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CHAPTER: 1

1.1 Introduction

Disability is a universal element in the human condition to which no one is immune. In our

past society attitude towards physically challenged people were negative. People didn‟taccept physically challenged people normally in their society & family also. They were

neglected everywhere and treated as burden for society & family.

But now-a-days the situation has been changed positively. People with disability are

welcomed in the mainstream of the society. The current scenario is that people with disability

can take part in normal activities such as getting job in organization, enrollment educational

institution, public transportation etc. This neglect bars persons with disabilities from normal

economic, social and political activities in their families, communities, essential services and

education, etc.

Many people in the Bangladesh view disability as a curse and a cause of embarrassment to

the family. In Bangladesh, there have been only a few systemic interventions to raise

awareness of persons with disabilities at the community level. Women with disabilities are

particularly vulnerable to social discrimination and neglect. The number of employed persons

with disabilities is assumed to be less than 1%.

Over the years, attitude towards disability have varied significantly from one generation to

another. Limited literature in disability history, however, continues to pose a great challenge

to students of disability studies in their endeavor to trace the development and formation of perceptions towards persons with disabilities.

1.2 Objectives

The objective of this study in broad sense is to find out that whether there is any change in

attitude towards people with disabilities over the generations. And there are some specific

objectives such as-

To understand the societal attitudes toward people with disabilities by conducting

a survey on “two group of people (categorized by age)”. To identify whether there has been a change in attitude of the general public over

a period of 20 years.

1.3 Limitations

The study mainly focused on general people‟s attitude toward people with disabilities in

society in the respective field. It does not reflect view of people with disability as the

majority of the respondents were from general group. .



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Most of the respondents had received by simple random sampling and the sample size was

small, which limits access to the overall situation of the country where disability

interventions are absent.

1.4 Scope

The scope of this project is comprised the societal attitudes toward people with disability in

Bangladesh. The study has been able to reflect upon the current situation over other

generation towards the people with disabilities either in employment or with the education or

skills essential for employment and other participation in social activities. It is expected

that the findings would contribute in the design and development of planned and

systematic interventions towards addressing the needs of attitude change towards the people

with disabilities in the country with specific reference to treatment.

1.5 Methodology

For prevalence study a total of 20 samples are surveyed throughout the country which

comprises 50% of people age group below 30 years and 50% of people age group above 50

years. Due to the time limitation the survey has been conducted in the city area. For the study

procedure to assess the intervention on attitudes toward people with disabilities, we

developed a questionnaire using likert scale. The participants in this study were 20 general

people consisting students, businessmen, service holders.

1. Data Collection: The study is based on the data collected through primary and

secondary sources.

Primary Data: An interview schedule was designed to collect primary data

general people in Bangladesh.

Secondary Data: Secondary data was collected from journals, magazines,

web sites and from other relevant publications.

2. Sampling Universe: The working population was limited to the general people in

Dhaka city due to the convenience of the authors. People from two age groups were

taken as the sample universe. 3. Sample Size: From the universe, sample sizes of 20 general people were selected for

the purpose of the study.

4. Sampling Method: Convenience sampling was used based on the willingness and

availability of the respondents. The study was conducted on people with different

type of profession.

5. Data Analysis: Survey data are analyzed with the use of MS Excel and MS Word.



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1.6 Literature Review

Some researches on people with disability have been conducted with specific issues. Some of

study and its results are mentioned as follows.

As Roeher (1969) observes, an examination of attitudes towards people with

disabilities across culture suggests that societal perceptions and treatment of persons withdisabilities are neither homogeneous nor static.

During the 16th century, however, Christians such as Luther and John Calvin

indicated that the mentally retarded and other persons with disabilities were possessed by evil

spirits. Thus, these men and other religious leaders of the time often subjected people with

disabilities to mental and/or physical pain as a means of exorcising the spirits (Thomas 1957).

In the 19th century, supporters of social Darwinism opposed state aid to the poor and

otherwise handicapped. They reasoned that the preservation of the "unfit" would impede the

process of natural selection and tamper the selection of the "best" or "fittest" elementsnecessary for progeny (Hobbs 1973).

Franzen Bjorn (1990) observed that in some communities in Kenya and Zimbabwe, "a

child with a disability is a symbol of a curse befalling the whole family. Such a child is a

"shame" to the whole family, hence their rejection by the family or the community.

Lee and Rodda, 1994; Unger, 2002; Wells, 2001 identified that “Negative attitudes

toward people with disabilities are rooted in lack of knowledge and the perpetuation of

erroneous, often negative, stereotypes.”



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CHAPTER: 2

2.1 Understanding Disability

A disability is an impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional,

developmental, or some combination of these. A disability may be present from birth, oroccur during a person's lifetime.

An individual may also qualify as disabled if he/she has had impairment in the past or is seen

as disabled based on a personal or group standard or norm. Such impairments may include

physical, sensory, and cognitive or developmental disabilities. Mental disorders (also known

as psychiatric or psychosocial disability) and various types of chronic disease may also

qualify as disabilities.

Someone who is physically challenged has a problem with their body that makes it difficult

for them to do things that other people can do easily.

