BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM … CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM — LEVEL 4 1 Program Outline Line B – Documentation and Organizational Skills B-2 Use Construction Drawings

BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMLEVEL 4

Line B: Documentation and Organizational Skills Competency B-2: Use Construction Drawings and Specifications

© 2017 Industry Training Authority of British Columbia

This publication may not be reproduced in any form without written permission by the Industry Training Authority.

Version 1, New, June 2017

ISBN 0-7726-7077-9

Permissions

Binder cover stairs, roof, and torch-on roofing photos licensed from ThinkstockB2 LT1 Figures 1–3 and 8 and B2 LT2 Figures 1–4 used with permission of Vanouver Island University and Garyali Architect, Inc.

B2 LT2 Figures 1 and 2 courtesy of VWR

B2 LT3 Figure 3 (photo) licensed from Thinkstock

Every effort has been made to secure copyright permission for the images used in this document.

AcknowledgmentsThe Industry Training Authority of British Columbia would like to acknowledge the Carpentry Articulation Curriculum Committee and Open School BC, a division of the BC Ministry of Education, as well as the following individuals and organizations for their contributions in updating the BC Carpenter Apprenticeship Learning Resources:

Carpentry Articulation Curriculum Committee membersDennis Carlson, Tom Haag, Erik Hardin, Geoff Murray, Don Naidesh, Stephen Pelley, Al van AkkerWriter: Gary BacklundReviewers: Roy Mironuck, Geoff Murray, Stephen Pelley

Open School BCChristina Teskey, project managementBeverly Carstensen, print layout, illustrationDennis Evans, photography, illustration, art coordinationMax Licht, illustrationKeith Learmonth, editing

OrderingCrown Publications, Queen’s PrinterPO Box 9452 Stn Prov GovtVictoria, BC V8W 9V7

Phone: 1 800 663-6105Fax: 250 387-1120Email: [email protected]: www.crownpub.bc.ca

ContentsProgram Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Learning Task 1: Interpret Architectural Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Self-Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Learning Task 2: Interpret Reflective Ceiling Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Self-Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Learning Task 3: Draw Finishing Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Self-Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

DisclaimerThe materials in these Learning Guides are for use by students and instructional staff, and have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable and to represent best current opinions on these subjects. These manuals are intended to serve as a starting point for good practices and may not specify all minimum legal standards. No warranty, guarantee or representation is made by the Carpentry Articulation Curriculum Committee, the British Columbia Industry Training Authority or the Queen’s Printer of British Columbia as to the accuracy or sufficiency of the information contained in these publications. These manuals are intended to provide basic guidelines for carpentry practices. Do not assume, therefore, that all necessary warnings and safety precautionary measures are contained in this Competency and that other or additional measures may not be required.

These materials contain information that has been derived from information originally made available by the Province of British Columbia at: http://www.bclaws.ca/ and this information is being used in accordance with the Queen’s Printer License – British Columbia available at: http://www.bclaws.ca/standards/2014/QP-License_1.0.html. They have not, however, been produced in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of, the Province of British Columbia and THESE MATERIALS ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL VERSION.

Safety AdvisoryPlease note that it is always the responsibility of any person using these materials to inform him/herself about the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation pertaining to his/her work. The references to WorkSafeBC safety regulations contained within these materials do not / may not reflect the most recent Occupational Health and Safety Regulation (the current standards and regulation in BC can be obtained on the following website: http://www.worksafebc.com).

Symbol Legend

Electric shock: This icon is a reminder for potential electric shock.

Explosive: This icon is a reminder for a possibly explosive situation.

Flammable: This icon is a reminder for a potentially flammable situation.

Important: This icon highlights important information.

Poisonous: This icon is a reminder for a potentially toxic/poisonous situation.

Resources: The resource icon highlights any required or optional resources.

Safety gear: The safety gear icon is an important reminder to use protective equipment.

Self-Test: This icon reminds you to complete a Self-Test.

We want your feedback! Please go to the BC Trades Modules website (www.bctradesmodules.gov.bc.ca) to enter comments about specific sections that require correction or modification. All submissions will be reviewed and considered for inclusion in the next revision.

BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM — LEVEL 4 1

Program Outline

Line B – Documentation and Organizational SkillsB-2 Use Construction Drawings and SpecificationsB-3 Interpret Building Codes and BylawsB-4 Plan and Organize Work

Line D – Survey Instruments and EquipmentD-2 Use Site Layout Equipment

Line F – Site LayoutF-2 Prepare Building Site

Line G – Concrete FormworkG-8 Install Specialized Formwork

Line H – Wood Frame ConstructionH-5 Build Stair SystemsH-6 Build Roof SystemsH-7 Build Specialized Framing SystemsH-8 Perform Renovations and AdditionsH-9 Build Timber and Engineered Wood ConstructionH-10 Build Decks and Exterior Structures

Line I – Finishing MaterialsI-1 Install Roofing MaterialsI-5 Install Interior FinishesI-7 Install Interior Floor, Ceiling and Wall Systems

Line J – Building ScienceJ-1 Control the Forces Acting on a Building

2 BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM — LEVEL 4

Competency B-2: Use Construction Drawings and SpecificationsArchitectural drawings are the guide to the construction of a building; they are the way that the designer describes how to build the building to meet the specifications of the owner. Architectural drawings can be very complicated, containing hundreds of sheets. To construct the building, the carpenter must be able to extract specific information and measurements from the drawings.

Reflective ceiling plans contain information pertaining to installing a lowered ceiling. They include panel type and direction, hardware, lighting, sprinkler location and ventilation location.

Finishing detail drawings allow the architect to specify information for the location, type and installation of both exterior and interior finishing materials.

Learning ObjectivesWhen you have completed the Learning Tasks in this Competency, you should be able to:

• describe schedules and detail drawings

• use schedules and detail drawings

• interpret interior and exterior elevations

• interpret reflected ceiling plans

CompetenciesWritten: “Use Construction Drawings and Specifications”

You will be tested on your ability to interpret plans.

Practical: You will be required to draw a reflective ceiling plan, including items such as lighting fixtures and bulkheads.


COMPETENCy B-2: USE CONSTRUCTION DRAwINGS AND SPECIfICATIONS LEARNING TASk 1

LEARNING TASK 1

Interpret Architectural DrawingsArchitectural drawings are used to show building size, building shape, exterior finish details, interior finish details and room use. The architectural drawings include floor plans, elevation views, sections and details.

Although there are norms for drawing plans, each architect has his or her own style and method for conveying information. Each building type offers its own unique challenges. Plans for houses, high-rises, universities and factories will be quite different for each type of drawing and where information is shown.

The Building Code specifies that the following must be shown in architectural drawings and drawings for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC):

• the name, type and location of the building

• the name of the owner

• the name of the architect

• the name of the engineer or designer

• the north point

• the dimensions and height of all rooms

• the intended use of all rooms

• the details or description of the wall, roof, ceiling and floor construction, including insulation

• the details or description of the windows and outside doors, including the size, hardware, weatherstripping, storm sashes, sills and storm doors

• the size and continuity of all pipes, ducts, shafts, flues and fire dampers

• the location, size, capacity and type of all principal units of equipment

• the size, shape and height of all chimneys and gas vents

• the size and location of all combustion air and ventilation openings

• the location and fire-resistance rating of required fire separations

The BC Building Code does not specify where details are to be shown, whether on floor plans, elevations or cross sections. It only requires that the information be shown on the plans.



Floor Plans Floor plans are placed near the beginning of a set of construction drawings because they provide the reference for most of the construction information in the drawings. The viewing plane for floor plans is typically taken from approximately mid-height above the floor. Floor plans are schematic drawings, where symbols are used to indicate the building components.

The drawings in the following figures are from plans produced by Garyali Architect Inc. of Victoria, BC, for the Vancouver Island University’s Cowichan Campus.

CORRIDOR 135A

GROUP STUDY 124

GROUP STUDY 122 2a

3

ELEC

. 1

33C

OM

M.

134

Whiteboard

DVPscreen

Gallery / Verandah

SEE

DRA

WIN

G 2

/A2.

1

FO

R CO

NTI

NU

ATIO

N

Acid neutralizer

UP

D.F.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9

Wall line above

2

Cpt.

F.D.

F.D.

Wall

4

4

8

CL column

CL column

2aCL

CL

columnCL

2a

Conc. pad

8 9 10 11

A

B

C

Whiteboard Whiteboard

Whiteboard

LCD

scr

een

LCD

scr

een

Instructor station Instructor station

5

Concrete Stair 2.1:23 Risers at 17420 Treads at 2852 landings

20

A6.2

DVPscreen

HDCP. button

8000 8000 6500

3485

875

900

1520

3010

500

1150

550

1150

1550

945

1630

580

2100

800

1970

1970

500

900

1540

2550

410

950

810

500

7000

500

2500

2500

2340

1150

2500

6000

1525

450

900

3425

410

7000

6100

1635

2600

1580

2615

410

2501850

3100

520

500

2000

900

1950

2150

860

2510

1365

4400

1300 2100

4400

W.R

.W

.R.

