ext
ingu
ishi
ng p
rop
erti
es o
f in
flat
ed p
oly
eth
yle
ne
2)
rip
thro
ug
h e
xit
do
ors
(th
inne
ss o
f th
e po
ly)
3)
the
huge
nu
mb
er o
f d
oo
rs y
ou
hav
e 4)
le
ngth
of
tim
e re
quir
ed t
o d
efla
te t
he
buil
ding
wit
h h
oles
in
it
5)
the
pres
sure
at
whi
ch t
he
buil
ding
s ru
ns
6)
the
nu
mb
er o
f C
FM
of
air
yo
u a
re p
rovi
ding
per
per
son
7)
ho
w p
ower
ful
yo
ur
bac
k u
p f
an i
s (t
his
is a
mu
st f
or
publ
ic e
vent
s)
,
((LAY
1.1
/ [{O
tt J
, I
RECYCLING
The best way to recycle polyethylene is to reuse it, but when it gets many holes in it, it is no longer good as a rain cover. The worst thing you can do with it is to put it in a garbage can - it will probably end up as land fill and never decompose. The best thing you can do with it is BURN it. When polyethylene burns it breaks down into CO2, H
20, and carbon
which is the ugly black smoke produced but which will precipitate out of the air quickly and be absorbed by the earth.
It is possible to recycle poly chemically, butit'san elaborate process and all the big manufacturers find it more profitable to make it from fresh natural resources (petroleum), We think inflatable shelter is a much better use for petroleum than burning it in an internal combustion engine. We also like inflatables because they aren't in anyone place long enought to leave marks on the earth after thev're gone.
,~~----.-.--- ..
Lesathan 10 SQ. ft.-4 mil· 10x50 ft. roll
Lasts indefinitely when out of light . . about 6 months in direct sunlight. Meets FHA requirements and Dept. of Commerce wt. specifications. Rotproof and water resistant. Remains flexible to 700 below zero. Not for greenhouses
Thick. Width length Catalog Wt. Rail nen feet Number Ibs. '--~ SO 32 W42006C $1.57 4 4 ft. SO 32 W42008C 5 1.98 6 ft. SO 32 W42011C 7 2.79 8 ft. SO 32 W42014C 9 3.75
4mll* 10 ft. 25 32 W4201SC 5 ~ 10 ft. 50 32 W42017C 11 4.79 12 ft. 50 32 W42021C 13 5.69 16 ft. 50 32 W4202AC 17 7.55 20ft. 50 32 W420271 21 9.50
6ft.'"" so 32 W42055C 9 <r.B 6 mil. 10 ft. ' 50 32 W42061C 15 6.98
12 ft. SO 32 W42064C 17 8.50 ,20 ft. SO 32 W42072l 31 13.95
MQrp PRICE ROLL BACKS I 100-foot roUs. Clear Polyelflylene.
Thick. Width Catalog Wt. Rail Roll ness Number Ib .. Wa'"
2 mlfIi 8 ft. 4 in. 32 W4W03C 9 $3.75 ~ 3 ft. 3Z W 42007C -r Z.69 Z55 4 ft. 32 W42009C ' 8 3:65 3.46 6 ft. 32 W 42012C 13 5.z9 5.02
4mll* 8 ft. 32 W 42015C 17 7.09 6.73
10 ft. 3Z W 42018C 22 SF 8:54 12 ft. 32 W 42022C 26 10.59 10.06 16ft. 32 W 42025C 34 14.z5 13.53 20ft. 32 W 42028l 43 17.95 17.05 -- 6 ft. 32 W 4Z056C 11 7.95 'T.5!l
6 miJ4< 12ft. 32 W 42065l 34 15.95 15.15 20ft. 32 W 42073l 59 26.35 25.03
,10mll* ~ 32 W 42086R 96 45:95 4m ·~W&.5 prices from 1910 SPring Big Book
&:per-clear Vinyl 5~ a3..d~tt :It ,2 to 3 tUnes stronger than polyethylen~. Stands up to sun •. ideal for storm windows. Higbly ,tear resistant. Stays f1enl>le to _260 ,F. Not ' recommended for permanent greenhouses. '
9x1O-meeh 1110 per SQua ... foot low 88 3 Nt <!-In. X 1QO.ft. roll
St~-reinforced. Woven wire mem, non-ravel edges, electrogalvanized, coated with liquid cellulose acetate. Bursting strength of 9x10t mesh is 109 lbs.; of 14x14 t mesh 157 lbs. Lasts several seasons. Cut with scissors. '
Cotton-reinforced r:,w 6 0 '~r' Green cotton 4x4t mesh, multiple strands woven for extra strength, fused between' 2 sheets of cellulOse acetate plastic. Total thickness 1.76 mil·. More f1enl>le than metal reinforced plastic. Ideal for <:urved inStaI1ations. Holds' its shape yet stays pliable even at low temperatures. Keeps cold out, heat in. Cut with scissors.
Mesh Width Roll " Catalog Shpg. PrICe
rrn:- lengr Number WI. 25 t. 32 w mlsc 31bs. R:5O
4x4t SO ft. 32 W 42817C SIbs. 8.45 150 ft. 32 W 42819C 121bs. 23.95
tWi"", or .franas per aquore tncn
. Black Polyethylene • "mil· 10 SQuore foot In 1_ than 10X1i0-ft. roll
Won't rot or mildew. Keeps out damaging light, ultra-violet rays. Lasts 3 to 5 times longer in, sunlight than clear polyethylene. Salt-proof, paint-proof, oil-proof .. can't be damaged by corrosive compost or silage acids. Cut to size with scissors. Available in 6 to 4O-fl:. widths.
Thickness Width length Catolog WI. Roll feet Number Ib .. --6ft.'"" 50 32 W 4Z1ill!C -y -u:u 10 ft. 50 32 W 42l11C 11 -n9 10 ft. 100 32 W42112C 22 9.15 ~ 16 32 W 4Z116C 6 -m
4II1II* 16 ft. SO 32 W 42118l 17 1.55 16 ft. 100 32 W42119l 34 14.75 20 ft. 20 32 W4Z1ZZC 9~ 20 ft. 50 32 W42124L 21 9.65 - 20 ft. 100 32 W 42125l 42 18'.75 -- '"'28Tt:'""" 100 32W42mN 58 27:Z!; ~ SO 32 W4ZIS5C 15 """'"1:Th 10 ft. 100 32 W42156C 29 13.85
161t.""" SO 32 W42161L ,24 ""1n5 6 ... •
16 ft. 100 32 W42162l 48 21.95 ~ SO 32 W4216SL 31 . ~ 20 ft. 100 32 W42166L 60 28.25 28 ft. ,100 32 W42168N 90 JD5 32 ft. 100 32 W4217U. 100 '45.50 40 ft. 100 32 W42174N 127 56.75
iOii.ii* ~ 100 32 W:a181N 96 4T.l!l'l
Black Plastic Mulch .1991~'1"t. Prevents weed growth, ends need ,to ~tivate. Increases yield because it speeds gcirminatioU:, Helps prevent frost damage • • maintain even ground temperature. Won't rot. Can be stored wet. Durable, 1M-mil· thick,' 40. mches wicie.:; ~vaiIable in 104 and lOOO-foot tolls., " , 32 W 42101C-I04-ft. roIl. Wt. 3 lbs;. ,Roll $1.99 32 W 42102C-lOOO-ft.roll. Wt. 25 Ibs .. RollU.89
Utility Plastic for windows, floors, carpets' ( 1 and 2 I Milk-white tranSlucent & 30 inches wid~ Gives frosbii effect on bathroom windows" shower doors. Ideal for temporary. carpet runners. Diamond embossed film (1) bas greater slip resistlmce, nl>bed film (2) is more pliable; both types can be easily cleaned by' shaking. Sold per foot or in 100-fil9t rolls.' ,',' ,
~, • J 1 DiamOnd EmbQssed'Film. Pecft. Shipping wt. 4 Oz.
32 W42275C .••.•.••.• Foot 34c , Roll. Shipping weight 24lbs.
32 W 42276C, .••••..•.... $30.95
2 Ribbed Film., . , Per ft. Shipping weight 4 oz. 32 W 42271C ..••••••.. Foot 23c
Roll. Shipping weight 21lbs; , ' 32 W 42272C ............ $19.95
.04··· .~!~~.~ ~,~ 3 Heavy-duty Indoor-Outdoor Tap;'lor smooth ( ~ and 5 I Snop Fosten!,rs. Snap covers ?l):' and off
Cover Outfits surfaces. Clear 10-mil· polyethylene. Air-tight, q1llckly. Crowns on 2x2-mcb pressure SeD.SJ.tive tape. waterproof. 50 ft. roll. lor 2-in. widths. Studs on tape or wood screws. 10 each per pkg.
Low as .249 32 W 42915-0ne~. w:!dth. Wt. 4 oz .... Roll 79c 4 Tape-mounted studs for smooth surfaces. 32 W 42916-Two m. WIdth. Wt. 10 oz. Roll $1.39 32 W 42903-Pkg. of 10. Wt. 4 oz .... , ...... Pkg. 99c
1'01ye!h:I~ .. f1~ble,pr~t plastic sheeting Indoor"Outdoor Waterproof CIolfi Tape. 60-ft. 5 Screw-in Studs for rough surfaces.. , of6mil t4icknessWIth4~x2m. brassgrommeted 32 W,4291~ne-in. width. Wt. 6 oz .. Roll $1.19 32 W 42904-Pkg. of to. Wt. 4 oz ........... Pkg. 99c (~ in. di~), self-adhesive tie downs. Protects 6 Bro~s. Grommo:ted Plast!c Tie Downs. ;Pressure-
' .. most anything from weather, dust grease Double-faced Mounting Tope. Strong ivory paper sensItive adhesIve. 4~x2 11l. with adhesive backing on both sides. 54-ft. roll. 32 W 42902-Pkg. of 10. Wt. 4 OZ; ............. Pkg. 99c
, Color Size Sq. No.
feet It. ties Clear 2oX5O ~ 40
6>9 54 "IiI 9x12 108 12
r.reeIl 10x20 200 16 15x20 300 18 20x20 400 2(1-Sears 20>:40 800 :l8
Calalog WI. Number lb ••
32 W:420')'lL 33 32 W 42579 2 32 W42581 3 32 W42582 6 32 W 42583 10 32 W42584 12 32 W42585C 23
Price
$17.')'5 2:49
3.59 6.75 9.75
11.95 19;95
32 W 42911":'*-in. width. Wt. 4 oz ..... Roll7ge '7 Molding Strip. Resin treated cardboard, tacks. For mounting sheeting. * in. by 36 in. long.. ,
,Alumi!\iz:ed Plastic CIolfi Tape. Waterproof. Makes Jxce1lent sealant for air ducts, joining or :mouht\li.g;plastic sheeting. 6O-foot roll. 2-in. width. \32 W-42~1-:'-Wt.1lb ......... : ..•.... Roll $1.65 , \,.)4;.w thick Is a mil? One mil Is one·!housandih (.CXl1)
"!, --~ __ 2....I!ll.l..:!!h!l!:!t.:!!~Lthl""'""A~ thl,;: Nlt'I~ __ .
