BBCH Suncokret

7/22/2019 BBCH Suncokret

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International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review. Vol., 3 (1), 208-216, 2013

Available online at http://www.ecisi.com

ISSN 2228-7973 2013 ECISI Journals

THE STUDY OF SUNFLOWER CULTIVARS PHENOLOGICAL STAGES BASED ON

BBCH STAGE

TAGHI AVAZABADIAN1 *

, JAFAR MASOUDSINAKI2, NOSRATOLLAH HASSANI

3, MEHNAZ ZAREI

2,ALIREZA

DASHTBAN2

1- Student of Agronomy, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

2- Department of Agronomy, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

3- Faculty member, Agricultural & Natural Resources Research Center, Research Organization, Education

and Extension Organization, Iran

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: This plan has been done in farming year 2009 with the purpose of precise

recognition life stages and determination of end time of supplementary BBCH stages and plant

height in every stage on three sunflower cultivars Hisson 33(V1), Record (V2), and Progress (V3)

in research and Educational farm of Damghan. The results indicated that height growth of Record

Cultivar was quicker than two other cultivars. At the end of first stage, the height of Record

cultivar was more than other cultivars on the same date, that is, increase in the growth rate of

cultivar at this stage. The main differences between this cultivar and two other cultivars were

started from this stage. Stem elongation starts at third stage and internodes become visible, at this

time the difference was observed among cultivars. Record cultivar showed quick elongation

growth at this stage and had more height at the same date of taking statistic. Finally this difference

of elongation growth speed caused in variation of height average about 8 Cm among Record andProgress and Hisson 33 Cultivars. This matter was observed in the end of growth stages. So that

Record cultivar with more height reached its own final growth with shorter time that was an

indication of more early ripening of this cultivar in comparison with two other cultivars.

According to obtained BBCH results, it is considered that the timing of fertilizing, irrigation and

weed control in Record cultivar which is early ripening must perform in different time in

comparison with other cultivars.

Key words: Phenological Stage; Sunflower; BBCH Scale

Introduction

With rapid growth of population providing

alimentary needs is one of the most importanthuman problems on the earth (Alyari, 2000). One

of the main nutritious products that our country

always has faced problems in providing internal

needs is edible oil (Arshi, 1992). Oily seeds such

as canola (brassica napus L.), cotton seed,

sunflower, and Glycinmax are the most important

products containing vegetative oil which have

special positions in agriculture and vast areas are

allocated to culture these valuable products

throughout the world (Langham, 2007). Sunflower

(Helianthus annuus) is a yearlong plant of

Astraceae family that grows in the form of astable bush (Hashemi Dezfooli et al, 1995). In

addition to, recognition of phenological stages can

completely provide transferring of common

concepts in studying the effective factors on final

performance so the results are presented according

to orderly and scientific method (Mulkey et al,

1987). The first study about phenological stages

of plants growth was done in 1974; it considered

the recognition of distinctive main and general

stages of growth in cereals, especially in wheat


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Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. Vol., 3 (1), 208-216, 2013

209

and its condition description (Agusti et al, 1997).

This theory was expanded later, so that,

parallelism code was obtained for other farmingplants and weedy grasses with presenting research

projects, growth stages of plant were determined

and examined by using them (Cautin and Agusti,

2005). The BBCH code is included as a check list

in several IT-Systems for reporting and analysis of

agricultural field trial data. ARM and PIAF

(Gyllng and Stratmann, 2007;Michei et al. 2007;

