BCH+190+13.+Agricultural+Biotechnology+Part+I.++Where+Does+Our+Food+Come+From+081512 (.ppt

8/9/2019 BCH+190+13.+Agricultural+Biotechnology+Part+I.++Where+Does+Our+Food+Come+From+081512 (.ppt

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Issues in Biotechnology:

The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert P. Kausch


Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future

OnCampus LiveOnCampus Live

BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, !S 190, "LS 19CH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, !S 190, "LS 19OnLine BCH 190OnLine BCH 190

A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology

A Public Access College Course

The University of Rhode sland


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life


The Way We Work With LifeDr. Albert Kausch

Kimberly Nelson

BCH 190BCH 190

A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology

A Public Access College Course

The University of Rhode sland

Section I. he !echanics o" DNA: #hat is $i"eSection II. he A&&lications o" Biotechnology


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Agricultural Biotechnology

$ectures '( and ')

Section II

he A&&lications o"

BiotechnologyA S*ee&ing +eneral Surey on $i"e and Biotechnology

he -niersity o" hode Island


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i i h l


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Agricultural BiotechnologyPart I #here Does Our Food /ome From%

Part II DNA0based Biotechnology

And !odern Agriculture

Part III. Issues, /ontroersies and /oncernsPart I1. he 2thics o" Agriculture

Part 1. ene*able 2nergy 3 the Future o" 4umanit

i i h l


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Part I #here Does Our Food /ome From%Part II DNA0based Biotechnology


Part III. Issues, /ontroersies and /oncerns

a. Setting the Stage about Food and Agriculture:

b. Issues, /ontroersies and /oncerns

c. he Organic Food Debate

Part I1. he 2thics o" AgriculturePart 1. ene*able 2ner and the Future o" 4umanit

I i Bi h l


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Agricultural BiotechnologyPart I #here Does Our Food /ome From%




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)*a( is Life/)*a( is Life/


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)*a( is Life/)*a( is (*e iolog$ of lif


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)*a( is Life/)*$ is (*ere duali($


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)*a( is Life/)*a( is Bio(e'*nolog$/


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)*a( is Life/Ho+ do +e +or +i(* life/


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I i Bi t h l


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Part I #here does our Food /ome From%



$ectures '' and '5


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4o* do *e *or6 *ith li"e%

#ho are #e no*%

Biotechnology and 2thics

What are the controversies?What are the facts?

What do we think about them?

How do we feel about them?


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Do *e beliee that Nature 6no*s best%

Or that 4uman Nature 6no*s best%


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#hen should *e interene%

Should *e interene at all%


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Should we pursue genetic

improvement of other organisms?


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Should we be manipulating plants?


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Can we use biotechnology

to feed the poor?

Should we use biotechnology

to feed the poor?


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Should we be manipulating animals?


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Are there any foods or ingredients that you have

avoided or eaten less of?

A. Yes

B. NoC. o kno!

. "efuse to ans!er

A i l l i h l


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What is it#

$#here does our "ood come "rom%$4istory o" Agriculture$Plant Domestication

$4o* is DNA0based biotechnology used "or cro&

im&roement%

$4o* is it done%$#hat are the goals%$#hat as been done so "ar%$#hat is in the "uture%

$#hat are the controersies and concerns%

A i l l Bi h l


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What is it#

$#here does our "ood come "rom%$4istory o" Agriculture$Plant Domestication

$4o* is DNA0based biotechnology used "or cro&

im&roement%

$4o* is it done%$#hat are the goals%$#hat as been done so "ar%$#hat is in the "uture%

$#hat are the controersies and concerns%


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-*e Origins of Argi'ul(ure-*e Origins of Argi'ul(ure

A 'ru'ial even( in *uman *is(or$A 'ru'ial even( in *uman *is(or$

-*e eginning of 'ivili2a(ion-*e eginning of 'ivili2a(ion

Humans inven(ed agri'ul(ureHumans inven(ed agri'ul(ure

-*e a''umula(ion of surplus food supplies-*e a''umula(ion of surplus food supplies