32 W 42905-Pkg. of 18. Wt. lib .............. Pkg. 55e, 8 Button S~akes for 'anchoring plastic coven, to
ground. 6 m.long, notched. Pkg. of 40. 13 W'l9921'-Sbipping weight 6 ounces. •... _ .. Pkg. $1,~'
fine
i I
'-l
southcon3t MONOMEr. ... ,,1. ~EHDINb
IDE:-
Since polyethylene is so light (1200 sq.ft. of 4 mil weigps about 20 Ibs.) a fan usually is a better air source than a blower. A blower gives more pressure than is necessary to support the weight. Blowers tend to be high-pressure low-volume air sources; fans give out more air at lower pressure. In measuring the output of a fan or blower there are two considerations: number of cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air delivered and the static pressure at which that air is delivered. A water manometer is an easy way to measure static pressure.
A manometer will give you a lot of interesting and useful information about your bubble. Wind effects, for example, do not always increase the pressure inside the bubble (see Anchoring section). You can tell how much pressure your seams will withstand. Make your seams strong enough to withstand 2/5" pressure, because windloading is best withstood by maintaining a tight skin. If the skin isn't tight, the wind will make a sail in'the side of the bubble and then you ,are at-thp wind's mercy ...
"_~- Gt/I)) ,:1~ ;=tE)(/BtE /tl8G
RuLER ... (
-Ii i " ... .,. - .;"~ r~/',
.Ii ; ." , r/~, It ..... ~ ~I( (' #
\ ...... " "/ .', ... I ... ~. "fI --!' .., ~ •
" ,,<t" "'" ,. .. Remember that for a public event it is necessary to have a back-up fan that will support the whole bubble if the nu'mber one fan should fail. Each fan must be capable of supplying at least 5 CFM per. person indise the bubble. Having a working generator on hand is a good idea if your power source is at all dubious. (We have panicked when a fuse inside a locked building blew.) ,
' ..... 1 I "\..' • ( '\.(._ <. ,. J", ," p c)' ._. '-..../ ./ ... .-'--'
This is the 100' pillow before we put a net on it. When it was half inflated, we stopped inflating it to patch up the little strings we had taped to it for tie-downs. A storm blew up and the wind made the 40' X 1 00' sail that you see in this picture. All the little strings popped and the bubble took oft We finally stopped it by cutting a 60' slit in the back side to release all the air. llT!il9inil"!gJl sail boat,:"ith a sa~ th~t big will give you an idea of the m~gnitude ~f()~~~~~~~!\led: This was an extreme case of low pressure, but you get the Idea ...
delivery tube
A good source of fans and specifications on fans is Grainger's (a national chain of wholesalers). They sell a large variety of fans and blowers, each one listed in the catalog with its output . I usually try to match up a used fan I am buying with something in their catalog for an output estimate. To get a catalog or buy from them you have to show some company credentials or a purchase order, but it is worth the hassle as their prices are about 1/2 to 3/5 retail. A new fan is usually cheaper than a used one in the long run if you get it wholesale, _: but any fan you can get for free can be made to work. (Beware of used fans for public events, though, unless you are sure the fan is good. .
About the best fan we've used for medium-sized inflatables is Charley Tilford's old-time office fan that he talked the city of New York out of when they air-conditioned some offices. This fan is a 24" diameter, % h.p., direct-drive, two-speed fan with'a cast-aluminum, three-prop air-foil blade and a sturdy, close-mesh guard. This fan probably put out about 5,000 CFM at 0" pressure and maybe 4,000 at %" pressure. Having a strong guard on any fan is important if there are going to be any general public, little kids, or stoned people.
Charley cut down the pedestal so that the fan was near to the ground for more stability. The easiest way to attach the air tunnel to this type of fan is to tape it directly to the Iblade guard (another reason for a strong guard). Since the building will probably move around - especially if there is no net and the bubble is on a hill or in the wind - it is a good idea to make the air supply tunnel long enough so that the building can move without pulling the fan over. We've lost some good fans this way. (A good invention might be some skids on the bottom of your fans.)
Our best fan for large bubbles (used on the 100' pillow) is a four-foot diameter, six-blade . . fan powered by a % h.p. motor. We scrounged this fan from a house that got
ai;:'co~aitio.ned. The original motor (% h.p.) got burned out by a faulty generator, so test your voiiage ... if at all possible. If you are renting a generator get the rental place to test it for you. The replacement % h.p. motor we got (and all the fans and blowers we've gotten since) has overload protection. This is simply a device inside the motor that shuts the motor off automatically when the motor overheats (due to overloading, incorrect voltage, etc.). The page from the Craftsman Motor Selection and Installation Guide shows how motor speed relates to fan speed determined by pulley sizes. This is a good booklet you can get from Sears. (HOW TO SELECT AND INSTALL ELECTRIC MOTORS) The attic fan puts out about 15,000 CFM at 0" and very approximately 12,000 at 1/8". A STRONG mesh guard highly recommended. %" screen is good. (Hinge pins are removeable for transporting.)
J
'
en . Charley recommends this fan for medium to big inflatables. This frame is made with . :-...... electrical conduit. Included are the specs for this fan from the Grainger catalog.
"
WARNING:
FUNKY GENERATORSI EAT FAN MOTORS
12" TO 24" VENTURI-FRAME EXHAUST FAN KITS 1200 to 6800 CFM. 1 & 2-Speed Totally Enclosed Dayton Motors. Aluminum Blades
" Assemble this 3-part kit and you'll mounted for quiet performance. Quiet; Dayton 16 FAN have a top·efficiency exhaust fan 3·wing aluminum fan blade. Rigid steel fan $27 69 at a saving up to 30%. This ven· frame with venturi discharge. Adjustable pre.
• turi·frame preferred everywhere punched motor base fastens to vertical supports Lots s. Up because of ease of installation with U·bolts supplied. Panel has mountiilg· hole
and efficient ventilation. Kit comes ' in each corner for easy, secure mounting. Hard. complete. Totally·enclosed Dayton 1500 RPM ware kit included. PaneIs are 4" wider and shaded pole or 1725 or 1725/1140 RPM split· higher than fan blade size For shutters l'hase, 115V, 60 Cy. motors; Motors rubber index. " see
B~,~~ RPM CFM "A~. S~~~k. Retail ~~1k.dt!~:~ s~~. ·12" 1500 1200 1/20 7C867 $30.30 $18.12 $17.53 13
, / 16" 1725 2820 1/4 7C527 47.40 28.38 27.6931 V" 1725/1140 2820W 1/4 7C528 65.75 39.37 38.6835
18" 1725 4040 1/4 7C529 49.35 29.53 28.79 32 1725/1140 404O(~) 1/4 7C530 67.70 40.52 39"78 36
1140 3080 1/6 7C535 6145 36.80 36.06 32
20" 1725 4350 1/4 7C531 50.75 30.38 29.5434 1725/11404350W 1/4 7C532 69.10 41.37 40.53 38
1725 5000 1/3 7C642 55.50 33.22 32.3837 1725/1140 5OOO(~) 1/3 7C868 74.50 44.60 43.76 40
1140 4350 1/6 7C536 62.90 37.65 36.8134
-24" . 1'725 5150' - '1/4 7C087' 53.15 31.83 30.9441 1725/1140 5150(~) 1/4 7C327 71.50 42.82 41.93 46
1725 6800 1/2 7C873 71.65 42.89 42.00 52 1140 4600 1/6 7C088 65.30 39.10 38.21 '43
(~) CFM on low speed approx. 1/3 lesa.
~I
'L-
A b
elt
shou
ld b
e ju
st l
ight
eno
ugh
so t
hat
fing
er
pres
sure
mid
way
bel
Wee
n pu
lley
s w
ill
de/l
ect
it
abou
t 1f4
inc
h. I
f to
o lo
ose,
sli
ppag
e o
f th
e pu
lley
s w
ill
wea
r it
out
. If
too
lig
ht,
it i
ncre
ases
mot
or
load
and
wea
r on
the
bea
ring
s.
SELE
CTIR
G P
ULL
EYS
V -p
ulle
ys
are
mea
sure
d fr
om
edge
, [0
ed
ge
(not
in
g'o
o t'e
).
The
fo
llow
ing
tabl
e gi
ves
you
the
spee
ds o
f dr
iven
pul
leys
whe
n us
ing
vari
ous
com
bi
nati
ons
of
driv
e an
d dr
iven
pu
lley
si
zes
(in
in
ches
).
--_
. -
----
L L
. 'L
'L~--~'L
L ~.
,...-, ..
......... .
.. /
...
' !>
o. ,
..~.
I r~
_,.'1IJ
lIf IM:D
s .... :
f-.".""
, "
We
boug
ht a
hug
e ce
ntri
fuga
l bl
ower
at
the
flea
mar
ket,
bu
t th
e m
oto
r w
ent o
ut
on
us
afte
r on
ly t
wo
eve
nts.
Th
e pr
oble
ms
wit
h us
ed m
otor
s is
th
at th
ey o
nly
go o
ut
at
.cru
cial
mom
ents
whe
n th
ere
is t
he
mos
t st
rain
on
a m
otor
, i.e
., in
a w
ind
or w
hen
ther
e .a
re a
lo
t of
peop
le g
oing
in
and
ou
t. W
hen
you
buy
a us
ed f
an o
r bl
ower
, ru
n it
fo
r
INA
M.