10a

A6.4

1830

cle

ar

1850 clear

13a

A6.4

STORAGE 132ASTORAGE131 120

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYSERVICE 132

CORRIDOR 100.05

CO

RRID

OR

100

.06

24 S COMPUTER 12524 S COMPUTER 130

CORRIDOR 140ACO

RRID

OR

136

2.1STAIR

WC - M 137

WC - F142

3 3

2

2

2 2

2 1

1 1

400

1995

200100

5b

1

2

2

6

830

2a

2

6

2a

2a

off mat

Cpt.

Cpt.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Cpt.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Recessed walk off mat

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

1a

1

1

1

1630

715

6

A7.3

14 sim.

715

6

A7.3

14

15

14

A7.1

16

See dwg. 1/A7.3 for Int. Elevs.


1819

17

A7.1



5b

5b

20

A7.121

A7.122

1330 1330

1675

167516

5517

60

2000 1000 2500 2215

2350

1655

1760

2545

200200

190

1150

13652055

1310

G2 G2

G2 G2G2 G2

G2G2

G1

G1

2100 1630

1475

500

2900990

60

2090 2000

1810 1810 1810 3065

CL CL CL CL CLwindow window window window door

3

A4.3

1

A4.3

2

A4.2

4

A4.3

6

A4.3

150

650

1900

Figure 1 — Partial first-floor plan showing gridlines and section and detail notations

Floor plans typically show the following information:

• the shape of the building• the overall dimensions of the building



• the use of the rooms• the size of the rooms• the location and size of doors and windows• the location of kitchen and bathroom cabinets • the location of plumbing fixtures• the location of switch, outlet and lighting fixtures for the electrical system (unless shown

on separate electrical drawings)

Floor plans are named for each floor of the building, e.g., first-floor plan, second-floor plan, etc.

Fixture Locations Fixtures include plumbing and light fixtures, cabinets, handrails, grab bars and any appliance or apparatus that is permanently attached to the building. The attachment is typically done during or after the finishing stage, although bathtubs and shower fixtures are often installed during the framing stages. Due to the nature of most fixtures, piping, wiring and/or backing may need to be installed during construction.

Fixture locations are commonly shown on floor plans, but due to the two-dimensional properties of most architectural drawings, more information may be required. When needed, the information can be shown on an interior elevation or in a schedule.

Figure 2 is a portion of the second-floor plan showing the men’s washroom. Locations are given for the toilet (water closet), two urinals and sinks. The height of the urinals and sinks (east wall) and the location of grab bars are not shown on this partial floor plan but will be specified elsewhere.

F.D.

F.D.

3 4

WC - M 204ALCOVE

210B

CUST.204A

ELEV. 1.2

COMM. 206

Conc.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Plc.

Cpt.

ELEV.CL. 201

Figure 2 — Partial second-floor plan showing men’s washroom



Interior Elevations An interior elevation is used to show interior detail information for the building. Cabinet details and interior trim layout are often shown on an interior elevation. Figure 3 shows the east wall of the second-floor men’s washroom. It gives the heights for sinks, grab bars and light fixtures, as well as the heights and centrelines for the urinals.

MI.

A

CT.

CT.

CT.

500

CLCL 388380

light fixture

2300

1000

CL86

4

light fixture

Grab bars

GB. GB.

388

600

Screen partition

900

Figure 3 — Interior elevation of the men’s washroom east wall

Use Schedules Schedules and legends are used to provide detailed information about specific building components, especially those that are repeated several times throughout the building. Drawings can be overwhelmed with information, making them difficult to read (see Figure 1).

For this reason, door, window, room or wall schedules are used. Symbols or notations are used on the drawings to indicate components referencing the schedule or legend, which provides detailed information.



Door Schedule Door schedules provide door sizes, material types, styles, finishes, hardware requirements and other special notes. Each door is indicated by a symbol on the floor plan, usually a letter in a circle or square (Figure 4).

A

Figure 4 — Symbol on floor plan

The corresponding letter is used in the door schedule. Figure 5 shows a typical door schedule. DO stands for “ditto” which means ‘typical’ or ‘same as above.’