Schmidtke and Zink, 2007) are two commercial

systems in which the BBCH coding system is

integrated as check lists.The Guidelines for Plant

Phenological Observations of World Meteorologi-

cal Organization (WMO) highly recommend the

phase definition according to the BBCH codes in

a chapter of its own (Koch et al., 2007). The

Global Phenological Monitoring programme (In-

tern. Society of Biometeorology) is fully

compatible with the BBCH system. The

International Phenological Garden and many other

national programmes provide a compar-European

Phenological Data Platform for Climatological

Applications (COST 725) hosted by the Austrian

Central Institute of Meteorology and

Geomagnetism (ZAMG) in Vi-enna manages its

phenological data using the corre-sponding BBCH

codes (Koch et al., 2006). Decimal planning

system was suggested and used for explaining

different growth stages of farming plants byBBCH general scale (Weber et al, 1990). This

scale was designed based on the system proposed

by Zadoks (Zadoks et al, 1974; Weber et al,

1990). Based on Zadoks system different private

methods were spread for each product separately

(Lancashire et al, 1991). Then Hack and his

colleagues (1992) published more exact and

extensive description of previous system with the

term of supplementary and general BBCH

method. This scale was organized in 10 main

stages of growth that every one of them contained

secondary growth stages on their own part. It can

state all stages of plant growth from germinationto aging and harvesting in the form of 2-digit

codes for every of two groups of single and

double shoots (Hack et al, 1992). Attibayeba

described growth phenological stages of sesame

plant using developed BBCH criterion and

concluded that using this type of system is able to

answer to many questions about the effect of

different environmental factors on farming plant

growth (Attibayeba et al, 2010). Jalilian and his

colleagues (2009) studied sunflower growth stages

in dry conditions based on description of

sunflower growth stages and they concluded that

dry tension caused time decrease of growth stages

(Schneiter and Miller, 1981). In Jafari andcolleagues experiment (2006) about the effect of

aggregation on sunflower phenological stages

period length from culture to transferring

meristem from growing to natal, culture to

pollination, seed fill period to physiologic ripe

were not influenced by aggregation. In Fanaee and

his colleagues (2006) the effect of late cultures on

colza phenologic stages, it was determined that

the effect of culture date of cultivar was

significant on height and the number of cantina on

the bush. Poor Esa and his colleagues (2006)

examined the effect of culture date on the length

of colza phenology stages. The statistical results

indicated that there is a significant difference

about 1% among the levels of culture date and

cultivar on the part of phenological stages such as

period of growth stage, the number of required

days from culture to sprout appearance,

Inflorescence period length, and seed fill period.

The length of these periods was decreased by

delay in culture date.

Materials and Methods

This study was conducted with the purpose of

exact identifying of life stages and determining of

end date of supplementary BBCH stages (fromculture to harvest time) and plant height in each

stage on three sunflower cultivars including

Hison33, Record, and Progress in research and

educational farm of Rasool-e-Akram Educational

center in Damghan. The zone geographical

characteristics have been prepared in table 1 and

statistic of warmth degree, humidity, and

precipitation of Damghan city in experiment year

are provided in table 2. The land was plowed

completely and was soft by Cultivator and disc.

The farm was fertilized by 150 Kg Ammonium

Phosphate before culture and 200 Kg urea in two

stages in sifted form (the second stage was donebetween culture lines in linear form). Point

distance from each side was 2 meters and each

block distance was 4 meters. Culture distances

were 6020. Culture type was done on the rows in

the dry culture. Phenology stages were examined

based on sunflower BBCH stages.

Results and Discussion

The extended Biologische Bundesantalt and

CHemische (BBCH) scale and its associated


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decimal code were used to describe the different

growth stages of Sesamum indicumL. The study

focused on different primary and secondary plantgrowth phases from germination to senescence.

The use of a two-digit decimal code allowed the

identification of the principal growth stages and

their respective secondary stages. This approach

suggests that this could be of great help to sesame

growers and researchers for efficient planning of

both management practices and experimental

designs ( Attibayba et al, 2010). Developed

BBCH indexes contain 10 stages of principal

growth that have been numbered from 0 to 90

(Weber L. and G. F. Bleiholder(a), 1997). Stages

are considered from dry seed or zero stage for all

farming plants which propagate from seed and

stage 1 are considered for plants that are cultured

from slip or graft form in farm (Hess et al, 1997).