DIA
Mo
nD
Of
pu
un
ON
M
AC
MIN
I. t
NC
M5,
M
OT ......
1'1 •
II
:,
1)/
. ,
'IV.
,V,
• •
• ,v,
I
I. "
IS
II
11.4
1725
1~35
1230
10
75
950
850
~~
5~
~3O
330
265
215
175
1~
115
lV,
2075
17
25
1475
12
90
11~
1030
1~
~5
515
395
320
265
215
170
1~
1%
2~00
20
00
17
25
1500
1~
1200
75
0 60
0 ~
375
315
250
200
165
2 27
75
2290
19
70
1725
15
30
1375
:~
i 85
0 68
5 53
0 43
0 3~5
285
230
190
21,4
31
00
2580
22
00
1930
17
25
1550
96
5 77
5 59
5 48
5 38
5 32
5 25
5 21
5
2V,
3~5O
2870
2~
2150
19
00
1725
143~
1075
85
0 66
0 5~
~3O
355
285
240
3 ~1~
~5O
2950
25
80
2290
20
70
172~
1290
10
70
800
615
515
430
~5
285
~
5500
~575
3950
~5O
30
60
27
75
229~
17
25
1375
10
60
860
700
575 ~
375
5 68
50
5750
~920
4300
38
25
~5O ~~
21
50
1725
13
25
1075
86
0 71
5 57
5 47
5
6',
89
50
7A75
6~
S600
~975
U8
0
2790
22~
1725
1~
1120
93
0 7~
620
8 92
00
7870
69
00
6125
55
20
A60
I ~5O
2750
21
20
1725
13
75
11~
915
765
10
9850
86
20
7670
69
00 ~~
43
00i
~5O
2650
21
50
1725
1~3O
11~
950
12
9200
82
80
5160
' ~13O
3180
25
80
2075
17
25
1375
11~
15
863!
~70
5170
39
70
3230
25
80
2150
17
25
1425
18
7750
62
00
~770
3880
31
00
2580
20
70
1725
• D
RIV
EN
pull
ey
spee
d
bas
ed
on
use
of
a 1
,72
5' r
pm
-m
otor
. Fo
r 0
3,4
50
rpm
m
otor
dou
ble
the
spee
ds l
iste
d. T
tre
Dia
. o
f D
rive
P
ulle
y S
pee
d
of
Mac
hine
fo
rmu
la f
or
fig
uri
ng
spe~~!!. _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_ •
Dia
. o
f D
rive
n
Pu
lley
Spe
ed
of
Mo
lor
PREC
AUTI
ONS
THAT
WILL
SA
VE Y
OUR
MOT
OR
DON'
T OV
ERLO
AD M
OTOR
O
verl
oadi
ng a
mot
or c
an b
urn
it ou
t. D
OlI'
t e.
'<pe
et i
t to
mil
am
/il/
llol
ls/)
, ot
'erl
oade
d.
DON'
T LE
T VO
LTAG
E DR
OP
Whe
n vo
ltag
e at
m
o[O
r dr
ops,
ex
actl
y th
e sa
me
thin
g ha
ppen
s as
whe
n th
e m
otor
is
over
load
ed.
Wit
h t
oo l
ittl
e "f
uel"
it
is (
in e
ffec
t) o
verw
orke
d -
heat
s up
-an
d w
ill
burn
out
. U
se a
mpl
e si
ze
wir
ing.
DON'
T "S
UFF
OCA
TE"
MOT
OR
If f
ree
circ
ulat
ion
of
air
to a
mot
or i
s re
stri
cted
(b
y di
rt,
rags
or
pape
r, o
r cl
osin
g it
up i
n a
box)
it
ove
rhea
ts -
!nay
bur
n ou
t. K
eep
mot
or c
leat
l, al
ld d
rr.
If u
sed
whe
re w
ood
chip
s, d
ust,
etc
. ca
n en
ter
in
side
. b
low
ou
t th
e in
teri
or w
ith
dry
com
pres
sed
air -
or
use
a va
cuum
cle
aner
.
GROU
ND M
OTOR
PRO
PERL
Y
The
mot
or f
ram
e sh
ould
be
conn
ecte
d, b
y w
ire
of
sam
e si
ze
used
in
li
ne
to
mot
or,
to
a su
itab
le
grou
nd (
wat
er p
ipes
or
a gr
ound
ing
rod
prop
erly
in
stal
led)
-
both
to
pro
tect
you
, an
d to
pro
tect
th
e m
otor
in
case
of
an i
nter
nal
shor
t ci
rcui
t.
LUBR
ICA
TE M
OTOR
PRO
PERL
Y
Mo
tors
w
ith
b
ron
ze b
eari
ng
s d
o
req
uir
e o
c
casi
on
al
-b
ut
no
t to
o f
,eq
uen
t 0
' excess
ive
'-lu
bri
cati
on
. It
's b
est
to
ch
eck
yea
rly
, an
d
ad
d a
fe
w d
rop
s each
tim
e.
Too
mu
ch o
il c
an
cau
se
tro
ub
le
by
g
ett
ing
o
ut
of
the b
eari
ng
in
to
the m
oto
r.
USE
HE-
SET
PRO
PERL
Y
If y
ou h
ave
an o
verl
oad
prot
ecto
r w
ith
a m
anua
l re
set
burt
on,
alw
ays
u'ai
{ fo
, m
oto
, to
coo/
bef
o,e
usin
g th
e re
-set
. N
et'e
r ha
mm
er t
he r
e-se
t (i
f it
se
ems
to "
stic
k"),
as
this
wil
l br
eak
off
the
swit
ch
part
s. A
ny t
roub
le w
ith
re-s
etti
ng w
ill
prob
ably
be
due
to
dust
bet
wee
n th
e co
ntac
ts -
and
blow
in
g aw
ay t
he d
ust,
or
sim
ply
hold
ing
the
butt
on
in f
irm
ly,
wil
l co
rrec
t th
is.
~---
--... -
---
/3V~
E3(.
.E.
SIZ
E=
.
.::::-
-
<>
1~!Jllll
~
t!II!J
c- c- 1
E~··
~
Co
V\ N
t!II!J
~~ - Z
;..m
(i
' ~lIJ
(\
s:Z
z
S!en
:> ~ =~ ..
-I
fI)
0
-.I
'I "i:iiP;
1:::111::
1 In:,
""al""
, "'I
i' ""II
':::!i
1I,'!;"ll
rb
!';!i
il' 1:1
11 1
":j;;;~i"
,IiI,1
",I ::;1
1;;:
i"" ','''II I"""'" i;:~i;" 'E 1""
li ,.
,I:;:,.
~
~
~ M
I,~ I~ ~ 1_- .~ I- 'm
I~
I~
':~
,';"" I";;;:::' ""
"",1
':;:;;::"
I:;:;:!i
.,1,
15 m
inut
es f
irst
to
see
if
it h
eats
up.
If
thi
s he
ats
it u
p (h
ot
to t
he
touc
h), d
on
't b
uy
it,
beca
use
if i
t he
ats
up w
ith
no
loa
d, i
t is
alm
ost
sure
to
bur
n o
ut
unde
r st
rain
. T
he
whe
el o
n th
is b
low
er i
s ab
ou
t 1
2"
X 1
2".
We
have
use
d th
e * h
.p.
mo
tor
on
thi
s bl
ower
, w
hich
pro
babl
y pu
ts o
ut
arou
nd 3
50
0 C
FM a
t ,O
"pre
ssur
e an
d 3
00
0 a
t %
" pr
essu
re.
It w
ould
pro
babl
y po
p th
e se
ams
of
any
bubb
le i
f th
ere
wer
e no
air
ou
tlet
(su
ch a
s a
door
).
SIZ
ING
FA
N
8«'/fI~8N//lg.
Fig
urin
g o
ut
wha
t si
ze f
an t
o u
se,
in a
mor
e th
orou
gh w
ay t
han
just
ref
erri
ng t
o t
hlc
har
t.
It i
nvol
ves
taki
ng i
nto
cons
ider
atio
n al
l th
e de
man
ds o
n th
e fa
n.
The
se a
re:
1) T
he p
ress
ure
at w
hich
the
bub
ble
will
be
runn
ing.
T
his
is de
term
med
by
the
size
and
sh
ape
of t
he b
ubbl
e in
rel
atio
n to
the
win
d.
Thi
s is
deal
t w
ith
in t
he" A
ncho
ring
" .
chap
ter.
R
unni
ng p
ress
ure
is ab
ou
t 1
Ib/s
q.ft
. (1
/5"
pres
sure
in
a w
ater
man
omet
er).
U
nder
hea
vy w
ind
as m
uch
as 2
Ib/
sq.f
t. m
ay b
e ne
eded
. 2)
H
eat
calc
ulat
ions
. U
nles
s yo
u ha
ve a
cces
s {O
a g
iant
hea
ting
or
cool
ing
syst
em,
yo
ur
only
cont
rols
ove
r th
e te
mpe
ratu
re i
nsid
e w
ill b
e a.
col
or o
f th
e po
lyet
hyle
ne -
clea
r ge
ts t
he w
arm
est,
whi
te is
coo
lest
b.
sha
de -
gett
ing
the
bubb
le i
nto
the
shad
e is
by f
ar t
he e
asie
st a
nd g
ener
ally
the
m
ost
succ
essf
ul w
ay t
o c
ool
a bu
bble
; fr
eque
ntly
thi
s is
impo
ssib
le,
thou
gh
c. h
ow m
uch
air
you
pass
thr
ough
the
bub
ble
-th
ese
calc
ulat
ions
are
pri
mar
ily
wha
t w
e ar
e de
alin
g w
ith
belo
w
3) H
ow f
ast
you
wan
t to
inf
late
th
e bu
bble
. It
is u
nusu
al t
hat
you
wou
ld w
ant
to i
nfla
te
the
bubb
le s
o fa
st t
hat
the
size
fan
req
uire
d w
ould
be
larg
er t
han
th
at r
equi
red
by
th
e co
olin
g re
quir
emen
ts.