DOOR FRAME

THRE

SHO

LD

WEA

THER

STR

REM

ARK

S

TYPE

SIZE (Width × height ×

thickness)MAT. CORE FIN. CLOSER MATERIAL FIN

A 750 × 2100 × 45 ALUM HOLLOW ANOD YES ALUM ANOD YES YES DOUBLE GLAZED

B 810 × 2100 × 45 DO DO PT. NO STEEL PT YES NOLOCK AND KEY

C 910 × 2030 × 45 WOOD DO DO DO DO DO NO DO -

D 610 × 2030 × 45 DO SOLID DO DO DO DO YES DO -

E 750 × 2100 × 35 DO HOLLOW DO DO WOOD DO NO DO -

F 810 × 2100 × 35 DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO -

G 910 × 2030 × 35 DO DO DO YES DO DO DO DO -

Figure 5 — Door schedule



Window Schedule Window drawings are often included as part of a schedule. Similar to doors, each window is indicated by a symbol on the floor plan. Figure 6 shows a typical window schedule. These drawings show the shape, dimensions, type and sash openings of the window. Figure 6 uses a hexagon with the window number as a symbol.

W1

2557 2557

11791526

1526 1526

1793 1030

FIXED

W2

W4W3

Figure 6 — Window schedule

Stock windows are normally used in wood-frame construction and are normally less expensive than custom-sized windows. This requires that the framed rough openings suit the windows being ordered.

Check with the window manufacturer to determine the rough opening sizes before building wood-frame walls.

Usually, in concrete or masonry construction, the finished opening sizes for the windows are shown on the drawings. After the window openings are constructed, the window manufacturer may take site measurements and custom-build the windows to suit openings unless the building is designed to fit stock-sized windows.



Room Schedule Room schedules provide the information for the finishes of each room in the building (Figure 7). The wall, ceiling and floor finishes are specified as well as the types of material used. The rooms are listed on schedules by either name or number as shown on the floor plans.

ROOM BASE FLOOR WALL CEILING REMARKS

MATERIAL FIN MATERIAL FIN MATERIAL FIN MATERIAL FIN

GARAGE NONE - CONC.

EXPO

SED

CONC. PT GYP. PT -

LOBBY VINYL -QUARRY

TILE SEA

LER

MARBLE - SUSP.

CEILING - -

STORAGE DO - VINYL

WA

X

CONC. PT GYP. PT -

PARKING NONE - CONC.

TRO

WEL

CONC. - CONC. - -

RM 120 WOOD PT CARPET - GYP. PT GYP. PT -RM 220 WOOD PT DO - DO DO DO DO -

Figure 7 — Typical room schedule



Legends Legends serve as a key to define abbreviations, hatchings and symbols, which helps interpret the information found on a set of plans. Like schedules, legends also reduce the amount of information found on the plans. Figure 8 is an example of a legend showing abbreviations.

a.w.p. = acoustic wall panelB.O. = by othersCB = chalk boardCG = corner guardcj = control jointconc. =concreteCpt. = carpetCT = ceramic tileC.U.H. = cabinet unit heatersD.F. = drinking fountainD.S. = downspoutF.D. = floor drainF.G. = fibreglassF.R.R. = fire resistance ratingG.B. = gypsum boardH.S. = hydration stationlino = linoleumL.W.S. = linear wood (ceiling) systemN.I.C. = not in contractN.C.V. = non conbustible voidO.H. = over headp = paint/stainPlam. = Plastic laminatePlc. = Polished concrete Ply = plywoodR = rubberR.O. = rough openingR.W.L. = rain water leaderSAM = self adhered membraneSB = smart boardSG. = sandblasted glassst. = steelTB = tack boardTWS = tactile warning stripu.n.o. = unless noted otherwiseWB = white boardWFS. = water filling stationW.G.L. = wired glass in metal framesW.R. = Waste receptacle

= elevations (finished)

LEGEND

= dia. turning circle

Figure 8 — Legend

Now complete Self-Test 1 and check your answers.



Self-Test 1

1. What is a fixture?

2. What drawings are used to show fixture locations?

3. In Figure 2, what is the clearance dimension between the urinal screen and the wall?

4. In Figure 3, what is located 1000 mm off the floor?

5. In Figure 3, what is located 900 mm off the floor?

6. In Figure 3, what does CT stand for?

7. In Figure 5, which door type is most likely an exterior door? Why?

8. In Figure 5, door type B is hollow core. What type of room is it most likely used for? Why?


9. Why are stock window sizes normally used in wood-frame construction?

10. Using the room schedule shown in Figure 7, give the details for Rooms 120 and 220.



LEARNING TASK 2

Interpret Reflective Ceiling Plans

Shop DrawingsManufacturers of certain building components are required to make shop drawings for those components. Cabinet manufacturers, structural steel contractors (Figure 1 and Figure 2) and window manufacturers are a few examples of companies that use shop drawings. They use shop drawings to detail how their components are going to be built. The architect approves the shop drawings before the manufacturer begins construction of the components.