Correla(es +i(* o(*er eoli(*i' evelopmen(sCorrela(es +i(* o(*er eoli(*i' evelopmen(s

#ven(uall$ )ri((en Language#ven(uall$ )ri((en Language

h / dl "


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he /radles o"

Agriculture

Fertile /rescent$entil78,9 yrs BP#heat78,) yrs BP

Fla;78,5 yrs BP

ye7


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#here do the &lants

*e eat come "rom%

Nearly all the %lants a&aila'le

In the grocery store

do not gro! in (the !ild)

All culti&ated %lants are the result

of hu*an inter&ention.

These %lants !ould not e+ist

!ithout hu*ans.


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he Im&ortance #ild Plants

Plant Domestication

1arietal Selection

And

Plant Breeding


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1ariations in Dog Breeds Are he Direct

/onse=uence o" Selection by 4umans

A Single I+F' Allele Is a !aor Determinant o" Small Si>e in Dogs

he Domestication and Breeding o" Dogs


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The Asian !olf is no! acce%ted as the *ost likely ancestor of

all do*estic dogs. There are o&er four hundred descri'ed

'reeds of dogs today, !hich can 'e all genetically traced 'ackto a !ild Asian s%ecies that li&ed 'et!een -,/// and 0/,///

years ago, 'efore the first agricultural hu*an societies.



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This illustration 'elo! sho!s the shocking defor*ation of the

'ulldog head 'et!een -12/ and -23. The *odern 'ulldog4s

shortened face no! causes serious *edical %ro'le*s, and results

fro* 'reeding and selection for fashion traits.


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Origins o" A&&les


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Origins o" A&&les

Ka>a6hstan

Malus sieversii (Grafting was developed in China

~2000 C!

+ree6s and omans 79 B/

Dionysian =ualities

omans deelo&ed 5( arieties

Pliny the 2lder

A&&le goes to 2ngland

Mauls domesticushe A&&le goes to America

')850'@


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Brassica


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Brassica


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Brassica


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Brassicarassica oleracea:6ale,

cabbage

broccoli

cauli"lo*er"ai#lan,

brussels s&routs

6ohlrabi

i


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Brassicarassica oleraceaAce&hala +rou& H 6ale and collard greens

rassica oleraceaAlboglabra +rou& H /hinese broccoli

rassica oleraceaBotrytis +rou& H cauli"lo*er, omanesco

broccoli and brocco"lo*er

rassica oleracea/a&itata +rou& H cabbage

rassica oleracea+emmi"era +rou& H brussels s&routsrassica oleracea+ongylodes +rou& H 6ohlrabi

rassica oleraceaItalica +rou& H broccoli

B i


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Brassicarassica oleracea: broccoli

B i


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Brassicarassica oleracea: broccoli

Broccoli *as deried "rom cultiated lea"y cole cro&s in the Northern !editerranean in about the ?th

century B/2. Since the oman 2m&ire, broccoli has been considered a uni=uely aluable "ood among

Italians. Broccoli *as brought to 2ngland "rom Ant*er& in the mid0'@s by Peter Scheema6ers.

Broccoli *as "irst introduced to the -nited States by Italian immigrants but did not become *idely6no*n until the '85s.


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he Im&ortance o" 1arietal Selection

and Plant Domestication


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/ommercial 1arieties

O" Flo*ers and 1egetables

Are the result o" long

/onentional BreedingPrograms

4o* many o" these

arieties could be "ound

in the *ild%


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#ould these

occur*ithout

human

interention%

/ultiated 1arieties o" Flo*ers


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ed/arrots

+iant omatoes

Seedless Gello*

#atermelons

Ne* 1arieties

o" Fruits and 1egetables

by /onentional Breeding

Do these plants exist in the Wild?