But
if
you
do u
se t
his
as a
des
ign
fact
or,
tak
e a
roug
h es
tim
ate
of
the
volu
me
of
the
bubb
le (
in c
ubic
fee
t),
divi
de b
y th
e nu
mbe
r o
f m
inut
es y
ou w
ant
to t
ake
to i
nfla
te t
he
bubb
le, a
nd t
he
qu
oti
ent
is t
he
the
requ
ired
CFM
ou
tpu
t fo
r th
e fa
n.
Vol
ume
(fi3
) =
C
FM r
equi
red
Infl
atio
n T
ime
(min
.)
Infl
atio
n T
ime
(min
.!
---'-
---
-,..
---
The
spe
cifi
cati
ons
we
are
trY
ing
to~ g
et f
or t
he f
an c
an b
e ex
pres
sed
as a
per
form
ance
cur
ve.
All
the
figu
res
bein
g de
alt w
ith
here
are
app
roxi
mat
ions
, so
you
will
hav
e to
adj
ust y
ou
r bu
bble
ope
rati
ng c
ondi
tion
acc
ordi
ng t
o w
hat
fee
ls r
ight
whe
n th
e bu
bble
is u
p (
mor
e ho
les,
ch
okin
g th
e fa
n tu
nnel
wit
h a
stri
ng,
etc.
). T
his
curv
e is
dif
fere
nt f
or e
ach
fan.
W
e w
ill g
ive
as a
n ex
ampl
e he
re t
he
appr
oxim
ate
curv
e fo
r th
e 2
4"
Ven
turi
-Fra
me
Exh
aust
Fan
fro
m
the
Gra
inge
r ca
talo
g.
'Us;
ing
the
give
n w
orki
ng p
ress
ure
of a
bub
ble
to b
e 1
.. pr
essu
re (
see
"Anc
hori
ng")
thi
s pa
rtic
ular
fan
will
be
putt
ing
ou
t ab
ou
t 35
00 C
FM.
,
'510
X'
~ -;';1<
?°H----
'-t(
: O·
\
I,04?
,
-1
-
~
lt1Ch
e.s , I , , I ,
'l41-
l.P.
24"
VeNT
\JR1
fRAM
E El
HAU5
T FA
N PfP_II'M1"~
, I r
fA~ P~NCE
CiUR
Va
L-~
love
loacl
~fr-
, '
1 ..
-
" \
!4
3f6
'h
W11
Cer
~"",re
.11
-111
o
In order to arrive at how much air the fan is going to put into the bubble and how much area of holes it will take for this air to pass through the bubble while maintaining the proper pressure in the bubble requires a series of calculations. Since the amount of air we an'! going
to pass through depends on the heating imd cooling requirements, we must figure out wnat conditions are going to make it hotter and how much hotter, then balance this with the factors that are going to cool the bubble.
HEATING FACTORS 1) sunshine 2) people, inside
COOLING FACTORS 3) conduction through the bubble skin 4) passing air through the bubble
How to figure these follows:
GAIN DVE TO SUN
1) HEAT GAIN DUE TO SUNSHINE Heat gain due to sunshine is Very Approximately 300 BTU/sq.ft./hr. of direct sunshine (sun at 90 degrees to the surface of the bubble). Heat drops off towards sunset or as the angle the sun makes with the surface of the bubble diminishes.
It should be noted here that if you're using white polyethylene, which you should be if you are doing anything in the sun in hot weather, the heat gain will be somewhat less, but we will design for the maximum heat so we will have a little more cooling power than necessary ratherthan a I ittle less ....
2) HEAT GAIN DUE TO PEOPLE INSIDE Heat gain due to people inside is very approximately 400 - 1,000 BTU/person/hr. This depends on the level of activity of the people. If the bubble is going to be.in full sun, this figure will be negligible compared with the heat gain due to the sun.
3) HEAT LOSS DUE TO CONDUCTION THROUGH THE BUBBLE SKIN
Q = (A)( T) (U) Q = conduction loss in BTU/hr A = surface area of the bubble (not counting that
which is one the ground) T = the difference in temperature inside and outside
the bubble in degrees Fahrenheit U = heat transfer coefficient for polyethylene (about 1.2)
4) HEAT LOSS DUE TO PASSING AIR THROUGH THE BUBBLE
Qair = heat loss in BTU/hr
W = cubic ft. of air moved per hour
Cp = heat capacity of air (about .016 BTU/ft3)
T= difference between inside and outside temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
Now in order to use these figures, add together all the gains from heat and people, subtract from this the heat loss due to conduction, and solve the 4th formula for W or the amount of air you are Qoing to have to move. 5)~
In order to pass this much air through a bubble, it is necessary to have some holes for the air to flow out. To get a rough idea of how big these holes should be, we will use the fan performance curve (which has been determined by the above figuring) figure obtained above for the required number of CFM to be moved, and the following formula:
. {pHv2) Pd=' 2G"
45° 0° AN6LE OF SUN TO eusSlE
l
I
Pd = pressure drop at a hole (about 1Ib./sq.ft. under normal conditions
p = density of air which is about .07 Ibs./ft.3
V = air velocity at the hole (in ft./sec.)
G = acceleration due to gravity
2G = 64 ft./sec.2
V = (approx) 30 for normal conditions
LOOKS ~ft1PLEX? Within the figures for V are the variables we are playing with:
NOPe l1T~ c-Z. HERES IlN EXAMPLE TO SH()W
V =( CFM at which fan is operating) (from calcu'lation 4 above) ~quare feet of opening
60 seconds (the variable here to change minutes to seconds)
YIV HtJW ,Go oVER YOUR /r$SVMPTltJNS C!VN !fNGf,E ,Erc) AIVP
CALCVLAT/tJ/V5 BFAJRE . BUVINe;.
HYPOTHETICAL PILLOW DESIGN for determining fan and size EXAMPLE
50'X50' pillow, white on top. To be used in daytime -maximum exposure to the sun will be about half the pillow getting 45 degree angle sun for noon hours. Therewill probably be about 100 people at medium to high activity as there will be rock music. Outside t~mperature is about 60' Fahrenheit - temperatures up to 80' F are acceptable inside. O.K. Little sketches are helpful for getting rough estimates so ...
3 I) Sun Ga~n - 2500 sq ft 1250 sq ft exposed to 45 degree sun (see chart) Kx~iRxk~KtK~X~~¥ will gain
.-AI\A1-, (Vf(f,tl'0 150 BTU/hr/sq ft. 1250 -tvv""L~: 1 { x 150
8 z
" f~
R8il~XKX
'~~,x'IqIJYV ~ t 187500 BTU gain/hr "\ l~ ~ from Sun
~/~~~ ~ 2)Body ~eat gain ItO B~Ytk~tp8~X.K y~~ I~ene~at~ng 500BTU/hr/person =
r..(tCU~oN~·· 70,000 BTU gain per hr ~ ~ 3)Conduction Loss-~~ Q=AATU
Q= (3500)(20)(1.2) = 85,000 BTU/hr Loss from conduction k¥.x ~i
187,500 + JO,OOO - 85,00 Total Gain per hour.
= =,000·
4) Heat Loss Due to Passing Ai r ~hrough ~RR;RRx
150,000 =(W)(.016)(20) Two medium-size fans (around W = 480,000 cubic ft per hour 480,000
60 = W expressed in CFM
5000 CFM) might be a good solution, providing good control over the il •• KK~X.£Xili~xi air-flow as wellaas a double blower syste~ W = 8,000 CFM
5)
V = TCD . 30 = V )
l1sJ[ ft opening 60
or ~XKX opening = 4.5 sq ft.
Roukh guess 1o~r door openings f.~x~~iK a bit Kxx8¥x~ak8x~kHm smaller to allow for xR8(inevitable)tears which will increase
the area of air leakage.
fi"
\. , I
\ \
I !ZOO
+
I
Mf:\
ANCHORING
If your inflatable is going to be up outdoors in any wind, it will need an anchoring system. For small volume (500 sq.ft. of floor area or less) interior weights should work; these
. co·uld be sand bags or water bags. Larger structures require heavier. anchoring. There are
. a number of ways of doing it: integrally made tie downs, buried edge, weighted edges, taped edge, or tension net anchors. Buried edge is good for a semi-permanent installation where you can dig a trench. A taped edge is good for a small installation ona smooth floor; tie downs and tension nets are good for sites with existing things to tie to (trees, fire hydrants), or where it would be easy to drive tent stakes or augers.
The anchoring system must withst'and not only windloading but also the internal air pressure of the structure. Precise structural calculations should be left to 2 engineers, 3 Ph.D. mathematicians, and a computer, but a little rough math can give you a close enough estimate of what anchors to use. We will deal first with inflation pressure and second with wind loads.
PRESSURE LOAD ... On any surface that is curved in one direction, i.e., a cylinder or a long pillow, the tension per unit of width is equal to the internal pressure multiplied by the radius of curvature. Work in pounds and feet. Some ball-park figures on figuring pressure: the highest pressure you are likely to get with a powerful direct ,drive fan is 2 pounds per sq. ft. (2Ib./sq.ft.). A normal working pressure is 1Ib./sq.ft. On a water monometer, 1" of water equals 5Ib./sq.ft. (see monometer drawing). Indoors you can keep a structure up with as little as %Ib./sq.ft.
Make a sketch of the shape, find the radius of curvature by making a section through it, on this diagram the tension equals pressure times radius of curvature .. The tension is the downward force you need per foot of edge.
T/ft= (P}(Rcl Tift
P
downward force needed per foot of edge
pressure (in Ibs./sq.ft.)
Rc radius of curvature (in feet)
EXAMPLE: The Earth Day Bubble by Charley Tilford in New York City was 200'X60', radius of curvature was 30'. The anchors were parking meters spaced at 9' along the long edges (the 200' dimension). The pressure which the bubble was designed to withstand was 2Ib./sq.ft. The ropes spanned between parking meters so the load on each rope was (tension per foot of width) times(spacing between meters}. Tension = (30·)(2Ib./sq.ft.) and
Tension per rope = (9)(30·)(2Ib./sq.ft.) = 540 Ibs. per rope. 2500 Ibs test 3/8 inch dia nylon rope was used.