Figure 1 — Sign-off procedure for shop drawings



Copies of approved shop drawings are sent to the construction site, where they are used to verify the final dimensions and details. For example, cabinet shop drawings are used to position the partitions around cabinets. The partitions are completely finished before the cabinets are delivered to the job, so measurements between partitions must be exact.

Figure 2 — Shop drawing page for fume hoods



SpecialtiesSpecialty items are often accompanied by shop drawings. Specialty items include vaults, fixtures, rolling window shutters, hoists and loading docks. These special items all need specific allowances made for them in the construction of the building, and the approved shop drawings must be followed carefully.

Reflected Ceiling PlansReflected ceiling plans are used to indicate the ceiling finishes, elevations and layout. They also indicate lighting, mechanical system and sprinkler system finishing layout. A reflected ceiling plan is a plan view of the ceiling as if you looking down at it (Figure 3). The ceiling finish is indicated with hatching as described in a separate legend (Figure 4). Electrical fixtures are laid out on the electrical plan. Many reflected ceiling plans show both the ceiling type and the lighting layout (Figure 5).

8000 8000 4100

3600

6400

2500

7000

Ch: 2900

Conc.

Conc.

CH: 2600

GB.

2000

Ch: 2750 GB.

Ch:

300

0

Ch: 3000

CH: 3000

u/s stairconc.sl

ope

dnco

nc.

conc.

WC - F 232

PREPARATION 235A

BALANCE 235C

GLASSWARE 235B 20 S CLASSROOM 230

220 P.B.L. CLASSROOM 225C

ORR

IDO

R 2

00.4

2.2STAIR

ELEC. 233

GB.

3

A4.3

1

A4.3

2

A4.2

6

A4.3

2400

PREPARATION 235A

GB.

9 10 11

D

1800

conc. soffit abv.

conc

. so

ffit

abv

.

HS-1

Ch: 2750

GB. CH: +/-2200 (adjust to suit fumehood) 1a

A6.6

bulkhead GB. bulkhead

Conc.

3000

Ch: 3000

Ch: 3000

Ch: 3000

GB.

GB

slop

e dn

con

c.

1140

1040 St

uds

C L

Figure 3 — Partial second-floor reflected ceiling plan for Vancouver Island University’s Cowichan Campus



WOODWORKSVECTOR610 x 610

SCHOOL ZONE610 x 1220

CERAMAGUARD610 x 1220

HEALTH ZONEULTIMA610 x 610

LEGEND to CEILING TREATMENTS(Note: - Lay-in tiles referenced to Armstrong products.)

SAFS - Seamless Acoustical Finish System

12.7 GB over 50 rigid insulation

Figure 4 — Ceiling fi nish legend

Recessed �uorescent�xture

“T” bar ceiling

Figure 5 — Refl ected ceiling plan showing lighting fi xture location



Hardware and FittingsDoor, window and other hardware comes with installation instructions and details. Although not part of the construction drawings, these details are necessary to correctly install the hardware.

Save the instructions for hardware installation and store them with the documents for the building; they may be required for warranty, maintenance or renovations at a later date.



Self-Test 2

1. List three types of information that will typically be shown on reflected ceiling plans.

2. What should be done with the instructions for installing the panic hardware on the entrance doors of a building after the hardware has been installed?

3. List four different specialty items that will usually have shop drawings with them.

4. Who draws the shop drawings?

5. What is done with the shop drawings after they are drawn?

6. Why does a carpenter use shop drawings?

7. What type of ceiling finish does this symbol represent? Is it used in the reflected ceiling shown in Figure 3?

8. What is the lead time for stocked items with epoxy worktops (Figure 1)?



LEARNING TASK 3

Draw Finishing DetailsFinishing details are typically shown in section drawings, detail drawings and elevations. These types of drawings are typically two-dimensional (Figure 1). Occasionally a three-dimensional drawing is used for added clarity (Figure 2).

Baseboard

Base shoe

½" × 3¼"

½" × ¾"

Figure 1 — Two-dimensional drawing for baseboard and shoe

Tread

Nosing

Riser

Figure 2 — Three-dimensional drawing showing the position of the riser, tread and nosing

In both Figure 1 and Figure 2, hatching has been used to help define the different pieces of wood.



Types of Views Views for finishing details can be either pictorial (three-dimensional) or orthographic (two-dimensional). Drawings can be from varied perspectives, for example, a sectional view sliced through an object (cutting plane).