2.2 Bangladesh and Persons with Disabilities

No comprehensive empirical study has been conducted at present to determine the incidence

and prevalence of disabilities in Bangladesh. While no reliable national data exist, anecdotal

information and a number of micro studies generally suggest a disability prevalence rate of

between 5 to 12 per cent. This is close to the WHO estimate, which states that 10 per cent of

any given population can be considered to have some or other form of disability.

Ignorance and wrong beliefs surrounding disability, compounded with a negative andderogatory attitude of the community (including family members) have contributed to the

marginal development in the disability sector in Bangladesh.

In a surprising revelation, the final results of the 5th Population and Housing Census 2011

showed the number of people with disability is only 1.4 percent of Bangladesh‟s total

population.

The percentage is far below the last year‟s estimation of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics‟

(BBS) Household Income Expenditure Survey that had found people with disability at 9.07 percent of the population. However, the percentage was 0.6 percent in the 2001 census.

The new estimates of World Health Organization (WHO) suggest disability can comprise 15

percent of a country‟s population.



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2.3 Analysis and Interpretation

Attitude

Age Group

Below 30 years

Age Group

Above 50 years

Accept Reject Accept Reject

Pcp are welcomed in the public transport 90% 10% 50% 50%

Pcp are getting more job 80% 20% 30% 70%

Educational institutions providing proper

amenities for the Pcp50% 50% 10% 90%

Treatment facility are adequate for the

physically challenged people Pcp10% 90% - -

Pcp are socially more acceptable 80% 20% 30% 70%

Helping Pcp to grow strong in mentally 40% 60% 20% 80%

Skill shown by the Pcp are properly accepted

in the economic arena 90% 10% 05% 95%

Public administration systems are getting good

toward the Pcp50% 50% 10% 90%

Pcp are facing the physical and psychological

brutality85% 15% 95% 05%

Today’s society ready to accept a Pcp as head

of an organization70% 30% 10% 90%

Pcp= physically challenged people

2.4 People’s Attitude in Past and Current Scenario

After this survey we can say that, during the past 40 to 50 years there have been numerous

changes in our society with respect to the management and treatment of people with

disabilities. In addition, there has been much advancement in medical care, public transport,

getting job, economic arena. This report gives us some important information such as 70%

people in our society today ready to accept a physically challenged people as head of an

organization, only 30% is not ready for accept them, but in the past only 10% people in our

society ready to accept a physically challenged people as head of an organization. Prior to thetwentieth century, social attitudes reflected the view that persons with disabilities were

unhealthy, defective and deviant.

In our research project we found that most of the people try to help the disabled people. Most

people think that education is useful for them. Bangladeshi people do not hate them and they

are ready to take them as leader or team-mate if they can prove themselves. Most people

think that disabled people‟s low capability of work is the main reason of failure. Most of the

respondents said a when a person needs support for movement then he/she is disabled.

We found that most people help the disabled. It does not match with our hypothesis. We also

found that people have no problem taking them as co-worker. It also does not match our



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hypothesis. Another thing that does not match with our hypothesis is fixed job for the

disabled people. One thing that matches is that education is effective for the disabled people.

The reason for it may be people now think that disabled people are not useless. Now people

think that every single person is gifted. We cannot do well by separating disabled peopleapart from us.

2.5 Conclusion

Disability will always remain in Bangladeshi society, with the entire social stigma attached to

it. But in now Government we can change our attitude towards physically challenge people

by treating them as skilled an efficient. There is a huge demand for skilled people in the

industrial sector. If the physically challenged people are provided with skill development

training, they will easily find jobs. If we are given little support and an opportunity, we can

prove that we are no longer burden of society and we can also contribute to society likeothers. Though our research was a topic, We think that we could have done better. We have

found that, people does not hate the people and help them. We were happy to find this

because our hypothesis was different at this point. We think the word „disabled people‟

should no longer exist because we should stop making classes. If it is done properly then

there will be a time where we will live in harmony. So, our suggestion will be to consider

disabled people as normal people and help them in every possible way then they can give us

something new and creative.



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REFERENCES

Chomba Wa Munyi, “Past and Present Perceptions Towards Disability: A Historical

Perspective” ,Vol 32, No 2 (2012)

Cindy Davis, Samuel A. MacMaster, Kim Cassie, “ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE

WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES”, 2010

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics‟ (BBS) Household Income Expenditure Sur vey, 2001

Population and Housing Census 2011

http://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/issue/view/94

http://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/issue/view/94



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APPENDIX

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

A Study on Attitude Change towards Physically Challenged People in Bangladesh

Question No: Date:

We would be grateful if you could spare a few minutes to complete this Questionnaire to help

us for preparing our report about Attitude Change towards Physically Challenged People

in Bangladesh. We assure you that we will not use the filled information for any other

purpose other than academic purpose.

1 Personal Information

A.

Name _____________________B.

Gender Male [ ] Female [ ]

C.

Contact No _____________________

D. Email _____________________

2. Age:

A. Below 30 years

B. Above 50 years

3 What is your profession?

A. Student

B.