If you want to do an inflatable with the weighted edge (instead of a plastic floor): find the total downward force required, then divide by the perimeter to get force required per unit of length of the perimeter.
WINDLOADING
To figure windloads: find the area of resistance the structure presents fu the wind. (length)(height). The horizontal force from the wind blowing on the structure can be up to 10Ib./sq.ft. depending on the shape of the structure and the wind velocity. A lower, more shallow-sloping profile will create less resistance (and will II¥8I't create rt'Pore.; negative pressure on the leeward side of the bubble.
Bubble I presents a large area to the wind. The negative pressure is concentrated on the back side. (This negative pressure is created the same way as lift is created by an airplane wing.) Bubbles II and III are actually getting some lift help from the wind. Bubble III would probably need less fan pressure in the wind because of the negative pressure on the outside created by the wind blowing over the low profile. A structure to be left up for more than, say, an afternoon (or a structure for an event which you don't want to have to postpone due to high wind) should be designed for 10Ib./sq.ft. pressure. For a structure 50' long and 15' high, the design force would be (50')(15')(10Ib./sq.ft.) which is 7500 Ibs force on the structure. .
FORMULA (area presented to the wind)(10Ib/sq.ft.) = wind load
If 7500 Ibs seems like a lot, think of the force on just the minimal area your body presents to the wind in a good, high wind.
TOTAL LOAD
This wind load must be added to the inflation load to get the total load that the anchoring system has to counteract. If it is possible that the whole wind-load could be on one anchor point (such as when a square pillow with a square net anchored down at each corner presents one corner to the wind), then the total windload must be added to the inflation load on each anchor. If the wind is coming directly against one side, then the windload divided by the number of anchors that will be under tension should be added to the inflation load for each anchor.
rIp· 1'(
secTioN net-Vii /lliI'11hI~
TYPES OF ANCHORING SYSTEMS
TheSe systems have the structural advantage of distributing the forces evenly around the whole perimeter of the building. We used one with pieces of pipe taped into the edge over a waterbed environment so that we were able to remove the inflatable by lifting it over the bed without having to move the water bed which weighed 3000 Ibs. Because the plastic floor is eliminated, this type of inflatable would also be good for a .greenhouse, storage facility, pool cover, etc. These types might tend to last longer, too, because they are more static so people probably wo,uJdn't walk through the walls or otherwise freak out at the expense of the plastic.
WEIGHTED EDGE
Weighted Edge is anything heavy that can be laid on the edge of the plastic or taped into the edge. See illustration.
I saw an interesting inflatable that John Reeves did in the Summer Thing program in Boston that was an inflated hemisphere (out of 2 mil silver mylar) 'that tied down to a piece of telephone cable that he had gotten the phone company to donate. A 20' diameter circle of this phone cable weighed about 200 Ibs. The phone company usually just chops it up and melts it down again. John's bubble leaked air between the cable and the edge of the plastic. This could be desireable if you want to circulate a lot of air, but if you have pressure problems a flap could be taped on inside the bubble, like on giant Bird-Air and most commercial inflatables. A section of the detail
might look like this:*
Looking at the elevation drawing of this, notice the catenary curves between each tie-down point. This is the natural configuration the line between two weighted points on an inflatable takes, so it will strengthen your bubble to actually cut a curve to an approximate shape, reinforce the edge by taping a piece of cord into the edge and running the tie-down loops through the string. This will distribute the force of the tie-downs through the whole edge of the inflatable, rather than gathering the stress at the point where the tie-down meets the edge of the plastic. This will minimize wrinkles and tears due to concentrated stress. Inflatables that are to be tied to stakes can be made in the same way as this.
----.--.....--- ------. , " . -/.
I +-.
1-1
l I .
L
_1-
~=:=. =·-~·"9:::·:e:'·='-J·-::::::-.-.=···=· ~.=='=';;:y=:=i::~§: ... -= .... = •. ==--... ~.:.=.-.~ ... =-= .. =.:~=·-~:-4~""~_i...:::.----=*~~_ . . . -E1-l=VAT/ON
\
I T
APE
D E
DG
E
Edg
es c
an b
e ta
ped
to a
nyth
ing
smoo
th e
noug
h to
tap
e to
BU
RIE
D E
DG
E
Jim
Coo
k at
H.
T.
McG
ill C
o. i
n H
oust
on s
how
ed u
s th
is m
etho
d o
f bu
ryin
g ed
ges.
H
e ha
s ha
d ex
tens
ive
expe
rien
ce w
ith i
t. H
is c
ompa
ny h
as d
one
poly
ethy
lene
sw
imm
ing
pool
cov
ers,
Chr
istm
as t
ree
war
ehou
ses,
and
oth
er s
tuff
. T
he h
oles
in
the
bott
om a
re i
mpo
rtan
t.
Unl
ess
they
are
the
re,
the
unde
rgro
und
poly
col
lect
s w
ater
, m
akes
lmud
, an
d th
e lu
bric
ated
pla
stic
slip
s o
ut
of t
he g
roun
d.
FRA
ME
ED
GE
Jim
Coo
k al
so s
how
ed u
s pi
ctur
es o
f a
syst
em h
e di
d w
ith
two
by f
our
fram
es.
Wra
p th
e po
ly a
t le
ast
one
tim
e al
l th
e w
ay a
roun
d th
e sm
alle
r pi
ece
of w
ood
befo
re
naili
ng o
r bo
ltin
g th
is on~
to t
he 2
X 4.
T
he f
ram
e w
ill a
ct a
s te
nsio
n rin
g co
ntai
ning
th
e in
flat
ion
pres
sure
, as
wel
l as
act
ing
as a
hol
d-do
wn
agai
nst
the
win
d.
TA
PED
RO
PES
Thi
s is
one
of th
e fe
w w
ays
to m
ake
a po
ly b
ubbl
e th
at h
as a
pla
stic
flo
or w
itho
ut a
net
. A
noth
er w
ay i
s ju
st t
o p
ut s
ome
heav
y th
ings
lik
e pe
ople
or
bric
ks w
rapp
ed i
n so
met
hing
so
ft in
side
the
bub
ble
whi
le i
nfla
ting
it.
THe
eo'
VI~,(L
-' PI
I .. t.OW
V
I"",'
rc4
VII
"f'
.few
,,.., W
ideI'"
oflO
4ced
l"
'tj
\c
net.
t1tce~
tht
Mztt
rl"a
\ Lt,
tt
ron
Hr'
o
t lo,
COO
I". ~pplns h
&la ~
10,0
00
Ik' at1~ut~.
PH
OT
O
....
. 61
.1.,.
~1I ..
&.. ..
fIt.
~
NE
TS
Adv
anta
ges
of a
pla
stic
-flo
or b
uild
ing
with
a n
et a
re p
orta
bili
ty,
tota
l en
clos
ure,
la
rge
infl
atab
les,
and
eas
e of
con
stru
ctio
n of
the
anc
hori
ng s
yste
m.
In a
lar
ge
infl
atab
le,
it w
ould
be
diff
icul
t to
mak
e a
conn
ecti
on b
etw
een
a ti
e-do
wn
rope
an
d po
lyet
hyle
ne t
hat
coul
d w
iths
tand
the
gre
at f
orce
s on
the
bub
ble.
N
ets
can
also
be
very
bea
utif
ul.
To
desi
gn y
our
net,
mak
e a
mod
el o
f yo
ur b
ubbl
e an
d st
art
play
ing
with
str
ing.
If
you
can
, se
t up
the
mod
el s
omew
here
tha
t yo
u ca
n na
il in
to t
he f
loor
(lik
e a
piec
e of
ply
woo
d) t
o si
mul
ate
anch
orin
g po
ints
. If
you
alre
ady
have
a s
ite f
or
the
bubb
le p
icke
d ou
t, p
ut n
ails
in
whe
re t
here
are
nat
ural
anc
hors
, lik
e pa
rkin
g m
eter
s or
tre
es o
r ca
rs.
If y
ou a
re g
oing
to
use
your
ow
n au
gers
, th
en y
ou a
re
,tota
lly
free
to
do a
nyth
ing
With
the
net
, sp
ider
web
s, s
tar
shap
es,
gian
t gr
ids.
w
hate
ver ..
, T
o te
st y
our
mod
el,
get
the
fan
that
is
goin
g to
hol
d up
you
r bi
g bu
bble
and
use
it
as a
win
d so
urce
. T
his
test
ing
can
be r
eally
inf
orm
ativ
e if
you
vary
the
win
d an
d th
e pr
essu
re i
nsid
e th
e in
flat
able
. N
ylon
str
ing
(har
dwar
e st
ore)
is
a ni
ce m
odel
mat
eria
l.
Bui
ldin
g a
net c
an b
e a
maj
or j
ob.
We
mad
e a
100'
Xl 0
0' n
et w
ith a
5·f
oot
grid
by
sta
king
dow
n al
l th
e ho
rizo
ntal
rop
es,
then
tyi
ng s
lip k
nots
eve
ry 5
fee
t in
ea
ch r
ope,
slip
ping
the
ver
tical
rop
es t
hrou
gh a
nd p
oppi
ng t
he k
nots
.
The
kno
ts a
t th
e ed
ge o
f th
e ne
t w
ere
just
squ
are
knot
s, t
ied
onto
loo
ps in
the
ed
ge r
ope.
If
you
are
tyi
ng k
nots
, th
ink
abou
t kn
ots
that
don
't in
volv
e sl
ippi
ng
the
who
le r
ope
thro
ugh
each
kno
t.
The
100
' pill
ow n
et:
Our
fir
st n
et w
as t
his
100'
squ
are.
W
e us
ed p
arac
hute
cor
d fo
r th
e bu
lk o
f th
e ne
t, %
" ny
lon
rope
for
the
2nd
, 3r
d, a
nd 4
th r
opes
fro
m t
he
edge
, an
d 3
/8"
nylo
n ro
pe f
or t
he e
dge.