Pictorial View (3-Dimensional) To provide information about a building or house to be built, an architect can make several types of views to show how the building will look when completed. These three-dimensional views are called pictorial drawings, and they provide a concept of the building that may be produced in different views, such as:

• perspective• isometric• oblique

Perspective View A perspective view presents a building just as it would look when completed. It gives a more realistic view than the isometric and oblique views. A simple perspective view uses a single vanishing point. Parallel lines for one axis are drawn as if to a point. Parallel lines for the other two axes are drawn parallel (Figure 3).

Vanishing point

Figure 3 — Vanishing point in a photo (left) and in a drawing (right)

Isometric View An isometric view is a three-dimensional view, with the plumb lines being vertical and the horizontal lines set at 30° angles from a horizontal (level) line (Figure 4). Isometric views have no vanishing point, so objects do not appear as they would in a perspective view.



30º 30º 30º 30º

Figure 4 — Isometric views with plumb lines vertical and horizontal lines at 30° angles

Oblique View An oblique view is similar to an isometric view, except that the face or front view is drawn to exact scale and the horizontal lines are extended at a 30°–45° angle to form a three-dimensional object (Figure 5). These are the easiest 3-D drawings to create. They’re similar to a perspective drawing but without a vanishing point.

Figure 5 — Oblique views of a box and house

Orthographic View (2-Dimensional) The most common view for working drawings is the orthographic projection, which is used almost universally in all fields of architecture and engineering. The orthographic projection is a view that shows only one face of an object, such as the front, side, top or back (Figure 6).

Site plans, foundation plans, floor plans, elevations and sections are normally drawn using orthographic views.



Figure 6 — Orthographic view

Scales Used in Drawings Communication between designer and builder is primarily done with the drawings the designer prepares. It’s very important that the drawings include all the information needed to allow the builder to construct and finish the building as the designer intended.

One of the reasons construction drawings are useful is that they’re drawn to scale. When drawn to scale, the proportions of a building are shown correctly. When not drawn to scale, the drawing will not represent the true shape of the building. Figure 7 and Figure 8 show two drawings of the same 24-foot-wide by 8-foot-high building—Figure 7 is drawn to scale, and Figure 8 is not drawn to scale (NTS).

24

8

Figure 7 — 24' wide by 8' high building drawn to scale



24

8

Figure 8 — 24' wide by 8' tall building not drawn to scale

Although both drawings show the same building, Figure 7 more accurately shows the actual shape of the building, particularly the slope of the roof. Drawing to scale makes it easier for the builder and owner to visualize the final structure.

Typical Scales The scale of a drawing determines the size of paper needed for the drawing. Floor plans for the main floor and second floor of a 1200-square-foot house will easily fit on a sheet of 36" × 24" paper if drawn at a scale of ¼" = 1'0". At this scale, the required details are able to be clearly seen. However, if the same plans are drawn at a smaller scale of ⅛" = 1'0", the drawing will be much smaller and it will be more difficult to show the same level of detail.

Note that even though a scale of ½" = 1'0" (1:24) is only twice as large as ¼" = 1'0" (1:48), it will result in drawings that are four times the size (since the larger scale increases both the vertical and horizontal distances). Large scales are used when a lot of detail must be shown, such as a cabinet or stair design detail. Small scales are used when a large area needs to fit on the paper, such as a site (plot) plan.

Standard Scales Over time, standard scales have evolved for different types of construction drawings. In early years, drawings were drawn to scales of 1:100, showed little detail, and left much of the fine detail up to the builder to work out. Drawings now show more detail and include more specifications. This allows the builder to bid accurately on the cost of construction while still meeting the designer’s expectations.



The following table shows standard scales used for construction drawings.

STANDARD SCALES(Metric to imperial scale conversions are not exact)

Type of drawing Metric scale Imperial scale

Site plans 1:200, 1:500 1/16" = 1'0"

Details 1:20, 1:10 ½" = 1'0"

Residential floor plans 1:50 ¼" = 1'0"

Residential elevation views 1:50 ¼" = 1'0"

Residential cross sections 1:50 ¼" = 1'0"

Commercial floor plans 1:50, 1:100 ¼" = 1'0", 1/8" = 1'0"

Commercial elevation views 1:50, 1:100 ¼" = 1'0", 1/8" = 1'0"

Commercial cross sections 1:50, 1:100 ¼" = 1'0", 1/8" = 1'0"

Scale Rules Scale rules, sometimes called rulers or scale sticks, are available in all standard metric and imperial scales. The imperial scale is known as the architectural scale. The imperial scale also has a finely graduated scale at the beginning for accurate measurements of less than one foot (Figure 9).

