Bbs2 Mb-k18-Introduction to Medical Mycology

7/30/2019 Bbs2 Mb-k18-Introduction to Medical Mycology

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INTRODUCTION TO

MEDICAL MYCOLOGY

Departemen Mikrobiologi FK USU,Medan


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Specific learning objectives:

Menjelaskan dasar-dasar biologi jamur

dan jamur patogen sistemik / oportunistik

pada manusia berdasarkan klasifikasidan morfologinya

Menjelaskan cara diagnosis jamur

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Pendahuluan

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Definitions

Mycologists--scientists who study fungi

Mycology--scientific discipline dealing

with fungiMycoses--diseases caused by fungi in

human or animals

Mykos = mycete = fungus

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Mycology is the study of fungi, which

are organism that contain true nuclei

(eukaryotic), are devoid of

chlorophyll, and absorb all nutrients

from the environment, especially fromdecaying organic matter

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Fungal Structure

Thallus-body Molds & fleshy fungi have these structures

Long filaments of cells (hyphae)

Septate hypha :Cross Wall (Most Fungi)

Aseptate hypha (Coenocytic) -No crosswall, continuous mass with many nuclei

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General knowledge of the

fungi Eukaryotic microorganisms

Rigid cell walls: chitin, glucans, mannans

and peptidoglycans Plasma membranes: ergosterol

Lysine synthesis by L- amino adipic

acid (AAA) pathway and other organismssynthesize lysine by diaminopimelic acid

(DAP) pathway

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Dimorphic Fungi

Capable of growing in mould oryeast form under different

environmental conditions(temperature, CO2, nutrients)

Thermal dimorphism (a groupof pathogenic fungi) e.g. :

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Thermally dimorphic fungi :

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Coccidioides immitis ( C.posadasii )

Histoplasma capsulatum

Var.capsulatus

Var.duboisii

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Penicillium marneffei

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Fungi- Morphological

Classification

Yeast

Mould

Dimorphic

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Yeast Reproduction

FISSION

even reproduction, nucleus divides

forming two identical cells, like bacteriaBUDDING

uneven reproduction, parent cells

nucleus divides and migrates to form a

bud and then breaks away

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MOULD

Multicellular

Micr.: Hypha(e) (dia: 2-10 m)Asexual Spores

Macr.: Surface texture: Cottony/ hairy

wooly/ velvety/ granular/glabrous

Pigmentation: observed from the reverse

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Fungal Classification

Four groups of true fungi:

Zygomycetes (common bread mold

Rhizopus) Basidiomycetes (puffballs & common

mushrooms)

Ascomycetes (Dutch elm disease/rye smut) Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfecti)

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Types of spores

Spora aseksual:

The product of mitotic division of a single

parent cell Spora seksual:

Formed through a process involving the

fusing of two parental nuclei followed by

meiosis

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Asexual spore formation

Berdasarkan kepada nature of thereproductive hyphae & the manner in

which the spores originate, terdapat

dua subtipe spora aseksual

Progeny will be identical to parents

Sporangiospores

Conidium ( pl. conidia )

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Spora aseksual ( cont)

Sporangiospores adalah spora-spora

yang dibentuk dengan adanya

successive cleavage di dalam sac-likehead yang dinamai sporangium yang

terdapat di ujung sporangiophora.

Spora-spora ini mulanya terkurung di

dalam sporangium dan akan dibebaskanjika dinding sporangium rupture.

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Tipe-tipe Konidia

Arthrospore ( Gr.arthron = joint)

Spora-spora yang berbentuk empat

persegi panjang yang dihasilkan jikaterjadi fragmentasi septate hyphae di

cross wall

Contoh : Coccidioides immitis

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Phialophora ( Gr.phialos = a vase ).

Konidium yang budded dari mulut

a vase-shaped spore-bearing cell yangdinamai phialide (sterigma) yang akan

meninggalkan a small collar (kerah).