A
t ea
ch c
orne
r w
e ti
edil
"D
" ri
ng t
o av
oid
the
rope
rub
bing
and
cut
ting
its
elf
at t
his
stre
ss p
oint
. Fr
om t
he D
ring
to
the
anch
or w
e us
ed s
ome
10,0
00 lb
. ny
lon
stra
ppin
g th
at w
e go
t fr
om a
sur
plus
st
ore
with
a d
oubl
e D
ring
on
the
end
so t
hat
we
coul
d ti
ghte
n an
d lo
osen
the
ne
t. T
ight
enin
g th
e ne
t in
the
win
d he
lped
qui
te a
bit
in l
ower
ing
the
prof
ile
of
the
surf
ace
pres
ente
d to
the
win
d.
We
used
10.
000
lb.
auge
rs.
Cha
rley
Til
ford
ha
s si
nce
mad
e an
othe
r 10
0' p
illow
out
of
6 m
il po
ly (
the
orig
inal
was
4 m
il)
usin
g a
net
with
20'
squ
ares
Ins
tead
of
6' s
quar
es.
RO
PE S
TR
EN
GT
H
Cha
rley
sen
ds f
rom
New
Yor
k th
e ac
com
pany
ing
appr
oxim
ate
rope
str
engt
h ch
art:
DIA
ME
TE
R
P~e
~",.
V4
" S/,
,,-&
/b"
I/fl."
BR
EA
KIN
G P
OIN
T
NY
LO
N
'5~O
nt
'OOC"
le
DO
ff:
'2.8
()()
" 4~#
1~*
t!Ja>
lftt
13
00
-":
Itlf
fJO
ft
1.1'
30'"
4
'U)'
'''
--'-
~9~1
€' rti
~ ~9
a::t
~ .[
;' .
...,
C)C)
I~
. ~'S
cai;2
I ~e
....
-p
Gf{
OlJ
ND
-_ .. eDE:
:oE.
\Cl:
~ 1
,
F=
"'
=#
I
I}..
'. 0"
..
....
.) '
--:-
._ ..
"", ...
.. .
\, ~-
--;f
.
f".-·~
. ~
~
'.?It"'"
0
0&
","
"c"o
"'"
' ,<
,""
AN
CH
OR
S
We
got
our
1 0,0
00 lb
. au
gers
fro
m a
tel
epho
ne s
uppl
y co
. in
Hou
ston
. T
elep
hone
su
pply
co.
's a
re g
ener
ally
a g
ood
sour
ce f
or t
hese
. T
hese
aug
ers
are
abou
t 5
feet
tal
l. A
.B.
Cha
nce
Co.
, Je
rsey
Ave
" N
ew B
runs
wic
k, N
.J.
has
10,0
00 I
b (1
" X
66
" sh
aft,
8
" he
lix)
auge
rs f
or a
bout
$6.
15.
Big
aug
ers
gene
rally
hav
e an
eye
at
the
top
that
you
stic
st
ick
a lo
ng (
6')
heav
y pi
pe t
hrou
gh a
nd t
wis
t th
em i
nto
the
grou
nd.
Thi
s ge
nera
lly
take
s 2
peop
le.
Smal
l bu
bble
s ca
n be
anc
hore
d w
ith d
og-a
ncho
rs w
hich
cos
t ab
out
$1.2
5 ea
ch f
rom
a p
et s
tore
or
hard
war
e st
ore.
T
rees
, lig
ht p
oles
, fir
e hy
dran
ts,
park
ing
met
ers,
car
s, e
tc.,
are
still
the
che
apes
t.
Whe
n yo
u ha
ve y
our
bubb
le u
p an
d th
e w
ind
com
es u
p, t
ight
en y
our
net
and
incr
ease
you
r in
flat
ion
pres
sure
. T
he i
ncre
ased
air
pre
ssur
e w
ill k
eep
the
side
of
the
bubb
le f
rom
cav
ing
in a
nd t
he t
ight
ened
net
will
qec
reas
e th
e ar
ea p
rese
nted
to
the
win
d. (
See
phot
o of
bub
ble
abou
t to
tak
e us
all
for
a ri
de In
Air
Sup
ply
Sec
tion
.) Jt
I.
V') I-Z -~ o 0::: -> Z w
Vl I » -u m o
8NI~ A lddn~ 3~nSS3~d H81H
~
.",----. ...... -tr
., " ,. " ., , " ,
\ I
'£!..-----,
317(\ H1IM <;"3\~'q'1I 3~(1SS3~c!
o a::: <{ I U a::: o ~, en Z <{ a:::
/ I
~/, ~~ '-..... /~
/
.. I , ' , \
\ \" " \ '\ \ ... "\ , \
\ \, , \ .. ,.. \ \ \ ' .., +-\\ '., :', I
~ ~ ~'.', ' , ~~, , \
I' I ,
"
<{ w (f)
l') Z Z I (f)
.,j
+1
", ,
Ii il
,,) : i 1 -.--
il·i '.1 i
, , ,
.j
15° An81es
Flat(nearl) flat)~. Power Blanket 4-Fan Patch
ZIPp~ Hatchways Access Panels
1\
L)
" ¢
N)
" u
~--------I
I 10 find out hovy to do thIs one) Just tal<B apart
at') 01 c\ pa IY" of pants
,
rJ toflat or nearly flat:: suyface
... it "I Risht an81e Joints
,Outside
I I
_ B~ ~be? ~ar¢ ?I~ _ '---_____ .....J
iii I
l· J
r-- -
Wnnkles in your p,{[cw ~n the p'!as-qc. skin IS srreS6ed along the Wrinkles There are little or no stresses the ot:/1ef wav
~ r(f if 11111 -+ Relnmrred ~tch --' .
t:11Qi~1
A I 4- J A t1a~ ta~e.d behInd a ort:<.!far 5 ttcu_vg 9.08 .a or 0""" h P /" 10 tat:n.ov:tnan anawl-wrmkles WI J oeo 'V '-' ' .. N '::J<;..f
self .. cloSlnS entrance. throu6h SIZe) Will auromat(Cf)\Jy A 6/it cv't d(:"..[Q!?S"1 the wnnkfe.s wil tend to spread
. open ?nd leak. 31r. ~"'It;; ~s1& the aqresure
Not.. recommended
. -.
Anns or hula hoop -taped around a Circular hole wit! berome (1 self clo51ns door If It IS located 50 rt rests f18t on theeroulld when no one IS entennB.
q) c: s: .s ~
~ C\l
-5
f,57d . .....-v- \enet\tl of T.un~ 4 circumference of donut.
~ I I
~ 1-0 I:g:
re\rrFon::~ I . ro holes l~ Ie ~
if 1::5 l+-l
." ..... - ......... ........ I~
+ I~ I~ I~ I~
1 Ie Ilj I
Hot LLpS- 2 fiopD), donut, at -the end d Cl low pr-e~'5ure tunnel. When connected "to the. blower; small nole-'i:. ~cl mit ~Ir to the nJhnei from the llr~, TirJereeJ
Infi,.atrllB 110 ~~M -8-
. Curvcnture detenY'lJnes stress: 3 tiny plastic hose carnes 8 hundred pounc:/s pressure and '2> huge v\JeatY1ev- b'Clllcon has 2. pl"""es'3ur-e bt'lr-dy above atmClSphenc. Yet -the. stresses on both -the nose wall and the balloon skm m~lY Ije the same - Lhe tinY tube vV8!1 IS ~h'cw"Ply cuv-vea anct the wea-ther balloo() sur-face Is'ffarter. l:f the earth were 8 %mt balloon
l Ilrl~ne.
how little pressure would IX needecj inside -to ten5e the hDrlzon 3) ttqht! Make a I itt!e cube out ~ it) In p-leSt1c sheet. me n lV1f(t\U. The comers ) sh~J("p)~ curved) h8n5 ./IVnpl'j 1 while the:. 'mId /?DInts are -taut enou8h to burst! BemE> t18tte~ "these 8~5 ta~ more stress" The CUbe me'S To i'Je.come a sphere - (} Sh6r:: IV) vvhlch the sbn curves 1JJ an equB-l amount In 811 dwec:t1ons. de;3r/YI the best sh-aPe I~ a Spher-e) an.d these.
page';) ere clevotRd "to ~n~ g.s do'X::tD 5phenca.\ 6~ \
POLYGON METHOD
Surface [s or gores.
GoRE METHOD
, " pOS"1Jl)le wren flat matena '5. , " , "-
'" "-, "-".. "-
/( 11 () 11Y ') I \ ~Dovec:aHSDRoN /
... ~-- \ J ,,~ I
I
'--_--I roxtrYlt3te a 5phevrC8 surfac:e .. ,
Get Ideas from: basebBlls, vofleyoalls, soccer ~alls, BeodeS1C damer),! zor¥1€S, 8Ellrrletry books
A form made of rhombs (cll-omonds) IS eco)Jomlcal ltD
maKe -Trom YO! 15 of P qSt-Ic'
MabYl8 the leneth c;f the. ~es equal '* rne Cl rcum-
fe-re.nee of the b(3se. eIVe.S a half- spherIcal shape.
Get ideas from: peellne, taneennes weather balloons, (liner tubes/ beach b-a.\!sl tnflatBo[e lNarehou'5e.~J 8loves) world globes.
<
'.
Maked
uj] 2 5tar~5ures (above) only,· ltterence bemB not taY-?mS the center
seams,± way In ~~;Ie;~~ Lor~wa:p
Conti noe around, sl id ['ne;:< "the stars around for tIIJ£ best posItion to work trorY).