1 foot

Figure 9 — ¼" = 1'0" scale rule

Most scale rules have three sides and six different scales (Figure 10). The scales are read from either end of the rule. Imperial scales are also available that read with different scales on the same face: one reading from left to right and the other reading from right to left. This allows for more than six different scales on one scale rule.



Figure 10 — Scale rules

Determining the Scale of a Drawing When working from construction drawings, it’s important to know the scale of the drawing. If you are unsure of the scale, derive it by comparing the actual size of a component to its dimensions on the drawing.

For example, consider the drawings shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8 (where no actual scales are given). If you measure each drawing, you’ll see that Figure 7 is a little over 2¼" wide and approximately ¾" tall. Figure 8 is a little under 1½" wide and approximately ¾" tall.

To find the approximate horizontal scale of Figure 7, compare the measured width of the building (2¼") with the given width of the building (24'). Since 24' = 288", the approximate horizontal scale is 2¼:288, which can be reduced to 1:128. Use the same method to determine the vertical scale, as well as both scales for Figure 8:

Approximate horizontal scale Approximate vertical scale

Figure 7 2¼" = 24'0" (1:128) ¾" = 8'0" (1:128)

Figure 8 1½" = 24'0" (1:192) ¾" = 8'0" (1:128)

Note that since Figure 7 was drawn to scale, the horizontal and vertical scales are the same. However, since Figure 8 was not drawn to scale, the horizontal and vertical scales are different.

Scaling from Drawings If measurements are missing on construction drawings, you can approximate them by “scaling.” Scaling a measurement from a drawing means using a tape measure or scale ruler to measure the distance on the drawing and then applying the stated scale to calculate distance.



For example, if the distance from the outside corner of a building to the centre of a window is missing or appears to be wrong, measure the distance and then apply the scale. If the distance measured is 1¼" and the scale is ¼" = 1'0" (1:48), then the centre of the window should be 5' from the outside corner of the building (1¼" × 48 = 60" = 5').

Scaling should be used only as a last resort because a scale drawing is distorted by reproduction and measurements obtained by scaling are often inaccurate. For example, if the distance measured in the above example is 15⁄16" (rather than 1¼"), the centre of the window would be placed at 5'3" from the centre of the building, a difference of 3" due to only 1⁄16" in measurement error.

It’s best to contact the architect for important missing dimensions. Scaled dimensions may not be accurate.

Alphabet of Lines Drafting standards have been developed to create an alphabet of lines. The alphabet uses different line darkness and line types (solid, dotted, dashed, etc.) to define a line style. The darkness (weight) of each different line requires a certain hardness of pencil lead (see Figure 21).

The lines used in drawings are:

• border line / title block• object• dimension• construction• hidden• centre• beam• leader• break• section• joist

Border Line / Title Block The border line around the page and title block is a dark solid line. Usually a soft pencil (such as an H, F or HB) will be used.

Object Lines Object lines define the edges of objects such as walls or foundations (Figure 11). They’re solid but darker than most other lines in order to stand out. 2H pencils work well for drawing object lines.



Object line

Figure 11 — Object lines

Dimension Lines Dimension lines are used to show dimensions of walls and other objects, and to show locations and heights. They have several parts: extensions, end points, the dimension line and dimension text (measurements) (Figure 12). These lines are all solid and lighter weight than object lines. 4H pencils are used for dimension lines.

62Extension line

Dimension lineDimension

Object line

End marks

Figure 12 — Dimension lines

Construction Lines Construction lines (Figure 13) are sometimes used by draftspersons to reposition drawings or to transfer edges of objects from one location to another. These are very light solid lines that should not show up in copies. They’re usually made with a 5H or 6H pencil.



Figure 13 — Construction lines

Hidden Lines Hidden lines are usually made of short or medium-length dashes (Figure 14). The lines are used to show the location of objects that are hidden from view by other objects. They’re the same weight as the dimension lines and are drawn using a 4H pencil. Hidden lines are often used to show footings on a foundation plan or upper cabinets on a floor plan.

Figure 14 — Hidden lines

Centre Lines Centre lines indicate the centre of an object and are often used to provide location measurements for plumbing fixtures and other items. The line type is made up of alternating long and short dashes and sometimes includes the letters “CL.” They’re the same darkness as dimension and hidden lines.



Beam Lines A single line with alternating long and short dashes is used to represent the centre of a beam’s location, drawn as dark as an object line (Figure 15).

Figure 15 — Beam line

Leader Lines Leader lines are used with a text description to point to an object (Figure 16). They have the same weight and type as dimension lines.

"

Figure 16 — Leader line

Break Lines Break lines are short solid lines used to cut off part of an object or drawing. They commonly run roughly 45 degrees to the drawing and have a small zigzag midway (Figure 17).