BBCH stage 2 is not described in one- branch

plants that dont have lateral branches thanks to

lateral branches are only described at stage 2

(Weber L. and H. Bleiholder(b), 1990). Growth

stages finished at stage 4 which include

development of growing parts that are harvestable

and plant has maximum content of protein in

forage plants because crop harvest is done at this

stage (Attibayeba et al, 2010). But growth stages

continue till the final stage or stage 9 in grains and

oily plants. Stage 4 is not described for these

plants because crop harvest will not be at thisstage (Weber L. and H. Bleiholder(b), 1990).

Obtained results are presented at table 4 and 1 to 8

figures. The BBCH scale is a contribution to

improve the communication between different

groups of scientists and to allow the interchange

of data and scientific results in a transparent way

(Meier et al, 2009). As it is showed in the table

there isnt any difference among cultivars at

BBCH zero stage that starts from dry seed and

finishes to cotyledons emergence toward soil

surface. All cultivars have finished this stage

during 16 days. Also plant height didnt show any

difference among these cultivars at the end of thisstage (Fig. 1). Subsidiary stage from zero stage is

called respite stage (Hess et al, 1997). After that,

swelling and water taking stages are done.

Propagation seed of these stages are similar for all

plants. At stage 1 principal event is leaf

development on the main branch. As you can see

in the table Record cultivars height is more than

other cultivars at the end of stage 1 on the same

date that means growth rapid speed at this stage.

The main difference between this cultivar and two

other cultivars begins from this stage (Fig. 2). The

number of leaf pair is different among various

species at stage 19. For example, Polygonum

aviculare has two real leaf pairs at the end of stage12, while four real leaf pairs are seen in Lamium

amplexicaule at the end of this stage (Hess et al,

1997). Stage 10 begins with real leaf first pair

emergence for cotyledons for monocotyledon

plants, but this stage begins with complete

development of cotyledons in dicotyledons and

initiates by separation of first leaves from each

other in bushes and trees (Hess et al, 1997). Stem

growth starts and internodes become visible at

stage 3; the difference was seen among cultivars

at this stage like previous stage. Record cultivar

showed more length growth speed and had more

height at the same statistical date (Fig. 3).The

BBCH scales allow the comparison of individual

codes only within one principal growth stage: an

arithmetically greater code indicates a plant at a

later growth stage. Sorting codes into numerical

order therefore allows a listing in order of the

stage of plant development (Meier et al, 2009). In

addition to internodes emergence, one of growth

determination methods is stated explanation of

stem elongation growth in the percentage of final

height of plant species (Hess et al, 1997). Though

three studied cultivars had different final height at

this stage, but proportion height at the end of sub

stage 39 in comparison with sub stage 90 was

relatively stable and about 43% that is a rightindication of this definition in sunflower species.

The pilot study of the Nawab Haji Hassani and

colleagues (2010) on the effects of drought on

forage yield demonstrated that some phenological

traits of millet (late cultivation), was that the

levels of irrigation, plant height, fresh and dry

forage yield had significant differences. Growth

stages 5 and 9 are identified as plant reproduction

stages (Hess et al, 1997) that have begun from

flowering stage and continued with flower

development, fruit and seed ripening and finally

finished with plant dead and dry. These stages

have special importance in farm plants; on theother hand, they dont have any significance in

weedy plants (Cautin and Agusti, 2005). As you

see on the table, Record cultivar growth increased

from the beginning of growth stage 5. So that

Inflorescence development stages completed at

shorter times and finished time period about 5

days in comparison with two other cultivars at this

stage. On the other hand, plant height in this

cultivar is higher than two other cultivars at stage

6 that starts with flowering and finishes with

flowering completion. Also Record cultivar


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finished this stage quicker with 1-day difference

with two other cultivars and preserved its own

height variety. Height difference became moreand reached 9 Cm and final speed of stage became

severe at stage 7 when fruit development occurs

and Record cultivar finished this stage 10 days

sooner. Height and its variety became stable

among cultivars at stages 8 and 9. But final speed

of stages occurred 8 to 12 days sooner

respectively, and finally it reached to final crop

sooner than two other cultivars, that is, it isconsidered early ripening of this cultivar. Figures

4 to 8 show growth stages 5 to 9 that exactly

similar to the description of each subsidiary stage

in BBCH table.