JIrTmTm""';'~ pmg l5 dlfhCUI1;i: the limp '5trUcfP[)re- wIll not lIe flat,
and tne process IS VIa rd to depl
~--... -.--. - .- -. . - ----
Foldhthe POI~t~ C'~r:r to t e -center \
I \
\ I
I I
I
\
\
\
TapetoBtther &. mflate \ I
You wJiI be ma~Y\B the Inside hole at a donllt -shape
F <
o ~I ~ HERES HOW - lJeE ~M/L fOLY .~~=-
aJMEf:lIN 20' WIDEOOLL~ FI"-:J1Rc. ~~~ ______ ~~ n vv ~ ___ .:.' __ _ THe:. tOJz~ IN 2/:)' MODULEco ~. __ - ~
~ DIG A TRENCH 24" DEEp":::=:--:: ___ ----l2./I WIDE. ,...--.- _--------
/kCUT POLY-SEE. FATTERN DlMRAM -NOTE ~ CUT AT CoRNER ALLOW5 ~ INTERIOR 11T. CUT I1Q\IN HOLfS IN TRENctl EJX:,E
-----------* BuRY EDGES IN "TRENCH I ---- ----- -ADD RlXK€:I FOR WE,IGHT- WT
* J=AN5-~ 1000 GFt-tl UWALLY ftN ATiIC FAN CR OfflCE FAN WILL 00
, ,
USE EITHER FAN PETA1L
I , ,
AVOID <a-lARP RCXJ<S WI1I01 MAY GOT POLY. - pop OI41r I PfrCK IAmN
{I ~~~
.j
-~-----~--~----r----, /
I /
\ (1 ~')1 I BRING TOOCTHER I
THESE Ef:X!,ES AND , /' TAPE I I ,
I ---.------------------ _____ 1 __ - ----. ___ 1 __
. I 1
I I \
PNEOM.AT1CS:A KEY m'XJIQLk HYBRID STRUCTURING
Anar seeing Mr. Bird'i impl'8llive achiev. menU and h..-Ing Mr. LundY'1 enthullasm I ~11h to introduce a note of constructive pes..... Ism. Pealmlltically, I consider that the application - in theflefd of structures - of pneumatic techniques II toe) involved with ~ving normal structural and shelter prob\llml. While the Intermittent encloalre of ~immlng pools or protection of traditional ·,construction work ilextremefy usaful, such applications, if too widespread, can well ,. suit in the following actionl which are detrimental to increasing the development of V
pneumatic technology: 1) Over-emphasis may be given to the static siting of air structures. 2) Direct cost comparisons with traditional structures may be made. 3) The fixed-period accommodation available with air structures may only be exploited for disaster or random-use of air structures. All these actions can retard the investigation of new applications requiring improved and more complex air-structures. In addition the development of new materials and fabrication techniques should be related to new applications rather than concentrate on nie perfection of existing applications since these very applications are still extremely arbitrary. While space exploration and defence programs provide a valuable technical "spin-off" of the development air-structure technology, its very peculiarity is likely to restrict, in the near future, the technological advance of air structuring related to civil and social activities. Too many architects and designers wait to see what NASA and various Defence projects will produce. This conference must increase the content and frequency of exchange between scientists, engineers, manufacturers, architects, planners and social administrators. An immediate task could be to agree on the semantic definition ofthe various structures and systems we are now discussing (air-supported structures; airinfl.ated structures; air structures; pneumatic membrane structures; sealed pneuma'i:ic structu res). In this paper, reference to air structures includes air-supported and air-inflated structures, together with air-controlled and air-moved structures. In addition, we must keep mutually aware of the alteration of attitudes of authorities and others to the employment of air structures. In September 1965 the Department of Architecture and Civic Design of the Greater London Council refused to license a high-pressure air-beam structure for temporary use as a place of public entertainment on the grounds that it constituted merely "a tent without poles or frame". hi December 1965 the same department of the G L C were prepared to consider the use of the identical structure on receipt of calculations related to stability. Only when a continuous exchange is estab-
mneid can lndWlcilaiglouPl- In my c_ architects and physical planAers - make accurate 111'14 IUbstantlated demandl on pneumatic technology. At thllstage of the conference I lilt some aspects of this technology which are of particular Interest to me as an arch itact: a) Multi-membrane construction which enables variable pressurilBtion and containment (cf. paper by R. Szilard). b) The availability and performance specification of transparent membranes. c) The control of light and rediation by both membranes, intermembrane conltruction and contained gases or liquids (cf. papers by R. Szilard and N. Laing). V
d) The containment of granular substances between membranes to control humidity, sou nd transference etc. e) The capacity of controlled air movement· through the material of the membranes. Such a possibility enables changes in the normal methods of foul air evacuation. f) Multi-layer bonding enabling variable cel construction. Such hybrid construction can enable the simultaneous use of high pressure sealed volumes and low pressure air-supported volumes. g) Ultra-sonic bonding enabling an increased variation of membrane material. An increased use of various materials is urgently required not only to enable varying structural performance specifications to be met but also to achieve varying textural qualities. h) Further information on the performance of high and low pressure structures in movement ..... e existing U K inflatable vehicle transporter which both protects the vehicle and propels it on the Hovercraft principle is an example of this. Movement must incllJde the employment of the Hover craft or Ground Effect Machine (G E M) principle. i) Self-packing, on deflation, of large volume membranes. j) A new method of costing air-structures which is related to the variation of use and not merely material and unit plant cost. Any mechanical plant, pumps, blower etc. must be accepted as a structural element. The variation and individual control of volumes singly or in combination enables the separation of membranes related to the elimination of particular adverse conditions Icf. paper by R. SZilard). As roofs, walls and floors no longer exist in the conventional sense, their pneumatic equivalents no longer need to provide the additive structural support normally required. Only collective stability is required and the air one breathes can become the major structural force. This being so, the interior fittings or divisions of such structures become relatively more permanent (see the interior of Lundy/Bird US Atomic Energy Commission's travelling exhibit). ' Movement of such internal parts must also be investigated. The use of air-pallets for such intermittent movement is extremely valid. The use of an air-conditioning plant as the structural pressure feeri is only one
~------------- ----
.- .
67 05 Paper given at 1st International Colloquium
on Pneumatic Structures Stuttgart
example of the advantage of co-ordinated use of air within such structures. Methods of cleaning and movement related to the whole or part of the structure should also be included.
In the past major urban congregation areas were determined by the location of a large permanent structure providing mass accommodation or shelter such as the Roman Circus, the Mediaeval Cathedral, the Market Hall and the Sports Stadium. With the use of air structures such permanence is not required and so the additional restrictions of the fixed site should now be avoided. In effect, large air structures can enable planners to r.everse the pattern of traditional
urban congregation and servicing nodes found in existing towns or cities. In new proposed urban settlements such nodes need no longer be permanent generators of fixed urban patterning.
Theuse of air structures to provide sAortterm small and medium sized social facilities enables the siting of short-term mobile housing to be independent of towns offering sim ilar facil ities. Air structures are already used to provide industrial production space particularly where the demand for such space is likely to fluctuate. Thus in effect we already have the mobile factory, but it must be fu rther develope~ and its potential further exploited. Work on disaster control and emergency planning has, over the past years, produced a wide range of pneumatic appliances and applications such as fabddams, dracones, vehicular hover-pads and GEMs or hovercraft. However, such uses of air structures have not yet been seen as a method of reducing the dependence of emergency planning. That is, they have not been viewed as a potential asset to society enabl ing rap id yet variable control and communication to be achieved. Such realisation, backed by increasing design and developmeht work, can enable air structures to contribute to a higher degree of sensitivity in society's continuous control of the physical environment.
This conference and the possibilities of future exchange that it has created must assist in estabiishing new priorities for future work. Wh ile I accept the fact that development of present projects is by no means perfect, a desire to achieve greater accuracy in the immediate tasks must not impair our realisatiol\ of the future potential. Pneumatics, as far as partial or total structuring are concerned, are likely to stagnate unless this is realised. The field of valid application has scarcely been touched. The determination of the extent, interaction and location of activities that require buildings is no longer a sufficient brief. The quantitative assessment of the valid social life related to particular location must also be made and designed for.
This then is the major role for r-lr structures now and in the future.
1 __
.. L.
III
L
A RESPONSIBLE METROPOLITAN NEWSPAPER
YEAR, NO.1 G WEDNESDAY, APRIL 22, 1972 10e DAILY
IFacu/ty Urges U.C Contr%f Air Labs
Some dared to enter, others just gaped at this huge plastic air container in lower Sproul Tr;bune Dholo bv F-310," ~ Plata at the U.C. Campus ~
Bag Breathing - That's Their BfT1KELEY-A 40-by-40-foot
]}lastic bag was the theater, ~~<;.g2 and prop yesterday f6r a chillingly realistic bit of theater about a l'Iay when the air becomes too polluted to breathe.
"Air Emergency" was conceived and built by a Sausalito "family" of dropout architects called the Ant Farm. The commune, t1)uring Ameri~ --
can cam pus e ~ with their Clean Air Pod (CAP 1500) performed outdoors at the University of California campus as part of a three-day Environmental Teach-in.
As an 'air raid siren drew V.C. students to lower Sproul Plaza, a monotone loudspeaker voice informed them that an "air failure" had occurred and those who couldn't escape from the pollution would die within-11i mmtites.
T.he voice invited onlookers to take shelter in the CAP 1500 which, it said, ihad been tested "in Akron under government contract. " The air system inflating CAP 1500 also screens out deadly pollutants, the voice said.
Those who didn't go into CAP 1500 were given "negative census forms" to fill out before dying.
White-jacketed Ant Far m members wearing gas masks
affixed small yellow cllcles to onlookers' foreheads. "These are sensors w.hich can be monitored by a Human Resources Sat e 11 i t e which is t r a c kin g your final movements," it was amiably expIa r ned by a; man called "F-310," who described himself as a "human mentad prog ram m e d only to answer questions from the press."
The teach-in 'concludes today.
II
~ ______ ~r_A_~~ __ m_~ ________________ _
..ow' «lII'oIPII'W1irnK JtI c
"iiI"W'!IH!!~O
• I.f)
tJ:: uJ l-V)
~ D
... w 1t ~ 5: ~ .. ~ B ~
WB 110"
125" 8~,,-------,=--
ys --------~------~--------------------------~~.
...
II cc.
~
0-
<.n
.b. ~
"'..J
M
o-<.oJ r--..r--..
N
N~.N -0-<>
~ N <.oJ
~ 0-o-<.oJ 0-
N ~ 01
<.n~ '-I 01 ..... L
r: ~-,
~
(")
-.:t
l()
-0
I'-.
co
>- 0:::
I
LU
~
'0
LU
l')
V)
....
J
~
0:::
LU
I- « ~ N
(")
-.;:t
.' ,
, '\ I
~~."
I -
! ~.
I I'
) I'
~'
fJJr
'
,~:;:·.J1I
) .. -
C';
. ... ~
v
l·~""
'"" .