Figure 17 — Break line



Section Lines Section lines are used to show cutting planes to indicate section and cross-section locations. They are the same weight as dimension lines and are drawn using a long dash followed by two short dashes (Figure 18).

A A

Figure 18 — Section (cutting plane) line

Joist Lines Joist lines with small flags at the end are used to represent floor joists, roof joists, rafters and trusses. They are solid lines, the same darkness or weight as dimension lines (Figure 19).

.

...

" "

Figure 19 — Partial floor plan showing joist lines

Hatching Hatching is normally used to fill the space contained by object lines. They indicate the material used and make the drawings easier to interpret (Figure 20). Hatching may be used in a foundation plan to show the location of a wooden pony wall, or in a floor plan to show insulation or brick veneer for an exterior wall. In a section drawing, small dots and triangles or large dots are used to represent concrete. Soil is shown using a double woven pattern. Renovations will show wood hatching to indicate which walls are to be altered.



Wood

Brick

F.G. insulation

Rigid insulation

Concrete

Earth

Figure 20 — Hatchings

Drawing Pencils A drawing pencil is graded according to the hardness of its graphite (“lead”), as shown in Figure 21. This ranges from the very hard 9H to the very soft 9B (the “B” stands for “blackness”). Between the H and B grades are the F (“fine”) and HB (also known as a #2 pencil) grades.

The softer grades are used for sketching and rendering drawings. The harder grades are used for drafting plans.

9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H F HB B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B

Hardness Blackness

Technical Sketching

Figure 21 — Pencil hardness grades

An H, F or HB pencil should be used to draw a border and title block. A 2H pencil is used for drawing objects such as walls and beams. 4H is used for dimensions, text and most other lines.




Self-Test 31. What type of three-dimensional view is used in Figure 2?

2. Which three-dimensional view is the easiest to draw?

3. Which three-dimensional view is the most realistic?

4. What is an orthographic view?

5. When reading plans, where do you find finishing details?

6. If the scale is ½" = 1' and the line measures 25⁄16", what is the distance?

7. Which imperial scale is commonly used for detail drawings? Is this a small or large scale?

8. What can cause errors when scaling a drawing for missing measurements?

9. What pencil hardness should be used for object lines?



10. What pencil hardness should be used for text and dimension lines?

11. Why is hatching used?



COMPETENCy B-2: USE CONSTRUCTION DRAwINGS AND SPECIfICATIONS ANSwER kEy

Answer Key

Self-Test 11. Fixtures include plumbing and light fixtures, cabinets, handrails, grab bars and any

appliance or apparatus that is permanently attached to the building.

2. floor plans and interior elevations (may also be shown on cross sections or in schedules)

3. 1100 mm

4. centreline of urinal screen partition

5. bottom of mirror

6. ceramic tile

7. Type A – its height. It has a threshold and it’s weatherstripped.

8. Door type B is probably used for an exterior service room. It has a threshold but no weatherstripping. It also has a lock and key.

9. They are less expensive than custom-sized windows.

10. Both rooms have the same details: painted wood baseboard, carpet flooring, painted gypsumboard for walls and ceilings.

Self-Test 21. Ceiling finishes, elevations and layout. RCP also indicate lighting, mechanical system and

sprinkler system finishing layout.

2. Store them with the documents for the building. They may be required for warranty, maintenance or renovations at a later date.

3. vaults, fixtures, rolling window shutters, hoists and loading docks

4. manufacturers

5. The architect approves the shop drawings before the manufacturer begins construction of the components.

6. They provide information for installing additional components.

7. 12.7 mm (½”) gypsumboard over 50 mm of rigid insulation. Yes.

8. 4 weeks after receipt of approved shop drawings


COMPETENCy B-2: USE CONSTRUCTION DRAwINGS AND SPECIfICATIONS ANSwER kEy

Self-Test 31. perspective (has a vanishing point)

2. oblique

3. perspective

4. a two-dimensional view that shows only one face of an object, such as the front, side, top or back

5. In section drawings, detail drawings and elevations. They may also be found in schedules and specifications.

6. 55½" (4'7½")

7. ½" = 1'0", large scale

8. Drawings are often distorted by reproduction; also, a small error in measuring will result in a large error in the construction.

9. 2H

10. 4H

11. Hatching is used to indicate the type of material and make the drawings easier to interpret.

7960003778

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BC CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM … CARPENTER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM — LEVEL 4 1 Program Outline Line B – Documentation and Organizational Skills B-2 Use Construction Drawings