Table 1: Geographical Characteristics of Performance Place

Longitude ()Latitude ()Height (Of the

surface sea)

54 '1434 ' 151155.4

Table 2: Weather Features of Damghan CityTemperature (c)Moisture (%) Rainfall

(mm)minmaxminmax

month

019/532/52142June

4/232/838/717/947July

021/334/52043Aug.

9/317/931/3923/554/5Sept.

4/615/629/34043Oct.

Table 4. BBCH Stages of Hison 33(V1), Record (V2), and Progress (V3) Cultivars

V1V2V3

dateheight

)cm(

dateheight

)cm(

dateheight

)cm(

Description

Code

Principalstages

2010/June/15

02010/June/15

02010/June/15

0Dry seed (achene)

00

2010/June/

16

02010/June/

16

02010/June/1

6

0Beginning of seed imbibition01

2010/June/18

02010/June/18

02010/June/18

0Seed imbibition complete

03

2010/June/

20

12010/June/

20

12010/June/2

0

1Radicle emerged from seed

05

2010/June/24

52010/June/24

52010/June/24

5Radicleelongated,roothairsdevelopig

06

2010/June/

26

72010/June/

26

72010/June/2

6

7Hypocotyl with cotyledons emerged

from seed

07

2010/June/

28

8/52010/June/

28

8/52010/June/2

8

8/5Hypocotyl with cotyledons growing

towards soil surface

08

2010/June/

30

92010/June/

30

92010/June/3

0

9Emergence: cotyledons emerge

through soil surface

09

Principalgrowth stage0:

Germination

(fig.1)

2010/July/31/52010/July/31/52010/July/31/5Cotyledons completely unfolded102010/July/742010/July/742010/July/742 leaves (first pair) unfolded122010/July/9122010/July/9132010/July/9124 leaves (second pair) unfolded142010/July/1

1

142010/July/1

1

152010/July/11145 leaves unfolded

15

2010/July/14

162010/July/14


16

2010/July/1

6

152010/July/1

6


17

2010/July/2212010/July/2252010/July/20218 leaves unfolded

18

Principal

growth stage1:Leafdevelopment(fig.2)


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002010/July/2

3232010/July/2

3292010/July/2323

9 or more leaves unfolded19

2010/July/2

6

272010/July/2

6

32

2010/July/26

27Beginning of stem elongation

30

2010/July/29

302010/July/29

352010/July/29301 visibly extended internode

31

2010/Aug/1332010/Aug/1382010/Aug/1332 visibly extended internodes32

2010/Auu/5372010/Aug/5442010/Aug/5373 visibly extended internodes33Stages continuous till . . .34-38

2010/Aug/11

752010/Aug/11

802010/Aug/11

759 or more visibly extendedinternodes

39

Principalgrowth stage3:Stemelongation

(fig.3)

2010/Aug/14

802010/Aug/14

862010/Aug/14

80Inflorescence just visible betweenyoungest leaves

51

2010/Aug/16

832010/Aug/15

882010/Aug/16

83Inflorescence separating fromyoungest leaves, bracts

distinguishable from foliage leaves

53

2010/Aug/18

872010/Aug/17

922010/Aug/18

87Inflorescence separated fromyoungest foliage leaf

55

2010/Aug/2

0

1002010/Aug/1

9

1102010/Aug/2

0

100Inflorescence clearly separated from

foliage leaves

57

2010/Aug/25

1172010/Aug/22

1202010/Aug/25

117Ray florets visible between thebracts; inflorescence still closed

59

Principalgrowth stage5:Inflorescence

emergence

(fig4)

2010/Aug/29

1252010/Aug/25

1272010/Aug/29

125Beginning of flowering: ray floretsextended, disc florets visible inouter third of inflorescence

61

2010/Sep/11322010/Aug/2

8

1352010/Sep/1132Disc florets in outer third of

inflorescence in bloom (stamensand stigmata visible)