BusinessC. Government service

D. Private service

E. Other

4 Do you think physically challenged people (PCp) are welcomed in the public

transport than before?

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed

E. Strongly Disagreed

5 Do you think the physically challenged people (pcp) are getting more job than

before?

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed


6 Are educational institutions providing proper amenities for the physically

challenged people (pcp)?A. Strongly Agreed



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B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed


7

What is your opinion about the treatment facility are adequate for the physicallychallenged people (pcp)?

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed


8 Do you think that physically challenged people (pcp) are socially more acceptable?

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed


9 Is our society is helping physically challenged people (pcp) to grow strong in

mentally?

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed

E. Strongly Disagreed1 What do you think about the sentence- “The skill shown by the physically

challenged people (pcp) are properly accepted in the economic arena?”

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed


11 Is our public administration systems are getting good toward the physically

challenged people (pcp)?

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. Neutral

D. Disagreed


12 Is the physically challenged people (pcp) are facing the physical and psychological

brutality more than before?

A. Strongly Agreed

B. Agreed

C. NeutralD. Disagreed



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13 Do you agree with the statement- “Today’s society ready to accept a physically

challenged people (pcp) as head of an organization?”

A. Strongly Agreed

B. AgreedC. Neutral

D. Disagreed


14. What do you think that in changing attitude towards physically challenged people?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

______________

Signature



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PROPOSAL

Background:

In order to explore societal attitudes toward physically challenged people, it is important to

be clear as to what is meant by the term attitude. Attitudes have been defined in a variety ofways over the past century, and have various meanings as a result of having bridged both

psychology and sociology (Allport, 1954). An attitude may be defined as the individual's

tendency to react positively or negatively to some person, object, situation, institution orevent (Aiken, 1985; Thomas, 1982). This definition concurs with that of Graharn and LiIly

(1984) who describe an attitude as an opinion about something, reflecting how favorable

people are towards groups, people, ideas or issues.

In addition, the consequences of negative attitudes toward disabled people in terms of social

exclusion will be explored. Likewise, the emerging „positive‟ attitudes toward disabled

people from general person‟s perspectives will be discussed. There is also presented a trend

in societal attitude change toward physically challenged people by comparing between two

generations.

In this report, we will provide a brief overview of the employment status of people with

disabilities, followed by a short discussion of research on attitudes toward people with

disabilities in the workplace. We then describe the methods we employed to test our main

research question and summarize the results of our study. The article concludes with a

discussion of our findings and the limitations of the present study, as well as a discussion of

opportunities for future research.

Objectives:

1. To understand the societal attitudes of toward people with disabilities by conducting

a survey on “two group of people (categorized by age)”.

2. To identify whether there has been a change in attitude of the general public over a

period of 20 years.

Scope:

The scope of this project is comprised the societal attitudes of toward people with disability

in Bangladesh.

Limitations:

The study mainly focused on general people‟s attitude toward people with disabilities in

society in the respective field. It does not reflect view of people with disability as the

majority of the respondents were from general group.

Most of the respondents had received by simple random sampling and the sample size wassmall, which limits access to the overall situation of the country where disability

interventions are absent.

Literature Review:



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Some researches on people with disability have been conducted with specific issues. Some of

study and its results are mentioned as follows.

As Roeher (1969) observes, an examination of attitudes towards people with

disabilities across culture suggests that societal perceptions and treatment of persons with

disabilities are neither homogeneous nor static.During the 16th century, however, Christians such as Luther and John Calvin

indicated that the mentally retarded and other persons with disabilities were possessed by evil

spirits. Thus, these men and other religious leaders of the time often subjected people with

disabilities to mental and/or physical pain as a means of exorcising the spirits (Thomas 1957).

In the 19th century, supporters of social Darwinism opposed state aid to the poor and

otherwise handicapped. They reasoned that the preservation of the "unfit" would impede the

process of natural selection and tamper the selection of the "best" or "fittest" elements

necessary for progeny (Hobbs 1973).

Franzen Bjorn (1990) observed that in some communities in Kenya and Zimbabwe, "a

child with a disability is a symbol of a curse befalling the whole family. Such a child is a

"shame" to the whole family, hence their rejection by the family or the community.

Lee and Rodda, 1994; Unger, 2002; Wells, 2001 identified that “Negative attitudes

toward people with disabilities are rooted in lack of knowledge and the perpetuation of

erroneous, often negative, stereotypes.”

Work Plan:

Week Activities Person

Week-1 Collecting data and Tabulating data Ujjol, Himadri, Mamun

Week-2 Analyzing data and Preparing progress report Ujjol, Himadri

Week-3 Writing the draft and Revising the draft Himadri, Mamun

Week-4 Editing the draft and printing the final report Ujjol, Mamun

Report Structure:

Prefatory parts The body of the report Appended parts

1.

Cover or Title Fly

2. Title Page

3.

Acknowledgement4. Executive Summary

5. Table or Graph List

1.

Introduction

2. Discussion

3.

Summary4. Conclusion

1.List of References

2.Bibliograph

Documents

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