. c
\ .. ~..;c\,
.Ir~
...s
t
;!(I ," 11
) \l\
fi l~
\)~t
•
f I
~ ~ \
\ 'I ~
b' E
, I
;
~I ~'~1 ,~
;' ~ I
1
'-'l\
-J fil
l (\
\)X
~(\
~.
c_
--
I I
~~.:l-:
.
~ "
----~~"'"
2 ,}
~ ~
'~
r 1
-. ~
~-
~~~
__
~:o
~J
,~
. .
~",
-~
g-;::.~~~
S~~
~~
;.0
~~~
.;.
-~~~
. ~
\.
~~"-
) ;;,
..."..
;:~
~(I
~#""
-,..
.,
..e,
f\.
:tr-
~.:~
~
~~
1"_"' 4
: ~
U·tr~
, ~,~
(jr~J
~~~.
t '
~;:"i~
[ -
,~
.. -"
\"~::
\ ,
ao .
... .s~
I ,
~-
~.
1 :~~", •
../.
,
( \
;'
~:.
?'
I ~
""".
, I
' ...
......
oj
.
"'~
:~)
I 'I
~:~
: ~,\
I 1
\ l'~:
I':'
~.
I . ~. "\
1;$
, ..
... '
f· "
~ ,-'.
, ..
( ".
• .-
L.
• ~\'
.·!,
I,.H
V
It ,
-•
r '
.~
\ II
.
~
./ ~
\'
I I
'I'(
@,II
'
Ii
\'
\.
• r \(
("'\
I ~,;
, '1
I
,!, J
f(
(J :
"I
;11/:I:i,J~I
' f' if
I J
'I ,i
~I
v U
ti' ;
.iJ:,I
·,1 v
! I,
~
I
t ,
\ \ \
\ ) \
~ I } f
o
/
I I
L 11 ! \ il I
I
::::
1 }I
)
\ I f'l i
) {I
I
! r-)
~l )
) i1
~'t
.~J.~
. ft
~l~
~~
~ :t~
t:~
~.~r
. "\'
;"
."'i
' t.
",,,
" .".'
~,;/O.
/o;~~
·:r"
"/.: .
. ' .• :..
....., .•
,.;.r .. ~
~~t·::~)· •
...;
~ ...
~~.I
..
',<
't
'/~
.r"
• •
'.. t..
<t :
.J.~
~/{I~~t
l~ .
.:'. :.;
J s' :
.';
::
"/I'""
l'''
t ••
,'
i
~.: . ,
O! ..
;\§
{
V.I
. I~
'"
:.,
. •
f:' •
;"
-, ; ..
. ,.'
/ .,~
:.f. ..
. , ..
, .. ,~
,
••
' ,~.
:.:.\,
.\.
o·
..
:.: (:
t~ ... :
··t' : 'h
" .'
•
j4\l~::'
::J":
./':'"
/~~::'
, ', ...
... ~.:.
).
.~ ~ ~\<
::~ t-(
t.: :.:' -
), ~;::,
:. 1 f' ."
: ~,,~j
., .. "f -
: ••
' i
.. ~Jv
..
,...
..
.1
,~~" .. ~
.'
~ ) .....
.... .
. ..
~':.
".
:'1
' r
1 .
I, I
2 3
EVEN
TS
PNEU
MA
DS
4 3
2 FA
NTA
SY
10
9 8
7 6
5 4
3 2
1
Ul
r-
Rea
son
able
F
acsi
mil
e E
arth
W
ks.
John
P
ask
iew
icz
17
Wel
sfo
rd
n:l
..Cl >,
OJ
Pit
tsb
urg
h
Pa
15
2]3
r- o >
Ul
r
r- n:l
..C
lS::
+
-l
en ~
OJ
'r-~
3"
~UlO\)"
UlOJ~~
n:l
-0
J ..C
l -
(.]
s:L
en~
SL
Erw
in
S S
trau
ss
rTA
E
nte
rpri
ses
1015
L
agun
a S
t su
ite
10
San
ta
Bar
ber
s C
a.
9310
1
Bob
Col
omb
POB
ox
8103
K
ansa
s C
ity
:'1
0.
0411
2
Bud
D
on
nel
ly
POB
ox
2181
C
inci
nn
ati
Ohi
o 45
202
+-lS::~£~
n:l~~-rN
+>
<»
III .-~
~o~~~~
or-~:i~~
-1
U
TH
E
INF
LA
TO
-NE
TW
OR
K
(as
we
kn
ow
it)
Ch
arle
y
Til
ford
%
Ant
ioch
C
olum
bia
Md.
",
I
Ch
rysa
lis/
Pari
s 7
Rue
D
es
Ecu
yers
78
00
St.
Ger
mai
n
En
Lay
e F
ran
ce
Hug
h M
cCar
ney
20
Wil
liam
S
t ~1
t V
erno
n N
. Y.
1055
2 ,
All
ey
Fri
end
s 33
00
Rag
e S
t Philadel~hia
Pa
1910
4
Jay
S
tein
hau
er
1125
C
lev
lan
d
La
Gra
nge
Pk
III
6052
5
Arc
hit
ectu
ral
Des
ign
Th
e o
nly
per
iodi
cal
to c
on
sist
entl
y
publ
ish
stat
e o
f th
e ar
t m
ater
ial
on
pn
eum
atic
str
uct
ure
s.
13
.50
$ p
er y
ear
Arc
hit
ectu
ral
Des
ign
26
Blo
om
sbu
ry W
ay
Lo
nd
on
w.e.
1·
Eng
land
Jun
e 1
96
6 i
ssue
has
a c
om
ple
te
issu
e o
n p
neu
mat
ic s
tru
ctu
res.
ARC
HIG
RHm
M
AG
AZI
NE
IS
PU B
LI S
HED
FR
Om
59
ABE
RDA
RE
GA
RDEN
S LO
NDON
N
UI
6
VI
...
...
BUBB
LE
PR
IME
R-p
hilo
soph
y
W
a.. « I-
C'?
J!!
N
.i <:
t <:
t ,....
cu
0)
,....
.."
c.
0 E
co
0,.
... en
1
--0
0 co
·iE
cu
0
: .0
.-
x E
E:g:J~
...
cu
rl
,...
.(1
)1-
S ~2~C(
G u:
; 1::
cu'
"C -
:l IL
en
' 0
)
<:t
o ...
i U
...
. :::
l ,..
.. (0
U
X
i-
...c
o u
NC
Xl
~OlLen
co
:::l
o CX
l .Y
. ...
:~o~--;~
I-0
.'-
g ti
~.f~zz
... :i
c.:~
D:i
Ai
C5 ~
~3
:5 ~
t-..
.J(!
I 0:
: I
-01
2 ::
J ~~
V"I
<f.
~
~~Zif
~d~ttl
:fl~~~
r2aE
!"':
~u V
lJ,U
~~ 0
:: eC
t';;V
l •
0.. t;;
5~t-~ ~
~E~.
,;.J
I:_~
..JU
t-t
o~:gE
ClO
::
z~«~
...J
u~..c=
::I: ISH~~{!)~
: UI=~~
2U1t.Jl~~t
nzll
) i;'
::
!~ ...
~
l&.
oc.t::
V'I
U-:
::li
: ~ ~
I-o-c~
• ~'w~5..J~~g~
:ir!
~:S~
... ~ ~~H~~
cC t-~.~~~
~~o
o::>!
V
I a.,
.,o
..O
f/l
c...
~
g; c
~J:
0..
...
. :2
:>
or-'L
&.
0
for
an
infl
ata
ble
co
lleg
e
and
a k
inf
of
feasi~ility
rep
ort
fr
om:
Rur
uk
Eks
trom
A
lA
1035
1 B
arca
n C
ircle
C
olum
bia
MD.
~-
~ ~
~ g
~
5.Aaquapu~H
a4+
L o4
Ja
saqn
+ .Aauu~
sqn
p
uooL
LE
q sa
+n4
JE.A
Ed
S+E
oq
~
SSa.A
++Ew
.A~E
saL
qqnq
dE
os
$O
S'l
l SU
Op.
BJ:)
.snll!
09
9 L
od
d Ol
8~ L
96 L
,>/O
OCj
J.uoljo
'\{l~~·-LU-O..l-:f-
(I)"':
::l
»:-0
0>)>
0>
0 a.
§
.oe:
:;;-
:::l
-i>o
c ~
00
~.
9
,,0
1
en
.,
m
....
0)
<
:::::!.
:::l
0 _
. (I
)
~
Q)
m
.. X
g ~
$"'0
c
-.
:::l
n ~
;.
0 Q)c.o--h~
o <
3
' 0
)
r c
, <
CD
CD
CD
Crl
n
!"
., ~_
en
en
~
en
;-n
.... 0 :::l
(0
I
-i>o
» c
'" 0
--i>
o c ::; » :z: :::
l
:::l
to
n 0
00'17
'17
SLL
ZL£
8'
1790
9 LL
I 05EJ~4J
+S
p .. H
MO
H
6S6S
50
LE
+EJ
'JU
I .Aa5U~E.A8
'M'M
on
o !
aJ:I
sa
JmO
nJlS
J!l
BW
naU
d
auO
aw
nlo
/\ s
aJn:
).on
JlS
al!s
ua.l
'r'N
~J~MSUn.A8
MaN
aA
'U
AaS
.Aar
'o
J aJ
uE4
J'8
''U
(1
)-0
:0
o· 0
~
c·
CD
X
ro :
::l
,,0
0>.
X
:::l
_~
(0
g. en
en
O)
....
. ~.
0 CD
en
-U
1
:::l
-..J
P 0
9 ~
V
{:.
Z; l
A ld
dnS
~I'
v'
\~
Sl'v
'lN3W
'v'O
Nn:
:l
~NI~OH)NV
Z; £
V
ro",r
o
co
:::;
:·
....
C
. ..
.. 0
1",
0> _.
,'0 1
!f en
Zc.~
CD
CD
c :z:
:::l ~
-<»!
:; o
<
CD
-r
CD
en
A·
, :J
-i>o
n
'" '" 01
.... m ~ ~
m
'TI m
~
m
Z
()
m
."
l>
C) m
n 0 $ $ m
:0
n » r Z " r » -I
» ro
r m
$ » Z
C " » n -I
C
:0
m
:0
en
" !il :,
", i I I , .