#ould any o"

these occur

*ithout

human

interention%


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/orn &roduced by /onentional Breeding

What is natural


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#here do the &lants

*e eat come "rom%

$Domestication

$Selection

$+enetics

$#ide /rosses

$!utagenesis

$+ene rans"er


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he Im&ortance o" 1arietal Selection

and Plant Domestication


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he Italian Scallion

Out o"hode Island


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-nited States Patent @,8(@,


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Potential +raduate Student esearch Proect O&&ortunity

r. Al'ert ;ausch, =rofessor, e%art*ent of Cell and 5olecular Biology

&otential Graduate Student &ro'ect )evelopment of Green Garlic as a *ew +egetable

Deelo&ment o" +reen +arlic as A Ne* 1egetable /ro&@8 %atent6 ?/-- reen arlic and 5ethods of =roduction. @8 =atent Nu*'er >,23>,112, Issued

5ay -/ ?/-- industry su%%ort a&aila'le

/ommercial Production o" +reen +arlic as A Ne* S&ecialty /ro&@8 %atent %ending6 Al'ert ;ausch and =hilli% 8i*on, In&entors @.8. =CT No. /1,30, filed

5ay , ?//> industry su%%ort a&aila'le

/hemo&rotectie "ood &roducts "rom "resh green garlic actieagainst human "ood0bourne &athogens. @8 %atent %ending6 Al'ert ;ausch and=hilli% 8i*on, In&entors @.8. =CT No. /1,3, filed 5ay , ?//> industry su%%ort a&aila'le


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C*eroee%or(* Carolin

-eosin(e Bran'*ing and

-*e 3lume Ar'*i(e'(ure 3en

John DoeblyUniv. Of Wisconsin

-*e Coming

of Corn

-*e Coming

of Corn


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8*all genetic changes resulted in a *ore useful %lant to %eo%le

Biotechnology in the '8(s:


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gy

the deelo&ment o" hybrid mai>eDonald N. Duic6 5'. Nature eie*s: +enetics ol5 no.' &g?80@)

$Dar*in, mai>e and hybrid igour

$Inbred0hybrid method: a ne* method o" mai>e breeding

+eorge Shull and 2d*ard 2ast in '8< discoer:inbreeding de&ression

hybrid igour

InbredA L InbredB

4ybrid

AL

B

4igh yields

, brief history


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InbredA L InbredB

4ybridALB

Inbred0hybrid method: Single cross hybrids '8e is uni=ue among the cereal

cro&s in that male and "emale "lo*ers

are borne on se&arate organs 0 tassel

and ear shoot, res&ectiely0 and it is

*ind0&ollinated.

4ybrid seed could be made on a large, "arm0"ield

scale as o&&osed to labour0intensie hand

&ollinationC by remoing the tassels detassellingC"rom one inbred and allo*ing it to be &ollinated

by a second inbred &lanted in

adacent bloc6s


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Detasselling mai>e &lants. Detasselling 0 &ulling tassels 0 is ital "or

the &roduction o" hybrid mai>e


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he detasselled &lants are called M"emalesMJ they *ill bear the

hybrid seed. In the early years, men on "oot did the detasselling, as

in this &hoto "rom the '8(s. In later years, high school boys and

girls *ere recruited to do the ob, also on "oot. oday, youths are

still the chie" labour source.

the &roduction o" hybrid mai>e.

Image "rom Pioneer 4i0Bred International, Inc


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$Inbreds *ea6 and lo* yielding$Seed &roduction costs too high

$Seed &rices too high$2;tra e;&ense more than the

alue added by the hybrid

Inbred0hybrid method: Single cross hybrids '8


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his illustration, "rom a "arm

maga>ine in the '8(s, sho*s

ho* to ma6e seed o" a double

cross mai>e hybrid. Note thedi""erence in si>e bet*een inbred

and hybrid ears.