63

2010/Sep/51402010/Aug/31

1442010/Sep/5140Full flowering: disc florets inmiddle third of inflorescence in

bloom (stames and stigmata visible)

65

2010/Sep/11

1532010/Sep/31572010/Sep/11153Flowering declining: disc florets ininner third of inflorescence inbloom (stames and stigmata visible)

67

2010/Sep/1

4

1552010/Sep/81652010/Sep/14155End of flowering: most disc florets

have finished flowering, ray floretsdry or fallen

69

Principalgrowth stage6: Flowering

(fig.5)

2010/Sep/14

1672010/Sep/11

1732010/Sep/14167Seeds on outer edge of theinflorescence are grey and have

reached final size

71

2010/Sep/21

1692010/Sep/14

1812010/Sep/21169Seeds on outer third of theinflorescence are grey and havereached final size

73

2010/Sep/26

1712010/Sep/17

1822010/Sep/26171Seeds on middle third of theinflorescence are grey and have

reached final size

75

2010/Oct/11742010/Sep/2

1

1832010/Oct/1174Seeds on inner third of the

inflorescence are grey and havereached final size

79

Principalgrowth stage

7:Developmentof fruit

(fig.6)

2010/Oct/41752010/Sep/25

1832010/Oct/4175Beginning of ripening: seeds onouter third of anthocarp black

and hard. Back of antho carp stillgreen

80

2010/Oct/61752010/Sep/28

1832010/Oct/6175Seeds on outer third of antho carpdark and hard.

Back of antho carp still green

81

2010/Oct/91752010/Oct/11832010/Oct/9175Dark of antho carp yellowish-green,bracts still green.Seeds about 50%

83

Principalgrowth stage

8: Ripening(Fig.7)


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dry matter2010/Oct/1

21752010/Oct/41832010/Oct/12175Seeds on middle third of anthocarp

dark and hard. Back of antho carp

yellow, bracts brown edged.

Seeds about 60% dry matter

85

2010/Oct/15

1752010/Sep/27

1832010/Oct/15175Physiological ripeness: back of theantho carp yellow. Bracts marbledbrown. Seeds about 7580% dry

matter

87

2010/Oct/19

1752010/Oct/10

1832010/Oct/19175Fully ripe: seeds on inner third ofantho carp dark and hard. Back ofantho carp brown. Bracts brown.

Seeds about 85% dry matter

89

2010/Oct/22

1752010/Oct/12

1832010/Oct/22175Over ripe, seeds over 90% drymatter

92

2010/Oct/2

5

1752010/Oct/1

5

1832010/Oct/25175Plant dead and dry

97

2010/Oct/27

1752010/Oct/15

1832010/Oct/27175Harvested product99

Principalgrowth stage9:

(fig.8)

00 05 07 08 09

Fig. 1 stage 0: Germination

Fig. 2 stage 1: Leaf development

10 12 14 15 19


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31 32 33 39

Fig. 3 stage 3: Stem elongation

51 53 55 57 59

Fig. 4 stage 5: Inflorescence emergence

61 63 65 69

Fig. 5 stage 6: Flowering

71 73 75 79

Fig. 6 stage 7: Development of fruit

81 83 85 87

Fig. 7 stage 8: Ripening


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999792

Fig. 8 stage 9: Plant dead and dry

Figure 1-8 phenological stage of sunflower

Conclusion

As it is showed on the table Record cultivar

elongation was quicker than two other cultivars

that this difference was visible from the end of

stage 1. This variety in the speed of elongation

caused the difference in height average about 8

Cm between Record cultivar and Progress and

Hison 33 cultivars. This matter was seen at end

time of growth stages, so that Record cultivar with

more height reached its own growth end stage at

shorter time (13 days) that was an indication of

early ripening of this cultivar in comparison with

two other cultivars. According to the obtained

results the time of fertilizing, irrigation, and weed

control in Record cultivar that was earlier ripening

should be done in different time rather than other

cultivars. Also this cultivar can be cultured after

wheat harvest and harvested before winter chill.

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BBCH Suncokret