Contoh : Aspergillus, Penicillium

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Micro- & macroconidium

Konidia yang ukurannya lebih kecil dan

lebih besar yang dihasilkan oleh jamur

yang sama pada berbagai kondisi

Microconidium : satu sel

Macroconidium: dua sel atau lebih

Perhatikan dinding selnya apakah smoothatau spiny.

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Aspergillus flavus

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Chlamydospores

The chlamydospore is a method ofproducing a substantial resting sporevery quickly

Nutrient is shunted from adjacent cellsinto a preferred cell and it swells up,converts nutrient materials to oil dropletsfor efficient storage, then rounds off with

a thick, often roughened outer wall forprotection

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SEXUAL Spores

1. Zygospore

2. Ascospore

3. Basidiospore

4. Oospore

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Fungi-Taxonomic classification

SEXUAL SPORE CLASS

Zygospore----------Zygomycetes

Basidiospore--------BasidiomycetesAscospore----------Ascomycetes

None/Unknown----Deuteromycetes

(Fungi Imperfecti)

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Laboratory to diagnosis of fungal infection

Specimen collection and transport

Specimen processing

Direct examination

Selection and inoculation of culture media

Identification

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Specimen collection and transport

must be material from the actual infection

site

must be carefully the contamination

must be established for the best chance of

recovery of causative microorganisms

(optimal times)

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Specimen collection and transport (

cont)

must be obtained to perform the culture or other

techniques request (sufficient quantity)

must be used to ensure optimal recovery of

microorganisms obtain cultures before the treatment

the culture container must be properly labeled

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Specimen processing

specimen should be examined as soon as

possible

direct examination :

KOH mount

Calcofluor white

KOH + Calcofluor white

India ink

culture media

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I iti l b ti


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Initial observations

in the study of fungus isolates

1.Appearance of the growth

2. Rate of growth

3. Colony pigmentation ( surface & reverse )

4. Growth on media containing antifungal

agents

5.Dimorphic fungi

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Preparation of mounts for study

The tease mount

Scotch tape preparation

The microslide culture technique( slide culture )

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Terms useful in

the examination of fungi

hypha and pseudohyphae

mycelium

septate or aseptate (or coenocytic) hyphae vegetative mycelium

aerial mycelium

reproductive mycelium

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Fungal Reproduction

fungi replicate by mitosis rather than the

binary fission employed by bacteria.

Types of fungal reproduction, : budding

fission

hyphae fragmentation

sporulation

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Sexual & Asexual Spores

Fungal spores come in two varieties:

asexual spores and sexual spores

Spores are used extensively to identify fungi.

Asexual spores

Asexual spores are formed by a single parental fungi

and therefore genetically identical to the parental

fungi.

Asexual spores come in a variety of types formed bya variety of mechanisms including:

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Sexual & Asexual Spores

Asexual spores

Asexual spores are formed by a single parental fungiand therefore genetically identical to the parentalfungi.

Asexual spores come in a variety of types formed bya variety of mechanisms including:

Arthrospores (sliced bread pieces)

Blastospores (buds on a twig)

Chlamydospores (giant cell with oil)

Conidiospores or conidia (fingers) Sporangiospores (sac)

Phialospores ( phialides)

Porospores ( pores).

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Ascomycetes

Asexual phase-

Conidiospores (Penicillium and Aspergillus)

budding yeast

Sexual phase (morels, lichens )

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Zygomycetes

Asexual phaseSporangiumbread mold

(Rhizopus stolonifer)

Sexual phase--- sporangium ---shotgun fungus

(lives on dung) it shoots its sporangiumexplosively towards light or fly pathogen

(Entomophthora muscae--these types of fungi

have been used as agents for biological control of

insects

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Basidiomycetes

Basidiospore

Examples: boletes, puffballs,smuts,

stinkhorns and tooth fungi

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Mycology makes Fun gi

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Bbs2 Mb-k18-Introduction to Medical Mycology