4o* to ma6e a double cross hybrid

!ai>e hybrids hae com&letely re&laced o&en0


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Per cent o" mai>e area &lanted to hybrids, "rom '8( to

'8?, in Io*aredC and in the -nited States greenC.

!ai>e hybrids hae com&letely re&laced o&en

&ollinated arieties

Ne* mai>e hybrids yield more


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+rain yields in tons hectareMC o" (? &o&ular hybrids

introduced in central Io*a "rom '8() to '88'

y y

than their &redecessors

Yield i ld


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Yield Yield

Yield

' In the '


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'. In the '


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gro* in Ethe *ild. !ost o" our cultiated &lants are the result o"

intensie human interention oer many generations to select "or

desirable traits, and most o" these &lants *ould not een e;ist

*ithout humans. 4ybrid corn *as "irst commerciali>ed on alarge scale in the -S in the '8(s and no*, because o" astly

im&roed yields hybrid corn arieties dominate the R95 billion yr

corn cro& in the -S. 4ybrid corn

a. is the &roduct o" genetic engineering by insertion o" "oreignDNA

b. *as "irst deelo&ed in the Fertile /rescent 75, yrs ago

c. is the &roduct o" conentional &lant breeding inoling the use

o" controlled crosses and in some &lants, li6e corn, by

deelo&ing inbred &arental lines

d. is a method used by the large seed com&anies only to &reent

"armers "rom re0&lanting their seed and thus used to control the

corn seed industry

e. is all +!O and should be labeled

( !ost o" the &lants *e eat as "ruits egetables and


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(. !ost o" the &lants *e eat as "ruits, egetables, and

grains:

a. gro* in the *ild, but do better under agriculturalsituations

b. do not occur in the *ild, but hae been deelo&ed

e;clusiely by humans through selection and

domestication

c. hae &roen harm"ul to humans because domestication

has increased their allergenicity

d. hae been genetically modi"ied using biotechnology

a&&roaches

e. hae been robbed o" their basic nutritional aluecom&ared *ith their *ild relaties.

). he domestication and breeding o" dogs is similar in some


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g g

*ays to the domestication o" cro& &lants. he Asian *ol" is no*

acce&ted as the most li6ely ancestor o" all domestic dogs. here

are oer "our hundred described breeds o" dogs today, *hich

can be all genetically traced bac6 to a *ild Asian s&ecies that

lied bet*een '9, and ), years ago, be"ore the "irst

agricultural human societies. Similar to the arieties &roduced

o" most maor cro& s&ecies, ariations in dog breeds

a. came about through natural selection in the *ild

b. deried "rom *ild ancestors and are the direct conse=uence

o" selection by humans

c. hae been &roen to be the result o" intelligent designd. occurred naturally in the *ild be"ore humans

e. demonstrates that ne* s&ecies hae not recently occurred on

earth

9 #here do the &lants *e eat come "rom% #hich o" the


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9. #here do the &lants *e eat come "rom% #hich o" the

"ollo*ing &rocesses has not been a&&lied to cro& &lant

deelo&ment during the history o" agriculture%

a. Domestication, arietial selection, and genetics

b. Direct a&&lication o" the heory o" S&ecial elatiity and

&article &hysics to induce &lant ariation

c. #ide crosses bet*een arieties or s&ecies that normally do

not mate to &roduce "ertile seeds

d. !utagenesis0the use o" chemicals or radiation to induce

mutation and genetic ariation

e. +ene rans"er0the use o" cloned DNA "ragments "or

genetic im&roement

? #hi h t it i id d t b t i t t t t


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?. #hich trait is considered to be most im&ortant to most

&lant breeders%

a. &lant heightb. color

c. "ruit taste

d. yield

e. nutrition



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gyThe Way We Work With Life

Dr. Albert P. Kausch


Part I #here does our Food /ome From%

Documents

BCH+190+13.+Agricultural+Biotechnology+Part+I.++Where+Does+Our+Food+Come+From+081512 (.ppt